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Sociology test 2 chapter 10, Sociology test 2 chapters 8-9, Sociology test 2 chapters 6 and 7

Terms in this set (301)

denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females
sex
Rich industrial countries
first world
a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms
Deviance
A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
Crime
social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female
gender
moderate economies and standards of living, sociologists
second world
individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex
transgender
poor, unindustrialized
third world
All behavior- deviance as well as conformity- is shaped by society
The social foundations of deviance
individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy
transsexual
high-income countries mostly are in the
Northern Hemisphere
Cultural relatively of deviance ( yanomano society vs US society)
Social foundations of deviance
Officially recognized and enforced
Formal sanctions
about 70 richest nations; the highest overall standards of living
high-income countries
sexuality has a biological foundation; sexuality is also a cultural issue; biology does not dictate specific ways of being sexual
social construction of sexuality
back of the neck is sexy in
Japan
about 70 nations; average standard of living for the world as a whole
middle-income countries
examples of formal sanctions
Speeding tickets and trophies
women are against sex, while men are
for it
the remaining nations (about 60); a low standard of living; most people are poor
low-income countries
Occur in face to face interactions
Informal sanctions
Examples of Informal sanctions
Saying "good job", glaring
produce enough economic goods to enable people to lead comfortable lives;people enjoy 80% of the worlds total income; production is "capital intensive" (based on factories, big machinery, and advanced technology
high-income countries
historically, greater restriction and importance of virginity for women than men because
it took a lot of time and effort to have a child
before sex=reproduction=marriage. today
sex does not mean reproduction which also does not mean marriage
industrial jobs are common ; 40-45% of people live in rural areas; poor lack access to school, medical care, adequate housing and safe drinking water; former soviet union and eastern europe were socialist economies
middle-income countries
Deviance is necessary element of social organization
Emile Durkheim (functions of Deviance: structural-functional analysis)
the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men
sexuality double standard
societies are agrarian and severely impoverished; follow cultural traditions; limited industrial technology; people's lives are shaped by hunger, disease, and unsafe housing
low-income countries
Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
Emile Durkheim (functions of Deviance: structural-functional analysis)
Responding to Deviance clarifies moral boundaries
Emile Durkheim (functions of Deviance: structural-functional analysis)
one is barely able, or unable to afford basic necessities
absolute poverty
birth control pills were illegal for a long time in japan because they kept women
protected from getting pregnant and STDs
viagra was legal right away even though it was
more dangerous than birth control pills
people in rich nations focus on relative poverty
one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country
Responding to Deviance promotes social unity
Emile Durkheim (functions of Deviance: structural-functional analysis)
function theory of birth control pills in japan
traditional family and kept women from getting pregnant and STDs
women bear a disproportionate percent of the burden of poverty
global feminization of poverty
Deviance encourages social change
Emile Durkheim (functions of deviance: structural-functional analysis)
The relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals
Robert Merton's Strain Theory
conflict theory of birth control pills in japan
gives men power
women's work is undervalued, underpaid, or overlooked
rich societies under global feminization of poverty
sexual orientation is a product of society
patterns of homosexuality differ greatly from one society to another (or from time to time); existence of global diverse patterns indicate that sexual expression is socially cinstructed
the disadvantages women face relative to men are greater than in rich nations
poor societies under global feminization of poverty
Pursuing cultural goals through approved means
Conformity
homosexuality was good in Sumeri, but bad today because of
family
tradition keeps women out of many jobs, child-rearing and household maintenance, limited/no access to birth control/reproductive health care
poor societies (global feminization of poverty)
Using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal
Innovation
The inability to reach a cultural goal but still have the institutionalized means
Ritualism
improve poor nation's global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work (structural-function approach)
modernization theory
sexual orientation as a product of biology
difference of heterosexual and homosexual man's brains (small but important difference in a part of brain that regulates hormones); genetics might also influence sexual orientation (evidence leads some researchers to think there might be a "gay gene"
