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Chemistry Chapter 3: Matter - Properties and Changes

Terms in this set (32)

states of matter
the physical forms of matter, which include solid, liquid, and gas
solid
a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
liquid
a form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container
gas
a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container
vapor
refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room temperature
physical property
a characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition
extensive property
a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample (mass, length, volume)
intensive property
a property that is independent of the amount of substance present (density, odor, color)
chemical property
the ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more new substances
density
a ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume
observation
orderly, direct information gathering about a natural phenomenon
physical change
a change that alters a substance without changing its composition (cutting paper, grinding a sugar cube)
phase change
a transition of matter from one state to another
chemical change
a process that involves one or more substances changing into new substances (chemical reaction)
law of conservation of mass
states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction, but is conserved
substance
A form of matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition; also known as a pure substance
mixture
a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties
heterogeneous mixture
a mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain distinct (salad dressing, fresh squeezed orange juice)
homogeneous mixture
a mixture that has constant composition throughout; it always has a single phase (amalgam, brass, salt water, air)
solution
homogeneous mixture
filtration
a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
distillation
a physical separation technique that is based on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved
crystallization
a separation technique that results in the formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance
sublimation
a solid changes to vapor without melting
chromatography
a technique that separates the components of a mixture based on the ability of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material
proportion
the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to quantity
element
a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
periodic table
organizes the elements into a grid of horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called groups or families
compound
made up of two or more different elements that are combined chemically
law of definite proportions
a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass
percent by mass
the ratio of the mass of each element to the total mass of the compound expressed as a percentage
law of multiple proportions
states that when different compounds are formed by the combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers
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