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Terms in this set (55)

Linguistic register refers to the way language is used to...(select all that applies)

a) Indicate whether two individuals are members of the same family.

b) Mark psychological distance between members in a communication event.

c) Cue observers to the type of setting in which the communication is taking place.

d) Mark the degree of formality inherent in the communication exchange.

e) Communicate in formal settings only
B and D. -- It sometimes cues observers to the type of setting (C) but not always.
Hedging refers to...(select all that applies)

a) Fillers

b) Qualifiers

c) Phrases

d) Language

e) Unneccessary modifiers
A and C
Paralinguistic features of communication carry the majority of meanings and include such things as....(select all that applies)

a) Frozen register elements of all languages

b) Affect markers

c) Emergency medical terminology

d) Vocal intonation/sign inflection

e) Gestures and other non-verbal behaviors
B, D, and E
Equivocal language refers to...(select all that applies)

a) Vague or unclear terms or phrases

b) Socially acceptable terms and phrases used in place of more direct or descriptive terms

c) Terms or phrases that can be interpreted in more than one way; used in order to mislead someone

d) A form of "verbal shorthand" allowing communication without going through a detailed list of items

e) All of the above
C
Match the following forms of speech with "E" for euphemism and "P" for powerless form:

____Her brother passed away last week.

____Where's the ladies room?

____I..uh..I haven't...or I mean...Could I please...if you don't mind...ask you a favor?

____Oh! A new hair do!

____It's so absolutely, very, amazingly wonderful!
E, E, P, E, P
CULTURE includes...(select all that applies)


a) Values and beliefs

b) Art forms (poems, paintings, plays, etc.)

c) Language

d) Rules of behavior and social interaction

e) Traditions and habits
A, B, C, D, and E
Philip divides culture into three subsets. Beside each of the following examples and definitions, put an "m" for material, "b" for behavioral, and "c" for cognitive.

____Actions that are considered rude or polite

____Greetings, including shaking hands, hugging, bowing, etc.

____Chopsticks, kimonos, sushi

____The way one treats elders in the community/society

____The role of men at work and home

____Children's games
C, B, M, C, C, B
Culture...(select all that applies)

a) Is subjective and cannot really be taught

b) Evolves over time

c) Is universal

d) Specifies gender roles, norms and expectations

e) Includes values, rules of behavior and traditions

f) Does not include religion or spirituality

g) Provides a frame or schema for living within a specified group of people
B, D, E, and G
Culture and _____ cannot be separated (select all that applies)

a) Communication

b) Roles

c) Expectations

d) Language

e) World view
A, B, C, D, and E
Collectivist cultures...(select all that applies)

a) Are centered on the individual rather than the group

b) Make up approximately 70% of world cultures

c) Tend to focus on process rather than product

d) Place les value on clock time than individualist cultures

e) Have identical norms and expectations world-wide
B, C, and D
Individualist cultures...(select all that applies)

a) Place greater value on individual accomplishment rather than the group accomplishment

b) Make up approximately 50% of world cultures

c) Tend to focus on process rather than product

d) Place greater value on clock time than collectivist cultures

e) Have identical norms and expectations world-wide
A and D
Cultural identity...(select all that applies)

a) Usually includes more than just one's culture of origin

b) Is based partially on individual choice

c) May include things such as religion, gender, and recreational interests

d) Influences one's communication

e) Is assigned by one's family
A, B, C, and D
Culture influences such things al...(select all that applies)

a) The distance one sits/stands when communicating

b) Norms for eye contact

c) One's physical wellness

d) Expectations regarding conflict resolution

e) What holidays will be celebrated
A, B, D, and E
Give three reasons interpreters need to understand the impact of culture on communication.
They may make social/interpersonal errors; they may misinterpret the meaning of words/phrases and behaviors; they may fail to realize target language-culture equivalents
When considering the CONTEXT in which communication takes place, an interpreter must consider...(select all that applies)

a) The physical location of the interaction

b) The style and color of clothing worn by the participants

c) The cultural norms, values, and traditions of each participant

d) The universality of cultural frames

e) The language preferences of each client present
A, C, and E
In cultures based on sight...(select all that applies)

a) Members are irritated by "visual noise"

b) Visual signals are used for attention-getting and turn-taking

c) There are more similarities to hearing-based cultures than differences

d) One will encounter "visual" poetry

e) There is an inevitable consequence of strained or poor eyesight
A, B, and D
Greeting/leave-taking norms...(select all that apply)