change in public attitudes toward homosexuality
the gay rights movement
simple (poor) society to
complex rich society under modernization theory
Rejecting both cultural goals and means
Retreatism (drop out)
homosexuality is not an illness but a
form of sexual behavior
industrialization's productivity improved the living standards of even the poorest people; traditional culture and lack of advanced technology cause poverty ; traditional society sees technology as a threat (family relationships, customs, traditional culture, religious beliefs)
under modernization theory
Reject cultural dimensions of success and conventional means
Rebellion
Further step is forming a counterculture alternative to
Conventional means
the role of rich nations modernization theory
controlling population, increasing food production, introducing industrial technology, providing foreign aid
an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals
homophobia
structural -function analysis; the need to regulate sexulaity
culture and social institutions regulate with whom and when people reproduce; allowing sexual passion to go unchecked would threaten family life; no society permits a completely free choice of sexual partners
global inequality is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations (social conflict approach)
dependency theory
Crimes occur in communities with weak social ties and lack of social control
Social disorganization theory (Chicago school)
Legitimate Reproduction
within marriage
based on the idea that the economic positions of rich and poor nations are linked; prosperity of developed countries come at the expense of the less developed ones
under dependency theory
Cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime
Cultural deviance theory (Chicago School)
Street crime is common among low-income
Youths (Albert Cohen) (Chicago School)
poor countries have become dependent on rich nations because poor countries sell raw materials for low prices to rich nations
under the dependency theory
illegitimate reproduction
outside of marriage
gender and complementarity
talcott Parsons
economic relationship between rich and poor nations continue colonial pattern of domination by multinational corporations economic exploitation
neocolonialism
Violence as frustration and a desire for respect
Conflict subculture (Chicago School)
gender forms a complementary set of roles (gives each sex responsibility for carrying out important tasks)
gender and complementarity; talcott Parsons
neocolonialism is the heart of the capitalist world
economy
Deviants drop out and abuse alcohol or drugs
Retreatist subculture (Chicago School)
Ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society
Labeling theory
prosperity and poverty of any country are results of the operation of the global economic system; world economy makes poor nations dependent on the rich ones
Wallerstein's Capitalists World Economy (Dependency Theory)
instrumental leadership
men (dad)
A reinterpretation of the person's past in light of some present deviance
Retrospective labeling
expressive leadership
women (mom)
dominant capitalist countries
the core of the global economy benefit the rich , harm the rest of the world (Wallertein's capitalists World economy; dependency theory)
how does sexuality play a part in creating social inequality (social conflict analysis)
sexuality is the root of inequality between women and men
factors perpetuate poor countries and dependency on rich nations (wallerstein's capitalist world economy; dependency theory)
narrow export-oriented economies; lack of industrial capacity; foreign debt
Using a deviant identity to predict future actions
projective labeling
who is controlling sexuality
the dominate group (men)
capitalist culture encourages people to think that poverty is inevitable; rich nations policy of producing food for profit (government of poor countries support this because they need food profits to help pay off their huge foreign debt; capitalist corporate structure of the global economy is at the core of this vicious cycle
the role of rich nations dependency theory
Does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others
Primary Deviance aka passing episode (Edwin Lemert)
Begin to change after his/her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society (Jerry Springer guests)
Secondary deviance
an increasingly popular idea is "fair trade", paying people in poor nations a fair price for their products
the role of rich nations
capitalism increases male domination
Friedrich Engles
capitalism gives greater power to men as earners and owners of property; capitalist economy depends on turning women into consumers; capitalism assigns women the task of maintaining the home to allow men to work in factories
Friedrich Engles: capitalism increases male domination
"only if they accept our technology and culture"; offers actual suggestions
insight of modernization theory
A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
Stigma (Serving Hoffman)
sexuality studies that identifies western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness
queer theory
"we recognize our wrong-doing but"; difficult to drastically change and fix the problem
insight of dependency theory
Treating behavior that is irritating or threatening as "deviance" or "mental illness"
Labeling difference as deviance
Mentally ill are not to be balmed for their problems!
