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(B)
Negative reinforcement involves terminating an aversive stimulus (escape) or postponing its occurrence (avoidance) after a goal response. This increases the likelihood of the response being repeated in the future. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment in which an aversive stimulus is introduced to decrease the rate of a response.
Negative reinforcement involves terminating an aversive stimulus (escape) or postponing its occurrence (avoidance) after a goal response. This increases the likelihood of the response being repeated in the future. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment in which an aversive stimulus is introduced to decrease the rate of a response.
(D)
Prior to training the animal in the classical conditioning paradigm, only the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can elicit the unconditioned response (UCR). Conditioned stimuli (CS) are not yet effective because training in the CS + UCS pairing has not yet taken place. For the same reason, a conditioned response (CR) cannot be elicited, as this is defined as the response elicited by the presentation of the CS.
Prior to training the animal in the classical conditioning paradigm, only the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can elicit the unconditioned response (UCR). Conditioned stimuli (CS) are not yet effective because training in the CS + UCS pairing has not yet taken place. For the same reason, a conditioned response (CR) cannot be elicited, as this is defined as the response elicited by the presentation of the CS.