a) Are the most obviously different behavioral norms across all cultures

b) Include norms related to physical contact and eye gaze

c) Are identical among 85% of all minority groups in the US and Canada

d) Are reflected in the indigenous sign languages around the world

e) Are generally connected to particular linguistic phrases, as well as physical behaviors
B, D, and E
Which of the following physical characteristics and behaviors might be distracting in a visual communication environment? (select all that applies)

a) A tic or repetitive twitch of the head, face or eyes

b) Extreme obesity

c) Red hair

d) Muddy clothes and shoes

e) Swiping hair out of one's face
A, B, and E
Reciprocal signals...(select all that applies)

a) Refers to a tally system used in some collectivist cultures

b) Are found only in spoken-language cultures

c) Include a set of head nods and eye behaviors used by individuals communicating to each other in ASL

d) Are required in some cultures in order for communication to take place

e) Are used to indicate one's status in Indo-Canadian culture
C and D
Describe the similarities and/or differences between hearing and Deaf cultures in the following areas:

Communication

Display of emotion

Eye contact/physical touch
Communication- Deaf use sign language or other visual forms of communication; Hearing use spoken and auditory forms of communication

Display of emotion- varies from individual to individual but Deaf display is always visual to some degree whereas Hearing is sometimes only audible

Eye contact/physical touch- Deaf require eye contact to communicate and to indicate turn taking; Deaf use physical touch as a primary attention-getting device. Hearing have various eye contact rules but it is not required to continue communicating; physical touch is one attention-getting device byt auditory devices are more standard.
Describe the similarities and/or differences between Hispanic and Deaf cultures in the following areas:

Time

Decision-making

Family/elders
Time- less important than "connecting" in both Deaf/Hispanic cultures

Decision-making- both tend toward group decision-making although in Deaf culture, the group is more consultative than decision-making in nature

Family/elders- Hispanic tends to be family-oriented with value on extended family, respect to elders with paternal power lines; Deaf often alienated or distant from blood family unless they are Deaf or fluent signers - Deaf community sometimes serves as surrogate family, respect toward elder or more experienced members of the Deaf community who are seen as source of wisdom
When a deaf person interacting with hearing individuals changes her/his form of communication to a more English-like form, this is termed...(select all that applies)

a) Simultaneous communication

b) Code switching

c) Total communication

d) Cross cultural adaptation

e) CASE
B
If a client refers to her/himself as "Deaf", an interpreter might assume this individual...(select all that applies)

a) Identifies with the majority of language/culture and its norms of social interaction

b) Uses and values American Sign Languages

c) May or may not have enough residual hearing to talk on the telephone

d) Socializes primarily within the Deaf community

e) Has Deaf family members
B, C, and D
Prior to the early 1960's, indigenous Sign Languages were...(select all that applies)

a) Considered critical as an instructional language in Deaf education

b) Studied formally by linguists throughout the world

c) Viewed as an inferior visual form of the country's dominant spoken language

d) A required part of the curriculum for individuals seeking to become teachers working with Deaf children and youth

e) Slowly becoming extinct - like Latin - because they failed to change with the life and times of those people who used them for communication
C
The term "hearing impaired"...(select all that applies)

a) Is considered by the media as the "politically correct" term to refer to individuals who are deaf and hard of hearing

b) Is accepted widely within the deaf and hard of hearing communities

c) Was invented by members of the hearing majority community

d) Is offensive and generally not accepted within the deaf and hard of hearing communities

e) None of the above
A, C, and D
In print, "deaf" (with a lower case 'd') refers to:_____
Whereas "Deaf" (with an upper case 'D') refers to:_____
d- one's auditory abilities or deficits, in which hearing loss is measured in dB.
D- is used by members of the Deaf community to designate one's cultural identity
Hearing individuals often assume Deaf people...(select all that applies)

a) Miss music

b) Wish they could hear

c) All lip-read well

d) Want hearing aids, cochlear implants and any other technology that can help them be "normal"

e) None of the above
A, B, C, and D
Prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination grow out of ethnocentrism which refers to...(select all that applies)

a) Cross-cultural interactions

b) The role the U.S. has played in world history

c) The tendency to judge other cultural behaviors as wrong

d) Bilingual education

e) A belief that one's own culture, norms and traditions are inherently better than those of others
C and E
Deaf individuals often assume hearing people,,,(select all that applies)

a) Have a perfect mastery of English

b) View deaf individuals as members of a language/culture minority group

c) Will never be able to master ASL

d) Know everything about everything

e) Understand the experience of being deaf
A and D
Characteristics of "benefactors" include...(select all that applies)

a) Need for approval from members of the minority group

b) A sense that members of the marginalized group are child-like and innocent

c) A desire to learn the language of the marginalized group and to teach their culture in educational institutions