Labeling difference as deviance
greatest concern is the vast economic inequality that separates the world's nations
global stratification; looking ahead
an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over the other sexual orientation
heterosexism (part of everyday culture)
the social construction of sexuality (symbolic interaction analysis)
the changing importance of virginity; peoples awareness of sex; different societies attack different meanings to sexuality; sexual practices vary from culture to culture and time to time
living standards have increased; however, the degree of global inequality has
increased
To make people people conform to our own standards of behavior
Labels (labeling difference as deviance)
inequality always means
conflict
GINI coefficient measure of
income inequality
The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
Medicalization of deviance
Drink too much; gambling; promiscuity
Alcoholism; obsessive compulsive disorder; sex addiction
1 means ; 100 means
completely equal; complete inequaltiy
social construction always means
symbolic interaction
"doing gender"; "meaning of gender"; keeping maiden name>>higher income; taking husbands last name>> caring; less important jobs as "womens work" (O.L in japan; old lady office jobs); responsibility of parenting for women
symbolic interaction analysis of the social construction of sexuality
distribution of resources within societies and around the globe; risk or war and terrorism; economic development->raising living standards->natural environment
what can be gathered from GINI
Punishment; police
Treatment; medical personnel
culture defines what is feminine and what is masculine; Margaret Mead and George Murdock
gender in global perspective: important studies of masculinity and femininity
a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
race
moral terms
"bad" or "good'
Medical terms pass no moral judgment
"Sick" or "well"
a form of social organization in which females dominate males (rarely documented in human history)
matriarchy ("rule of mothers")
"race" is
socially constructed
a form of social organization in which males dominate females (pattern found almost everywhere in the world)
patriarchy ("rule of fathers")
shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more
ethnicity
Individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance
Edwin Southerland (differential association theory)
limits the talents and ambitions of half the human population-women; masculinity in US culture encourages men to engage in high-risk behaviors; masculinity is linked to accidents, suicide, violence, and stress-related diseases
the cost of sexism for both men and women
like race, ethnicity is
also socially constructed
"good company makes good boys, bad company makes bad boys"
Differential association theory
Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz
containment theory
racially mixed children
Brazil and US
gender shapes human feelings, thoughts, and actions; children learn how society defines male and female by the age of 3; gender roles
gender and socialization
society's concept of how men and women should behave
gender roles
example ethnicity
jewish; religion not a look
"Good boys have the ability to control deviant impulses"
Containment theory (Walter Reckless and Simon dinitz)
men are supposed to be _, while women are _
leaders, supporters
race is constructed from _ traits and ethnicity is constructed from _ traits
biological, cultural
Iinks Deviance to social inequality in the system
Deviance and inequality: social-conflict analysis
Powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant
Deviance and inequality: social-conflict analysis
people can play "up" and "down"
ethnicity
men usually appear taller than women implying male superior by in advertisement; women are more frequently portrayed lying down, appearing sexual and submissive; advertising perpetuates the "beauty myth"
gender and the mass media
society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearance
beauty myth
any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment
minorities
inequality means
Conflict theory
why is pretty used in pretty women
to make them seem less of a person
economic disadvantage of being a
women
Karla Faye Tucker (1959-1998) was convicted of murder; 1st women to be executed in TX since 1863; governor George W Bush
Deviance and inequality: social-conflict analysis
Use their powerful positions (or knowledge) to illegally enrich themselves or others
White-collar crime
women outnumber men but
women typically have less income, wealth, power
high concentration of women in administrative and service work; men dominate most other job categories
gender and occupations
pink collar jobs
administrative work
if women are defined as a minority, are minority women double handicapped?
yes
Examples of White-collar crime
Insider trading, tax evasion, bribery
food, childcare, and health care
service work
we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
minority women intersection theory
Cause considerable harm; typically end up in a civil hearing rather than criminal courtroom; charged and convicted, they usually escape punishment
White-collar crime
Example of house arrest; "house arrest" for
Martha Stewart
fewer women are executive positions, CEO/president; glass ceiling; mommy track
gender stratification in everyday life
belief that one racial category is superior or inferior to others
racism
invisible yet real barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions
glass ceiling
powerful and harmful form of prejudice; existed throughout world history; widespread throughout US history
under racism
Deviant labels are applied to the people who interfere with the operation of capitalism
Deviance and capitalism
less demanding positions for women
mommy track
racism embedded in social institutions (housing, banking/loan, policing)
institutional racism
Crime committed by White-collar workers in a buisness environment
Corporate Crime
Attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics
Hate crime
biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people
prejudice
gender lined violence occurs where men and women
interact most
women suffer most injuries in the home; family is the most violent institution in the US; also occurs in casual relationships
gender linked violence
oversimplified ideas about groups of people
stereotypes
Activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them
Victimless crime
most rape involves someone the victims
know
