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Sociology Chapters 6,7, and 9

Terms in this set (105)

When a person engages in intentional deviance such as drinking too much or participates in inadvertent deviance such as laughing at a funeral, it is considered _____________.
behavioral deviance
Who among the following would most likely be considered deviant because of an unusual belief system?
Terri, who is convicted that the government is using vaccines to intentionally make people ill
The sociological term used to refer to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is __________.
social control
In the context of deviance, which of the following statements is true about sociologists?
They attempt to determine what types of behavior are defined as deviant.
Sociologists _______ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime instead.
Emile Durkheim
Which of the following is not a function of deviance described by contemporary functionalists?
Deviance prevents anomie.
According to Emile Durkheim, rapid social change and reduced social integration contribute to _______, a social condition in which people experience a sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent, or conflicting.
anomie
Which of the following statements is not part of Durkheim's perspective on deviance?
Deviance is common only in contemporary societies.
What function of deviance is illustrated by Black Lives Matter protesters?
Deviance promotes social change.
Gangs provide members with a means of attaining higher status and material rewards that may otherwise seem unavailable to them. Cloward and Ohlin have coined the concept of __________ to refer to this.​
illegitimate opportunity structures
______ argue that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are most likely to be defined as illegal.
Conflict theorists
In the early twentieth century, drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of ________.
Marxist/critical theory
Which of the following statements is true about rational choice theory?
It suggests that most people who commit crimes make careful decisions based on weighing situational factors and personal factors.
Sutherland's _______ states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.
differential association theory
Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.​
differential reinforcement theory
According to Walter Reckless, _______, such as reasonable social expectations and supervision from family and supportive friends, prevent from resorting to deviance.
outer containments
Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles. H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.
labeling theory
Kenny is a 30-year-old man has been a frequent user of marijuana and cocaine for over five years. He believes that there is nothing wrong with using these drugs recreationally and that using marijuana and cocaine is no different from consuming alcohol. Kenny's attitude best exemplifies.
tertiary deviance
______ are most likely to emphasize the study that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.
Postmodern theorists
Which of the following crimes is not legally considered a felony?
public intoxication
Which of the following statements is true about the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
It is based in information filed by law enforcement agencies throughout the United States.
______ includes offenses such as prostitution, illegal gambling, and pornography.
Public order crimes
Almost 70 years ago, Edwin Sutherland coined the term ______ to refer to what is now called ________, which comprises illegal activities committed by people in the corse of their employment or financial affairs.
white-collar crime; occupational crime
Which of the following statements is true about organized crime?
Many groups operate at all levels of society to perpetrate organized crime.
Consider that Senator Derek Williamson was found guilty of using his authority illegally for monetary gain. It can be said that he most likely engaged in ______.
political crime
When white-collar offenders become involved in criminal conspiracies designed to improve that profitability of their companies, such as engaging in price fixing, or participating in tax evasion, they are most likely committing ______.
corporate crime
______ is based on the assumptions that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes.
Incapacitation
The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for ______ of the world's prison population.
25 percent
In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court rules (in Furman v. Georgia) that the death penalty _____.
is legal if imposed fairly and equally
________, such as better education and jobs and affordable housing, are more effective than military-style boot camps in addressing the challenges involved in dealing with juvenile offenders. In the past, measures such as these have made it possible for youths who initially committed street crimes to leave the streets, get jobs, and lead productive lives
Structural solutions
_____ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources.
social stratification
Sociologist Max Weber used the term ____ to refer to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.
life changes
The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is ______.
social mobility
Who among the following individuals achieved intergenerational mobility?
Diana, whose father was a sanitation worker and earned very little but provided enough resources for Diana to complete her medical degree and become a cardiologist, which allowed her to move from the working class to the upper-middle class.
Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker. With experiences and by taking specialized courses in her field, she became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of ______.
intragenerational mobility
Which of the following statements supports the argument that slavery is not simply an unfortunate historical legacy in American society?
The U.S. State Department estimates that as many as 25,000 foreigners are brought to the United States every year and are enslaved.
In a caste system, marriage is _______, meaning that people are allowed to marry only within their own group.
endogamous
Which of the following statements about the class system is incorrect?
the boundaries in the class system are more distinct than those in a caste system
Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying them less than the resale value of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called ______.
alienation
Workers have not overthrown capitalism as Marx predicted because _____.