d) An assumption that members of the minority group want to be like the majority group

e) A parental-type sense of responsibility toward members of the minority group
A, B, D, and E
Audism refers to---(select all that applies)

a) Systematic and fairly invisible "privilege" based on one's ability to hear and speak

b) Stereotyping people based on their ability or inability to hear and speak

c) A desire to learn the language of marginalized groups and to teach their culture in educational institutions

d) Preferential treatment given to hearing individuals

e) A parental-type sense of responsibility toward members of the minority group
A, B, and D
Members of oppressed minority groups often portray the following characteristics...(select all that applies)

a) A sense of powerlessness

b) Violence toward others in their minority group

c) Belief that members of the majority group are child-like and innocent

d) Need for approval from their peer group

e) Both positive and negative feelings about themselves and the characteristic that sets them apart from members of the majority group
A, B, and E
The type of oppression which is most pervasive and subtle, resulting in the denigration of the minority group's language, culture and personhood is...(select all that applies)

a) Individual

b) Inherent

c) Group

D) Institutionalized

e) Marginalized
D
Oppression can be defined as...(select all that applies)

a) Discrimination made on the basis of age, gender, ability to hear, etc

b) Equal opportunity to participate in mono-cultural or bicultural activities

c) A phenomenon based on racial differences alone

d) Rules for behavior as defined by a culture group

e) Unjust or excessive exercise of power or position which results in the marginalization of a group of people
A, C, and E
The DPN revolution at Gallaudet in 1988...(select all that applies)

a) Was a protest led by RID because of intolerable working conditions for interpreters at the University

b) Marked a civil rights demonstration conducted largely by students in a protest of the appointment of a Deaf president to Gallaudet University

c) Was felt by Deaf communities around the world

d) Resulted in the appointment of the first CODA President to the university.

e) Boosted Deaf pride and strides toward greater equality and inclusion for members of the Deaf community
C and D
Disenfranchisement...(select all that applies)

a) Is the result of liberation movements led by members of oppressed minority groups

b) Is a catch phrase common in the jokes and humor majority groups

c) Refers to the systematic exclusion of individuals from identified minority groups based on negative stigma held by members of the "privileged" majority group

d) Is marked by "power over" rather than a "power with" minority groups on the part of individuals in the majority group

e) Results in chronic unemployment and under-employment, lack of access to quality education and other forms of discrimination
C, D, and E
Humor...(select all that apply)

a) Is sometimes used by minority groups to deal with the stresses inherent in being marginalized

b) Is a cruel and unnecessary reverse discrimination

c) Should be expected by sojourners in minority language/culture groups

d) Often incorporates images of turning the tables on the majority group, proving the intelligence, resilience, perseverance and ultimate empowerment of the minority group

e) Is a tool interpreters can use to help them deal with their status in the Deaf community
A, C, D, and E
An interpreter can oppress d/Deaf individuals by...(select all that applies)

a) Always accommodating a d/Deaf client's preferred mode of communication

b) Imposing her/his personal beliefs and values on a client

c) Mastering ASL and developing sensitivity toward the cultural norms of the Deaf community

d) Always deferring to a hearing client during an interpreted event

e) Assuming the Deaf cultural experience is the same as the hearing cultural experience
B, D, and E
Interpreters are frequently exposed to...(select all that applies)

a) The challenge of having oppressive and insulting comments conveyed through their own voice/hands

b) Overt and subtle behaviors of exclusion and oppression directed toward Deaf clients

c) Encounters of the privileged and the disenfranchised, as well as conflict of cultures, norms and expectations

d) Accusations from some Deaf clients that we are motivated by greed and are engaged in activities that will lead to the destruction of the Deaf community

e) Comments about ignorant and insensitive hearing people
A, B, and C
Interpreters are challenged by...(select all that applies)

a) The need to be as fair-minded as possible while facilitating communication between individuals with different cultural schemata and experiential backgrounds

b) The reality that some interpreting jobs will trigger emotional "buttons" for them

c) The fact that working with people is boring and predictable

d) The need to be fully human while being as professional as possible

e) The ethical use of the power inherent in their position as language-culture mediator
A, B, D, and E
Vicarious trauma...(select all that applies

a) Can result from interpreting stories of brutalization experienced by Deaf clients while living in certain third world countries

b) Results from overuse trauma to the wrist and elbow due to extensive journaling

c) Sometimes results from witnessing another person's traumatic experience

d) Can result in compassion fatigue

e) May result in a numbing of the emotions and an inability to interact with others with appropriate empathy
A, C, D, and E
Uninitiated hearing clients may assume...(select all that applies)

