CLEP Human Growth and Development REA Diagnostic Test

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Which operant conditioning procedure increases the rate of a response by terminating an aversive stimulus?

A. Positive reinforcement

B. Negative reinforcement

C. Punishment

D. Omission training

E. Shaping

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(B)

Negative reinforcement involves terminating an aversive stimulus (escape) or postponing its occurrence (avoidance) after a goal response. This increases the likelihood of the response being repeated in the future. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment in which an aversive stimulus is introduced to decrease the rate of a response.

Prior to training an animal in the classical conditioning paradigm, which of the following is true?

A. CS ? UCR

B. CS ? UCS

C. CS ? CR

D. UCS ? UCR

E. UCS ? CR

(D)

Prior to training the animal in the classical conditioning paradigm, only the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can elicit the unconditioned response (UCR). Conditioned stimuli (CS) are not yet effective because training in the CS + UCS pairing has not yet taken place. For the same reason, a conditioned response (CR) cannot be elicited, as this is defined as the response elicited by the presentation of the CS.

When her mother was hospitalized with a broken leg, five-year-old Alice wanted to buy her a doll to help her get well quickly. Alice's behavior best illustrated the concept of

A. multiple perspectives

B. egocentrism

C. animism

D. class inclusion

E. conservation

(B)

Egocentric thinking is believing that what you perceive and experience is the same as other people. Therefore, a child who is egocentric would expect that something that comforts her would comfort other people too.

One of the outcomes of Project Head Start programs is Head Start children

A. have higher levels of self-esteem than controls

B. are less aggressive than controls

C. outscore controls on measures of school achievement

D. are more likely to drop out of school

E. read more books than controls

(C)

The outcome studies of Project Head Start have shown that Head Start children outperform comparison children on measures of school achievement.

Erikson proposed that trust or mistrust develops during the

A. middle school years

B. locomotor-genital stage

C. latency stage

D. first two years

E. maturity stage

(D)

Trust versus mistrust is the first psychosocial crisis in Erikson's model of personality development. This stage lasts from birth until two.

The fundamental attribution error is a tendency in humans to

A. blame people for situationally induced behavior

B. engage in sexist stereotypes

C. emphasize dispositional factors in determining people's behavior

D. accept placebo effects

E. emphasize I.Q. and race when forming opinions

(A)

We tend to take credit for our successes. We blame others or situational variables for our errors and mistakes. However, we don't extend that consideration to others. When people make mistakes, we hold them totally responsible and discount any situational variables that may have influenced them.

In an experiment on the effects of reward on creativity, creativity is the

A. control variable

B. independent variable

C. correlated variable

D. manipulated variable

E. dependent variable

(E)

The term used in experimentation for the effect in a cause-and-effect relationship is dependent variable. Since this experiment is examining the effect of reward on creativity, creativity is the dependent variable.

When two people are introduced for the first time, an initial impression is formed. Which factor most powerfully affects this first impression?

A. Method of handshake

B. Physical appearance

C. Nonverbal communication

D. External locus of control

E. Speech mannerisms

(B)

Research in social psychology indicates that physical appearance is the most important determinant of first impressions. It is also relevant in social attraction and effectiveness in persuading others to change their beliefs.

Short-term memory

A. is not affected by aging

B. does not significantly change from adolescence to old age

C. shows a steady decline throughout adulthood

D. declines beginning around age 60

E. peaks at age 30 and drops quickly until reaching a plateau in middle age

(D)

Recent research suggests that deficits in short-term memory do not start to appear in most people until around the age of 60.

Neurofibrillary tangles in the neurons of the brain are characteristic of

A. sensory integration disease

B. motor aphasia

C. Alzheimer's disease

D. brain atrophy disease

E. cognitive neuropathy

(C)

Brain scans and autopsies of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease show characteristic abnormalities in brain structures. Neurofibrillary tangles in the neurons of the brain of these patients are knots and tangles of neural fibers.

In motor development, gross motor skills develop before

A. motoric actions

B. fine motor skills

C. cognitive actions

D. perceptual skills

E. arms

(B)

Children gain control of gross motor actions before fine motor actions. They can walk and jump before being able to tie a shoelace.

Recognition is easier than recall because

A. recognition memory is a smaller storage system to search than recall memory

B. we have more practice with recognition tests than recall tests

C. the cue in a recognition test is better than the cue in a recall test

D. our minds are hardwired for recognition but not for recall

E. there is no search step required in recognition but there is in recall

(C)

In a recognition test, the cue for remembering is the target itself and the task is to match that target with information in memory. In a recall test, given a small cue, the task is to retrieve the target from memory.

The difference between fraternal and identical twins is

A. fraternal twins develop from the same fertilized ovum

B. identical twins develop from the same fertilized ovum

C. fraternal twins have the exact same genetic make up

D. identical twins develop when two ova are fertilized at the same time

E. fraternal twins are both males and identical twins are both females

(B)

Fraternal twins are produced when two ova are fertilized by two different sperm cells at the same time. Both fertilized egg cells reach the uterus and implant and develop. Identical twins are produced when a single fertilized ovum replicates and creates two zygotes rather than one.

The information-processing approach to cognitive development describes the mind

A. as having multiple layers, some conscious and some unconscious

B. in constant interaction with the body

C. as a machine that manipulates and processes data like a computer

D. as a passive receptacle for information coming into it from the senses

E. as a "tabula rasa" at birth

(C)

The information processing approach to the study of cognitive development uses the computer as a metaphor for the human mind. The mind is viewed as an information processing machine. Information processing theorists study how the mind represents information, how the mind stores and organizes information, and what computations the mind does with information.

As a baby, Tiffany ate and slept at regular, predictable intervals. Her temperament would likely be classified as

A. slow to warm up

B. difficult

C. easy

D. secure

E. avoidant

(C)

Tiffany would likely be classified as having an easy temperament. The easy temperamental style is characterized by being very patterned and predictable, such as having regular sleep/wake cycle and eating schedules.

CLEP Human Growth and Development REA Diagnostic Test

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