CLEP Human Growth and Development REA Diagnostic Test

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Which operant conditioning procedure increases the rate of a response by terminating an aversive stimulus?

A. Positive reinforcement

B. Negative reinforcement

C. Punishment

D. Omission training

E. Shaping

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(B)

Negative reinforcement involves terminating an aversive stimulus (escape) or postponing its occurrence (avoidance) after a goal response. This increases the likelihood of the response being repeated in the future. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment in which an aversive stimulus is introduced to decrease the rate of a response.

Prior to training an animal in the classical conditioning paradigm, which of the following is true?

A. CS ? UCR

B. CS ? UCS

C. CS ? CR

D. UCS ? UCR

E. UCS ? CR

(D)

Prior to training the animal in the classical conditioning paradigm, only the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can elicit the unconditioned response (UCR). Conditioned stimuli (CS) are not yet effective because training in the CS + UCS pairing has not yet taken place. For the same reason, a conditioned response (CR) cannot be elicited, as this is defined as the response elicited by the presentation of the CS.

When her mother was hospitalized with a broken leg, five-year-old Alice wanted to buy her a doll to help her get well quickly. Alice's behavior best illustrated the concept of

A. multiple perspectives

B. egocentrism

C. animism

D. class inclusion

E. conservation

(B)

Egocentric thinking is believing that what you perceive and experience is the same as other people. Therefore, a child who is egocentric would expect that something that comforts her would comfort other people too.

One of the outcomes of Project Head Start programs is Head Start children

A. have higher levels of self-esteem than controls

B. are less aggressive than controls

C. outscore controls on measures of school achievement

D. are more likely to drop out of school

E. read more books than controls

(C)

The outcome studies of Project Head Start have shown that Head Start children outperform comparison children on measures of school achievement.

Erikson proposed that trust or mistrust develops during the

A. middle school years

B. locomotor-genital stage

C. latency stage

D. first two years

E. maturity stage

(D)

Trust versus mistrust is the first psychosocial crisis in Erikson's model of personality development. This stage lasts from birth until two.