a) Interpreters convey 100% of everything being said or signed

b) The interpreter is a friend of family member of the Deaf individual

c) All Deaf people lip-read well

d) People who are Deaf are as educated and equally qualified as anyone else in an interaction

e) Deaf people are disabled
A, B, C, and E
When interpreting, an individual takes a message expressed in ____ and produces an equivalent message in ____ (select one)

a) The source language/the target language

b) One's "A" language/ one's "C" language

c) A majority language/ a minority language

d) Sign supported speech/English

e) Braille/Morse Code
A
When describing one's native language, the term ____ can be used (select all that applies)

a) B-language

b) Mother tongue

c) English

d) A-language

e) ASL
B and D
The difference between one's B-language and one's C-language is....(select all that applies)

a) One is spoken and one is signed

b) One can express her/himself fairly fluently in their C-language but has difficulty understanding her/his B-language

c) One formally studies only a C-language

d) A B-language is one's native language

e) One comprehends both but only expresses her/himself fairly fluently in the B-language
E
INTERPRETING requires on to work between two ____ whereas transliteration requires one to work between two ____ (select one)

a) People/setting

b) Forms of the same language/visual codes

c) Languages/forms of the same language

d) Monolingual clients/bilingual clients

e) Hearing clients/Deaf clients
C
Before being able to interpret, one must have...(select all that applies)

a) Physical stamina - as interpreting is physically demanding

b) Emotional stability

c) Bilingual and bicultural knowledge and skills

d) Non-distractive physical characteristics and behaviors

e) Professional and personal integrity
A, B, C, D, and E
Process time...(select all that applies)

a) Refers to the time between learning ASL and becoming a paid professional interpreter

b) Is influenced by the linguistic register being used by the speaker/signer

c) The time used by an interpreter to complete the analysis of the source language utterance and to search for cultural and linguistic equivalents before producing an equivalent message in the target language

d) Fluctuates depending on the level of audience involvement and overall dynamic equivalence

e) The time used by an interpreter to complete analysis of her/his C-language for equivalents in her/his B-language before producing an interpreted message
C and D
Dynamic equivalence... (select all that applies)

a) Refers to maintaining the speaker's intended interaction with and impact on the audience

b) Is only of concern in one-on-one situations

c) Is not possible when providing sight translation

d) When accomplished, the speaker's goals and level of audience involvement is the same for both the audience who received the message in its original form and the audience who received the message through the interpreter

e) Results when the source language form is maintained in the interpreted delivery of the information
A and D
MODALITY refers to...(select all that applies)

a) The physical channel through which a message is expressed

b) in the field of sign language interpretation refers specifically to the aural/oral channel or the visual/gestural channel

c) Oral transliteration, as compared with English-based signed transliteration

d) Another term for mother tongue, native or first language

e) None of the above
A and B
An individual must have bilingual-bicultural skills in order to interpret. This means they must...(select all that applies)

a) Speak and sign at the same time

b) Be facile enough in both languages to recognize a range of semantic meanings

c) Use ASL and English effectively for technical topics, as well as general topics

d) Know how each language accomplishes various speech acts

e) Be familiar with the ways each culture accomplishes certain tasks such as attention-getting, turn-taking, etc
B, C, D, and E
Simultaneous interpretation means...(select all that applies)

a) Signing in an English-like form, complete with the mouthing of English words

b) Signing and speaking at the same time

c) Providing an interpretation of the text while the speaker/signer is presenting the source language message

d) A greater likelihood of errors and miscues in the interpretation

e) It is impossible to produce an equivalent message from English to ASL
B
In consecutive interpretation...(select all that applies)

a) The interpreter waits for a meaningful "chunk" before beginning the interpretation

b) the interpreter changes codes from English-like signing to spoken English

c) The interpretation is provided after each segment of the source language presentation

d) There is a greater likelihood of errors and miscues in the interpretation

e) The interpretation is always based on the majority language
C
Generally speaking, consecutive interpretation is more accurate than simultaneous interpreting. This is because...(select all that applies)

a) There is no time limit - the interpreter can take time to research the topic, define critical lexical items, etc

b) Processing time is sufficient to make a full language and culture transition, supporting an equivalent message

c) The interpreter can make clarifications prior to beginning the interpretation into the target language

d) Only highly experienced interpreters use this approach to interpreting

e) You don't need a team interpreter when using consecutive mode
B and C
Identify whether consecutive or simultaneous interpretation would most likely be used in the following settings and explain why:

a) Platform settings

b) One-on-one settings

c) When the client prefers English based signs

d) When the client prefer ASL

e) Greetings and leave-takings in one-on-one settings
...
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