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AP Euro, Unit 4: Intellectual, Economic, and Social Developments

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Scientific Revolution
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Terms in this set (44)
Scientific Revolution
experimental observation and mathematics slowly became part of the European worldview, when previously the theories of Aristotle were accepted.
Copernicus (1473-1543)
proposed heliocentric theory, which resulted in lots of backlash from especially Protestants, who read the Bible literally. Also disliked by the religious because it left no place for a 'heaven' unlike Aristotle.
Isaac Newton
In the Principia, synthesized the knowledge of the Sci Rev into laws of physics, such as universal gravitation (gravity proportional to mass and proximity).
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler
Brahe had extensive observations of the stars, which student Kepler used to determine laws of planetary motion (eg elliptical orbits).
William Harvey
discovered blood circulation
Empiricism
empirical method of gathering data: controlled experimentation to reach conclusions. The scientific method developed from Bacon's empiricism and Descartes' rationalism.
The Enlightenment
key tenets: natural science and reason should be used to understand all aspects of life (faith isn't enough), progress (humanity was capable of improving, as opposed to just emulating the Greeks/Romans), scientific method was capable of reaching understanding. Was spread through uncertainty of previous worldview caused by Newton's demolition of Aristotelian sciences, religious skepticism (was religious unity worth going to war), travel journals challenging assumptions, tabula rasa.
Voltaire
philosophe, religious intolerance led to inhuman action, praised English balance of power, strong monarchy/gov't was necessary, believed in God as a more indirect figure/concept than what Christianity taught.
Separation of powers
Developed by Montesquieu, says that despotism could be avoided by separating executive, judicial, and legislative power.
Bernard de Fortenelle
Wrote discoveries of scientific revolution is an entertaining and accessible way.
Tabula rosa
Locke, says that humans aren't born with basic ideals, but are blank slates that are developed through interaction
The Encyclopedia
edited by Denis Diderot, contained all knowledge, exalted science and criticized religion. Reasons led to increased knowledge which led to increased happiness.
Baron d'Holbach
aggressively atheist, believed humans are machines determined by outside forces, disagreed with the idea of free will
Cesara Beccaria
advocated for criminal reformation, where punishments were proportional to offense, equal regardless of status, and enough to deter crime but not excessive. Opposed torture and capital punishment.
Rousseau
rationalism and civilization destroyed and corrupted the individual. Developed the Social Contract, where the general will (common interests of the people, not necessarily what they want, but what is good for them) is upheld.