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pharm exam 3 (diabetes and antibiotics)

Terms in this set (86)

Is tetracycline bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
bacteriostatic
are ampicillin and amoxicillin broad or narrow spectrum
broad spectrum
what types of bacteria do ampicillin and amoxicillin cover
both
what is the major side effect of all antibiotics
diarrhea
unasyn
Ampicillin + Sulbactam
is penicillin g broad or narrow spectrum
narrow
Is tetracycline broad or narrow spectrum?
broad spectrum
what is the least toxic drug of all antibiotics
penicillin
what types of bacteria does penicillin g cover
both
all penicillins are bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
what type of bacteria does tetracycline cover
both
what are adverse effects of tetracycline
suppress bone growth, brown teeth, cramps, N/V, diarrhea
what is the prototype drug for macrolides
Erythromycin
is erythromycin (macrolide) broad or narrow spectrum
broad
is erythromycin (macrolide) bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bacteriostatic
what are fourth generation cephalosporins usually used to treat
hospital acquired pneumonias
what is used to treat MRSA
5th gen cephalosporins & vancomycin
what is used to treat cdiff
vancomycin
does vancomycin have a beta-lactam ring
no
what bacteria does erythromycin cover
both
what are the side effects of erythromycin
N/V, diarrhea, epigastric pain, small chance of cardiac death
Is vancomycin broad or narrow spectrum?
narrow
what types of bacteria does vancomycin cover?
gram +
is vancomycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal
bactericidal
what are the adverse effects of vancomycin
renal failure, ototoxicity, red man syndrome
what are the adverse effects of cephalosporins
nausea, diarrhea, rash, pain and inflammation around injection site
Are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
bactericidal
which generations of cephalosporins are destroyed by beta-lactamase
1st and 2nd
which generation of cephalosporins are used for prophylaxis
1st
which generations of cephalosporins cover gram + and gram -
4th and 5th
which cephalosporins cover only gram -
2nd and 3rd
which type of bacteria do 1st gen cephalosporins cover
gram +
which generations of cephalosporins are used for active infections
3rd, 4th, 5th
what are broad spectrum antibiotics used for
to treat an infection before you know exactly which type of bacteria is causing it
how do you figure out what type of bacteria is causing an infection
by doing a culture
how much you give vancomycin when treating for cdiff
PO so it gets to the gut
if suffering from cdiff and another infection can you give vanco IV and PO at the same time
yes
how does vancomycin work
inhibits bacteria cell wall synthesis
what drug is most common for drug allergy
penicillin
if a patient is allergic to penicillin what other antibiotic can they not have
cephalosporins
what is an important nursing consideration when considering tetracyclines
they inhibit bone growth so cannot be given to children under 8 or pregnant or nursing mothers
what decreased absorption of tetracylines
dairy and calcium
what is a major side effect of tetracylines
teeth turning brown and bone growth inhibition
what drug interaction is important to consider when giving erythromycin
it interacts with warfarin (blood thinner)
what color is gram +
purple because of the thick cell wall
what color is gram -
pink because of thin cell wall
what are examples of drug resistant bacterial diseases
VRE, MRSA
what are the beta lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
what are super infections
infections that occur during the course of treatment for another infection
which antibiotics most commonly cause super infections
macrolides and tetracylines
why is it important to emphasis that pt should take the entire therapy of antibiotics
the bacteria can grown back with resistance to the original antibiotic
how can you tell if antibiotics are working
WBC count goes down, BP decreases, RR decreases, drainage decreases
cold, clammy, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, weak, fatigued, dizzy, blurred vision describes what
hypoglycemia
hot dry, tachycardia, thirsty, poor skin turgor, fruity breath, changed LOC, N/V
hyperglycemia
what do you give someone who is hypoglycemic
sugar/food if possible; if not IV dextrose 50%
what do you give someone who is hyperglycemic
regular insulin drip
what is the most common drug given for T2D
metformin
how is insulin mixed
clear before cloudy
what do you do if NPH insulin becomes clear
roll it in your hands
what color caps do insulin syringes have
orange
what are the prototype drugs for sulfonyureas
glipizide (short acting), glyburide (long acting)
what is the action of sulfonyureas
Stimulates the release of insulin from pancreatic cells.

(Will NOT work with type-1 patients)
what are the adverse effects of sulfonyureas
hypoglycemia, weight gain
what is a nursing consideration for sulfonyureas
do not give to pregnant or nursing mothers
what type of drug is metformin
Biguanide
what is an important drug interaction to consider with metformin
can lead to neruopathy when given with contrast dye
what does metformin do
decreases glucose production and increase tissue response to insulin
what are adverse reactions from metformin
decreased appetite, diarrhea, lactic acidosis (rare)
what is the prototype drug for TZDs
actos (pioglitazone)
what is the action of TZDs
decrease insulin resistance, increase glucose uptake, decrease glucose production
what is the prototype drug for DPP-4 inhibitors
sitagliptin
what is the action of sitagliptin
increase action of incretins
what is the prototype drug for GLP-1 agonist
exenatide
what is the actions of GLP-1 agonist
lowers blood glucose by slowing gastric emptying causing insulin dependent insulin to be released
what is the prototype drug for SGLT-2 inhibitors
emphalifozin
What do SGLT2 inhibitors do?
increase glucose excretion via the urine by inhibiting SGLT2 in the kidney tubules
what are the adverse reactions for SGLT-2 inhibitors
fugal genital infection and UTI
what fasting plasma glucose level indicated diabetes
126mg/dL
what is diabetic neuropathy
loss of sensation in the feet leading to infection and gangrene
what is the treatment goal for diabetes
manage hyperglycemia and reduce long term complications
what are microvascular complications of the diabetes
eyes, kidneys, neuropathy
What are the macrovascular complications of diabetes?
brain, heart, extremities
which antibiotics are bactericidal
penicillins, vancomycin, cephalosporins
which antibiotics are bacteriostatic
tetracyclines and macrolides
which antibiotics are broad spectrum
ampicillin, amoxicillin, unasyn, tetracycline, erythromycin
which antibiotics are narrow spectrum
vancomycin and penicillin G
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