Many workers have experienced a rising standard of living.
Weber defined social class using ____ as a major contributor.
power
Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as _____.
entrepreneurs
Of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the ______.
middle class
Kevin works as a clerk at a firm that provides investment services to customers, and he earns around $40,000 annually. Upon joining the firm, Kevin had to go through only a brief period of on-the-job training as his job requires him to perform mechanized tasks that require little skill beyond basic literacy. In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, Kevin most likely belongs to the ______.
working class
In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, members of the ______ have an annual income in the $25,000 range, living from just above to just below the poverty line, and typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, lower-paid factory jobs, and service job.
working-poor class
In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, members of the _____ have an annual income in the $25,000 range, living from just above to just below the poverty line, and typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, lower-paid factory jobs, and service jobs.
underclass
Kim-Lee founded a software development company at the age of 27. Over time, he developed the company into a multibillion-dollar transnational organization. He is currently the chief technical officer of the company, holds 75 percent stock of the company, and makes major decisions regarding the products that would be made available to consumers. In the context of Wright's model of the U.S. class structure, Kim-Lee belongs to the _____.
capitalist class
Which of the following is a criticism of the Marxian and Weberian models of the U.S. class structure?
Neither fully reflect the nature and extent of inequality in the United States.
In Wright's Marxian model, persons who have substantial control over production and over workers but do not participate in key corporate decisions such as how to invest profit are the _____.
managerial class
Which of the following statements is true of wealth in the United States?
The racial wealth gap continues to widen in terms of wealth creation and maintenance.
In 2014, the top 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately _____ of the total income pie.
50 percent
In 2014, the bottom 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately _____ of the total income pie.
3 percent
Today, the net worth of each U.S. household in the wealthiest 1 percent is nearly ______ times greater than the net worth of the median U.S. household.
300
The term ____ includes property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies.
wealth
For most people in the United States, wealth is invested primarily in _______.
property that generates no income
______ view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. They believe that education provides all students with opportunities, and they argue that students' abilities are now more important that their class, race, or gender in determining success.
Functionalist theorists
Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment.​
local property taxes
_____ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
Relative poverty
Which of the following age groups in the United States has the highest rate of poverty?
Children under the age of 18
In the late 1970s sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term "feminization of poverty" to refer to the trend in which:
women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. A factor that leads to poverty in the United States is:
the low wages for many jobs.
Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed ______.
deskilling
Which of the following is a structural problem that has contributed to unemployment and poverty in the United States?
technological advances and changing patterns of consumerism
Davis and Moore, two functionalists, believe that stratification results in ____, which refers to a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials.
meritocracy
From a ____, social inequality is not only inevitable but also an essential part of any healthy society because of social stratification results in meritocracy, which refers to a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials.
functionalist perspective
Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a ______.
symbolic interactionist
Sociologists emphasize that race is _____.
a socially constructed reality
Which of the following groups is an example of an ethnic group?
Irish Americans
The U.S. census of ____ made it possible for the first time for individuals to identify themselves as being more than one race.
2000
Sociologists would term whites with northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) in the United States the ______.
dominant group
Many sports teams such as the Atlanta Braves, Cleveland Indians, and Washington Redskins use Native American mascots and depict them with feathers, buckskins, beads, spears, and "warpaint." Such depictions are examples of _____.
stereotyping
_____ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another ethnic group.
Racism
In the context of theories of prejudice, the _____ states that people who are disappointed in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of hostility toward others.
frustration-aggression hypothesis
The term ____ is used to refer to people and groups that are blamed for societal problems (such as unemployment or an economic recession) over which they have no control and that are incapable of offering resistance to a hostility or aggression of others.
scapegoat
Psychologists Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) ____, which is characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and ridgid, stereotypic thinking.
authoritarian personality
Antony owned a restaurant in the United States in the 1950s. He did not feel negatively toward African Americans but refused to serve them in his restaurant because he feared that serving them would offend his white customers. In the context of Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, Antony is a(n) _____.
unprejudiced discriminator
Two members of a dance group are best friends despite the fact that one member is white and the other is an African American. In the context of sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these members can be called _______.