unequal treatment of various categories of people
discrimination
Examples of Victimless crime
Illegal drug use, prostitution, gambling
The professor is against what term
Victimless crime
prejudice refers to _, while discrimination is a matter of_
attitudes, actions
victims are unfairly blamed for "doing something to make men think she wanted sex"; rape leaves emotional and psychological scars (male victims too); many rapes are not even reported to the police; date rape in common; date rape is highest on college campus
rape
defining masculinity in terms of
aggression and violence in the US
discrimination has gone from obvious to
subtle
Include only crimes known to police
FBI Criminal Statistics
the advocacy of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
basic feminist ideas
theories prejudice
scapegoat theory, authoritarian personality theory, culture theory, conflict theory
Researchers check crime statistics; overall crime rate is twice as high than official reports indicate
FBI criminal statistics
5 basic feminist ideas
1. working to increase equality
2. expanding human choice
3. eliminating gender stratification
4. ending sexual violence
5. promoting sexual freedom
the dominant group displaces its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group
scapegoat theory
Prof believes hope will fix
Crimes and punishment
types of feminism
liberal, socialist, radical
a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles
scapegoat
Reasons of punishm
Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection (incapacitation)
accepts basic organizations but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities
liberal feminism
extreme prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals
authoritarian personality theory
"eye for an eye": the act of moral vengeance
Retribution
Discourage criminality through the use of threat punishment
Deterrence
people who show strong prejudice toward one minority are intolerant of all minorities, rigidly conformity, conventional cultural values, people with little education, raised by cold, demanding parents
under authoritarian personality theory
individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests
under liberal feminism
capitalism increases patriarchy by concentrating wealth and power in a small number of men
under socialist feminism
some prejudice is found in everyone; prejudice is embedded in our culture
cultural theory (cultural of prejudice)
Reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
Rehabilitation
reject basic organizations of capitalistic societies
socialist feminism
purposes that prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people to oppress others
conflict theory
"keep em off the streets": make an offender incapable of further offenses by imprisonment of execution
societal protection (incapacitation)
Robert Merton's Strain Theory
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
minorities encourage "race consciousness" to win greater power and privileges
another conflict-based argument
patriarchy is so firmly entrenched that even a socialist revolution would not end it; many women AND men have pursued equality; more women assume power in corporation and politics
under radical feminism
eliminate the concept of "gender" itself
radical feminism
mixture of different cultures, where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole
pluralism (patterns of interaction)
Labeling Deviance: Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
labeling theory, retrospective labeling, projective labeling, primary deviance, secondary deviance
Example of pluralism
switzerland official languages of french, romansih, german, italian
Catergories of ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige
social stratification
the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
assimilation (patterns of interaction)
the ability to change positions within a social stratification system
...
people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives
the caste system
why do most minorities adopt the dominate culture (assimilate)
avenue to upward social mobility; way to escape prejudice and discrimination
the physical and social segregation of categories of people
segregation (pattern of interaction)
little or no social mobility, ascribed status, keeping people within the company of their "own kind" (endogamous), typically agrarian society (a lifelong routine of work)
the caste system
de jure segregation
segregation by law
keeping people within the company of their "own kind"
endogamous
de facto segregation
segregation by fact
a lifelong routine of work
typically agrarian society
deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
genocide (patterns of interaction)
Japan Caste System; _/_; top level (1st); 2nd (largest); 3rd; 4th; 5th
emporers/shogum; sammuries; farmers; craftmen/artisans; salesperson; untouchable
deadly form of racism and ethnocentrism; common throughout history ( US: segregation of African Americans and genocide of Native Americans; USSR: genocide of non-Russians; Nazis: genocide of Jewish)
under genocide
social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments
the class system
"vanishing american and forced assimilation"
native amercians
under the class system schooling and skills lead to
social mobility
below the national average in terms of wealth, income, health, educations; reluctant to pursue higher education
native americans
work is no longer fixed at birth but involves some personal choice; ascribed and achieved under the
class system
first settled the Western Hemisphere 30,000 years before Columbus; centuries of conflict and genocide; non-competitive view of life
under native americans
consistency, or lack thereof of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation
status consistency
WASP (includes Scotland and Wales)
White Anglo Saxon Protestant
low status consistency means
classes are hard to define
status consistency is large in the
caste system
"white-ethnic" are non-WASP of European ancestry; cultural legacy/dominant culture; widespread use of "race" and "ethnicity" to describe everyone but them; language and protestant
WASP
"slavery, segregation, civil rights movements, and progress"
African Americans
status inconsistency is large in the
class system
Black power movement gave sense of
pride and purpose
an ideal system in which personal effort or merit determines social standing
meritocracy
remarkable educational progress since 1980; long term decline in prejudice against
African Americans
based entirely on personal merit; includes knowledge, abilities, and effort
