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APUSH Test 2

Terms in this set (60)

List the 4 Coercive Acts
1. Boston Harbor Acts
2. Massachusetts Government Act
3. Judicial Act
4. Quartering Act
Tax on sugar and molasses
Sugar Act of 1764
Required colonists to pay for an official stamp when buying paper items
Stamp Act of 1765
Forbade colonists from printing their own currency & instead required them to use hard currency (gold & silver) which was in short supply in the colonies.
Currency Act of 1764
Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.
Declaratory Act (1766)
A tax on sugar, glass, and tea and all other supplies shipped from England
Townshend Acts (1767)
Parliament taxed the colonists on tea; maintained that they had authority over all subjects; led to Boston Tea Party
Tea Tax
In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774: Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
Intolerable Acts
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Boston Tea Party
First battles of the Revolutionary War, why were the British there?
Lexington and Concord, weapons
First major battle of the Revolution. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition. However, the British suffered more deaths.
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)
A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain
Olive Branch Petition
How was Washington able to escape the British after the Battle of Long Island?
Dense fog, locals with small boats (willing to help), current in river was preventing the British from blocking it — G.W. and troops pack up things overnight and escape to Manhattan.
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
Battle of Saratoga
What was the British's attack plan for Saratoga?
3 pronged attack: General Burgoyne attack from Montreal (N-S), General St Ledger attack from Lake Ontario (W-E), General Howe attack from Philadelphia (S-N)
What were the benefits for colonies from Battle of Saratoga?
°1st major British defeat (Burgoyne resigns, colonies regain control of Hudson River)
°British fail to cut off New England
°Huge morale boost for Continental Army
°France enters war on colonies' side
An overwhelming victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War.
Battle of Cowpens, SC
Patriot (mountain men) vs. British and American Loyalists. Patriots won through guerilla warfare. Switched the momentum from the British to the Americans in the South. British try and take NC but General Nathaniel Greene wins.
Battle of Kings Mountain
Who led the British in their southern campaign?
General Clinton
Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. (Washington and Lafayette - de Grasse navy - vs Arnold and Cornwalis)
Battle of Yorktown
French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.
Marquis de Lafayette
A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.
Baron von Steuben
Who was sent to replace General Clinton?
General Cornwalis
Officially ended Revolutionary War. British officially recognize America as an independent nation, British give up all lands south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, America gains fishing rights in Nova Scotia, France gets British foreign territories
1783 Treaty of Paris
Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Shay's Rebellion
Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population (bicameral, 3 branches, strong national government)
Virginia Plan
The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population. (Unicameral, weak national government)
New Jersey Plan
1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. It resolved that there would be (bicameral) representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. 3 branches of government with shared power. Also known as the Connecticut Plan by Roger Sherman
Great Compromise
Decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress (also no new slave laws until 1808).
3/5 Compromise
How many states were needed to ratify the Constitution?
9/13
Who were the first five states to ratify Constitution?
Georgia (unexpected), Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut
Holds out on ratifying Constitution because they are anti-federalists (also Sam Adams)? —fixed with BoR
Massachusetts
What two states hold out until the Federalist papers are published?
Virginia and New York
Who were the last two states to ratify the constitution?
Rhode Island and North Carolina
Bill or Rights
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution (Article I Section 8)
Enumerated powers
Which Articles of the Constitution set up executive and judicial branches?
Article II — Executive
Article III — Judicial
What are some examples of British failures?
Howe at NY (beginnning)
Howe/Burgoyne at Saratoga
Cornwalis at Yorktown
Failure to utilize loyalists
ESSAY: Explain the significance of the Battle of Saratoga, the mistakes of the British, and the long term consequences of the war?
Significance: 1st major British defeat, British failed to cut off New England, large moral boost for the Continental Army, France decides to help America
Mistakes: Howe failed to capture/defeat Washington at NY (would've ended war),Burgoyne and Howe failed to execute plan at Saratoga (would've ended war) (victory brings France into war against British), Cornwalis allows himself to get trapped at Yorktown because he underestimated the French navy
Consequences: United States now exists?
ESSAY: Explain why Boston was the center for hostility against the British before and during the war?
The various acts affected Boston a lot because it was a big port and center for trade
Home to colonial government, which British told them they couldn't have anymore
ESSAY: Why is it vital for America to gain the support of the French in the war?
More troops (with General Lafayette), the help of French navy (with Admiral DeGrasse), and much needed supplies.
Bill of Rights
I. Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition
II. Keep and bear arms
III. No quartering
IV. No unreasonable searches or seizure of a person's home, papers, or effects
V. No self-incrimination; no double-jeopardy
What was the Gaspee Affair?
In June, 1772, the ship Gaspee had trouble off the colonial coast near Warwick. When the British went ashore for help, colonists boarded the ship and burned it.
What were some advantages of the patriots in the war?
Fight at home
Use geurilla tactics
Knew terrain
Moral cause
Life or death
Defensive war
Help from citizens and French
What were some British disadvantages?
Far from home
Need to keep better troops at home for protection
Unpopular war with people and Parliament
Had to use mercenaries
Failed to utilize loyalists
Advantages of British?
Superior Army (trained, equipped, disciplined)
Superior Navy
Many loyalists
Confidence
Leadership
Citizen soldiers, armed and ready to fight oppression
Minutemen
Which two colonies didn't send blacks to fight for America?
Georgia and South Carolina
What is another name for the French and Indian War?
The Seven Years War
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Proclamation of 1763
Agricultural goods and raw materials must be taken to English ports on English ships. Violators will be tried in admiralty court
Navigation Acts
55 delegates from all the colonies except Georgia meeting to pledge loyalty to the crown but find a way to stop the coercive acts. Minutemen are formed and objections to Britain increase.
1st Continental Congress
Where did the fighting of the Revolution start?
Concord
Here was when they wrote the Declaration of Independence (a symbolic gesture) and signed it.
2nd Continental Congress
Our 1st national government. Each state has equal representation in Congress. Congress cannot tax, regulate trade, or coin money. No single leader
Articles of Confederation
France pledged support to the Americans during the Revolution; sent supplies, money, and soldiers (also binds US to France)
Treaty of Alliance, 1778
What state passed the manumission law and what was it?
Virginia — slave owners were able to voluntarily free their slaves but they were not required by law to do so (since so many slaves had been promised freedom)
Wanted a strong central government with the power divided between the national and state government; supported the Constitution; made up of merchants, farmers (east), and wealthy
Federalists
Opposed to a strong central government — favored a weak national government with strong state powers; did not support Constitution; made up of poor to lower class, farmers (west).
Anti-Federalists
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