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
Frank, a referee, is a white supremacist, and, therefore, he often deliberately calls a play incorrectly when people of color are involved in a tackle. In the context of sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, Frank can be classified as a(n) ______.
prejudiced discriminator
_____ consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.
individual discrimination
A bank consistently denies loans to people of color because it believes that people of color are unlikely to repay the amount due on time. This is most likely an example of ______.
institutional discrimination
Six white students at a community college form an alliance based on their dislike of African Americans and write racial epithets on the walls of an African American professor's office. Their actions are not supported by other white students or faculty members. In the context of types of discrimination identified by Joe Feagin, this scenario illustrates _____.
small-group discrimination
Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts despite lack of support from the norms of the immediate organization. In the context of the types of discrimination identified by Joe Feagin, this scenario illustrates _____.
indirect institutionalized discrimination
Which of the following sociological perspectives on race and ethnic relations is associated with gendered racism?
the conflict perspective
According to symbolic interactionists, when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their existing stereotype, they frequently ______.
ignore any behavior that contradicts the stereotype.
The ____ states that interaction between people from divergent groups should result in favorable attitudes and behavior when certain factors are present.
contact hypothesis
To some sociological analysts, assimilation is functional because:
it contributes to the stability of society by minimizing group differences.
Kavita, a South Asian woman, moved to the United States after graduating from college. To become assimilated in American society, she adopted the traits and characteristics of whites, the dominant group. She also modified her dress and food preferences to become a part of the dominant group. This scenario most likely illustrates ________.
acculturation
In the context of functionalist perspectives on race and ethnic relations, _____ occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group.
structural assimilation
In the context of functionalist perspectives on rac and ethnic relations, ____ involves a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individual.
psychological assimilation
A small country in Europe is renowned for being home to multiple ethnic groups. People of Asian, German, and African cultural heritages peacefully coexist with on another and have uniform access to power and privilege in this country. In this scenario, this European country can be said to have ______.
equalitarian pluralism
Switzerland has been described as a model of _____; more than six million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.
accommodation
Jim Crow laws legalized the separation of whites and African Americans in public accommodations, such as hotels, transportation, schools, jails, hospitals, churches, and cemeteries, in southern United States after the Civil War. This is an example of ______.
de jure segregation
Despite legislation prohibiting racial discrimination and decades of enforcement of civil rights legislation, neighborhoods in the United States still tend to be racially segregated. Owners, landlords, real estate agents, and apartment managers often use informal mechanisms to maintain their properties for "whites only." This is an example of _______.
de facto segregation
In the context o sociological perspectives on race and ethnic relations, _____ focus on access to power and economic differentials between the dominant group and subordinate groups in society.
conflict theorists
Based on the class perspective on racial inequality, sociologist Oliver C. Cox suggests that African Americans were enslaved because ______.
African Americans were the cheapest and best workers the owners could find for heavy labor on plantations.
In the United States indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives because of invasion by Euro-Americans and others. The capitalist class acquired cheap labor and land through this government-sanctioned racial exploitation. The effects of this ______ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations.
internal colonialism
One shortcoming of the split-labor-market theory is that it _____.
fails to examine the interactive effects of gender, race, and class in the workplace.
_____ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.
Gendered racism
The perspective of ___ include the belief that racism is such an ingrained feature of U.S. society that it appears to be ordinary and natural for so many people.
critical race theory
Native Americans in the United States are currently in a transition from history marked by prejudice and discrimination to a contemporary life in which they may find new opportunities. One of the challenges that Native Americans face today is:
erasing negative stereotypes while maintaining their heritage
Whites intimidated African Americans in the United States through _____, which refers to a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.
lynching
The term _____ refers to policies or procedures that are intended to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have been previously excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.
affirmative action
Most Filipino Americans have not had the start-up capital necessary to open their own businesses. However, the average houshold income of Filipino American families is relatively high, at nearly $77,000, because:
Filipinos have one of the highest levels of educational attainment among Asian Americans.
The primary vehicle driving the increase of the Mexican American population in the United States is _____.
immigration
Many Iranian Americans refer to themselves as "Persians" rather than "Iranian" because:
of the perceived negativity associated with the political history of the country of Iran.
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