meritocracy
no society is truly
meritocracy
"medal minority" stereotype
Asian American
largest category of Asian Americans
Chinese Americans
some social stratification is a social necessity
the function of social stratification: the Davis-Moore Thesis
immigration with the gold rush; urban china towns maintain traditions and kinship networks
Chinese Americans
the greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it; positions a society considers crucial must offer enough rewards to draw talented people away from less important work
the function of social stratification: the Davis-Moore Thesis
preferred rural farming; less visible
Japanese Americans
Conflict theory; Karl Marx; Class Conflict
Capitalist and proletariat
less prejudice until Pearl Harbor and Internment; 35% above national average in median income; cultural assimilation (abandon traditions)
under Japanese Americans
people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
capitalists
working class people who sell their labor for wages (core of the industrial proletariat)
proletariat
recent asian immigrants (many have a strong entrepenurial spirt)
koreans, filipinos, indians, vietnamese
"now largest racial/ethnic minority"
hispanic/latino americans
Max Weber's 3 dimensions of inequality
economic class, status, power
largest population among Hispanics
mexican americans
dimensions of difference in industrial societies
economic inequality (economic class)
became citizens in 1917
puerto ricans
dimension of difference in agrarian societies
social prestige (status)
many were highly educated professionals
cuban americans
dimension of difference in bureaucratic societies
authority (power)
arab does not mean
muslim
"arab" is an
ethnic category
:muslim is a
follower of Islam
most arabs are muslim, but some arabs are
christians or followers of other religions
hostility toward foreigners
xenophobia (race and ethnicity; looking ahead)
blend into US without giving up their culture
today's immigrants (race and ethnicity; looking ahead)
economic relationship between rich and poor nations continue colonial pattern of domination by multinational corpoations ecocnomic expolitation
neocolon
a composite ranking based in various dimensions of social inequaltiy
socioeconomic status (SES) Max Weber's inequality
the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing
conspicuous consumption (symbolic interaction theory: micro-level analysis of social stratification)
how people with different social standing keep their distance from one another
symbolic interaction theory: micro-level analysis of social stratification
affects occupation and income
schooling
most-better paying, white-collar jobs require a
college degree or other advanced study
extensive training, high income (dominates by men)
high prestige occupation
less training, low income (commonly performed by people of color)
low prestige occupation
top 5%, historically white anglo-saxon protestants
the upper class
by ascription ("by birth" old money)
upper-uppers
enormous inherited wealth; live in exclusive neighborhoods, go to private school; volunteer at charitable organizations
upper-upper class
by achievement ("working rich", new money)
lower-uppers
lives in expensive neighborhoods, go to private schools and "good" colleges; most do not gain entry into the clubs and associations of "old money" families
the lower-uppers
for more ethnic and racial diversity than upper class
the middle class
2/3 of children attend college (postgraduate degrees); high-prestige occupations; influential in local politics, but not national/international level
upper-middles
less prestigious white collar occupations
average-middles
wealth in form of a house and retirement; likely to be high school graduates, state supported colleges; 50/50 odds to complete a college degree
the average middle class
core of the industrial proletariat, little or no wealth, vulnerable to financial problems
working class (the lower class)
jobs provide little personal sanctification; about 1/2 own their own homes, 1/3 of children go to college
working class in the lower class
low income, insecure and difficult life
lower class (lower class)
low prestige jobs; 1/2 complete high school, 1/4 reach college
lower class in the lower class
the difference class makes
health, values, family and gender
affluent are healthier than the working class; unequal access to medical care
health in different classes
affluent are more tolerant of controversial social issues than the working class; working class values supervision and discipline, respect authority
values of different classes
affluent cultural capital to children, egalitarian activities; working class earlier marriage, less use of birth control, larger family, gender roles, family as source of material assistance
family and gender difference in classes
introgenerational; intergenerational; structural
social mobility
mobility between different members of the same generation; during your lifetime
intragenerational social mobility
mobility between different generations of a family; in relation to your parents
intergenerational social mobility
a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down
structural mobility
married people accumulate about twice as much wealth compared to
single and divorced
divorce makes social standing go
down
men are less affected by divorce than _; divorced women lose _ and _
women; income and benefits
a larger share of the poor are now women
feminization of poverty
who are the poor
children under 18; people of color; women; poor families are headed by single women
explaining poverty
William Wilson (Blame Society); Oscar Lewis (Blame the Poor)
Society is primarily responsible for poverty; too few available jobs in inner cities
William Wilson (Blame Society)
government should fund jobs and provide affordable child care for low-income mothers and fathers
William Wilson (Blame Society)
the lower class people's culture of poverty; destroying people's ambitions and hope
Oscar Lewis: Blame the poor
sociological evidence suggests cause of working poverty
full-time worker earning minimum wage cannot support urban family of four above the poverty line
sociological evidence suggests the cause of working poverty; society, not individual character traits, are primary source of
poverty
sociological evidence suggests the cause of working poverty;
barriers and limited opportunities
the ability to change positions within a social stratification system
social mobility
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