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Patho Exam 4 quiz questions

Terms in this set (50)

The area of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli of the nephrons is the:
cortex
The _____ is the functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
Which tubule is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area?
proximal tubules
What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to:result of increased:
perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
On average, the kidneys receive approximately ____% to ____% of the cardiac output.
20:25%
Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The best estimate of functioning renal tissue is:
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Creatinine is constantly released from _____ tissue and excreted primarily by glomerular filtration.
muscle
Only the kidneys can eliminate ____ from the body as a means of regulating body pH, when urine buffers are present.
hydrogen (H+)
The most common causes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections are:
Escherichia coli.
Which clinical manifestation of pyelonephritis is different from those of cystitis?
Flank pain
The kidney disorder characterized by hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria is:
nephrotic syndrome.
The most common type of renal stone is comprised of:
calcium oxalate.
A characteristic manifestation of polycystic kidney disease is
hypertension
Glomerulonephritis is usually caused by
antigen-antibody complexes
Chronic pyelonephritis, a significant cause of renal failure, is most commonly caused by
intrarenal reflux
It is true that polycystic kidney disease is
genetically transmitted
Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include
proteinuria.
A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be
uric acid crystals.
The major underlying factor leading to the edema associated with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome is
proteinuria.
A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is
dehydration.
The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is
renal colic.
The patient had excessive blood loss and prolonged hypotension during surgery. His postoperative urine output is sharply decreased and his blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is elevated. The most likely cause of the change is acute
ischemic tubular necrosis
The patient is beginning to recover from acute tubular necrosis. The recovery phase of ATN is characterized by
diuresis
Regardless of the cause, chronic renal failure results in progressive permanent loss of nephrons, glomerular filtration, and renal
endocrine functions
The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by
fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance.
Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes
fluid administration.
A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because
GFR declines.
The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is
insufficient erythropoietin.
The most likely cause of acidosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease is
insufficient metabolic acid excretion due to nephron loss.
Appropriate management of end-stage renal disease includes
erythropoietin administration.
Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection in an 85 year old may include:
confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
What part of the central nervous system coordinates the detrusor and urethral sphincter muscles during micturition?
Pons
Although urinary obstruction and urinary incontinence have almost opposite effects on urination, they both can result from
urethral structure changes
The patient fell off of a ladder and has a spinal cord injury that has resulted in bladder dysfunction. During the period immediately after the spinal injury, spinal shock develops and the bladder has ____ function.
atonic
In women, pelvic floor weakness and loss of the posterior proximal urethrovesical (PVU) junction cause which type of incontinence?
stress
The disorder characterized by a neurologic lesion that affects bladder control is
neurogenic bladder.
A person is unaware that his bladder is full of urine, but complains that he is leaking urine almost constantly. The most accurate term for this type of incontinence is
overflow.
What is the effect of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine?
Salivation decreases.
The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates which hormones?
Secretin and cholecystokinin
The type of diarrhea that is a result of unhydrolyzed lactose is referred to as:
osmotic.
Abdominal pain is best described as visceral pain that:
is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and dull.
An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing the:
gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed.
After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are a result of:
a rapid gastric emptying and creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine that causes a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen.
What is the significance of propulsive movements in the large intestine?
Initiation of defecation
Which disorder of the large intestine may require laparoscopic surgery to unwind the intestine?
Volvulus
Which part of the stomach most commonly harbors Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?
Fundus
A client with sudden, excruciating abdominal pain, pale skin, and hematemesis is admitted to the emergency room. On assessment, the client states that he had an overdose of NSAIDs and has a history of substance abuse. The primary health-care provider instructs the nurse to prepare the client for a gastrojejunostomy procedure. Which condition can the nurse expect in the client?
Peptic ulcer disease
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