Upgrade to remove ads

Only $2.99/month

Gen. Psych. Ch. 9 + 11

Terms in this set (328)

genes; environment

both ________ and ______________ impact human development

nature; strongest

__________ (genes) has the ____________ impact

Temperament is ____________.

Zygote; embryo; fetus

Prenatal development: critical periods- __________ (germinal), ___________ , and ________

Bonding; immediately

___________ with the mother begins _______________ after birth

Addict; Predispositions

No one is born an _________ , but they can be born with __________________.

Securely; ambivalent; avoidant; parental responsiveness

- ___________ attached kids use caretaker as a secure base
- ______________ infants first seek and then avoid caretaker
- _____________ infants are not attached at all
- ___________ ____________________ highest in securely attached kids, lowest in avoidant kids, and inconsistent in ambivalent kids

Juvenile delinquents;

___________ ________________ did not have secure attachments with parents
- 70% of inner city families don't have a father in the home (only 1/2 attachment present)

______________ styles:
1.) Authoritarian
2.) Authoritative
3.) permissive

______________ parenting:
Rigid; value unquestioned obedience from children (parent is in control)

_______________ parenting:
Give children lax/inconsistent direction (child is in control)

_______________ parenting:
Shared control

3 primary _______________ areas:
1.) Physical
2.) Social
3.) Cognitive

Developmental impact is _____________ for both genders

_____________ development:
- primary/secondary sexual characteristics
- early/late development impacts self-image

Imaginary; personal

All teenagers experience _____________ audience and ___________ fable

Imaginary _______________:
Teens feel like everyone is looking at them
- (no one really is)

Personal __________:
Teens feel like things happen to other people, but they don't happen to them

The _____________ is dominent over the prefrontal cortex, resulting in lower executive functioning

Young adults are waiting ________ to marry
- more young adults live at _________

Declined; loans; default; home

- Although most young adults marry, overall U.S. marriages have ___________
- paying off college student _________ is part of the young adult equation
- around 1/3 of students ___________ on student loans
- buying a ___________ is the 2nd major consideration for young adults

Marriage; child-bearing

Success in ____________ and __________________ are two key developmental tasks for most young adults

Paying off the home; relationships

________ _____ _____ ________ and having meaningful social ________________ also are important to most middle-adults

Saving for _______________ is an aspirational goal for most middle-adults

________ ______ factors often enter at this developmental stage (middle adult)

Later; financial; health; death

Developmental elements of _______ adulthood
- retirement
- ____________ factors
- generational connections
- ___________ /cognitive issues
- preparation for eventual _________

Sensory; reflexes; gratification

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- life is based on __________ experience
- predominance of ___________
- inability to delay ________________

Concrete; irreversible; self-centered

Preoperational (2-7 years)
- ____________ understanding
- _______________ reasoning (think on one direction and cannot stop it)
- egocentric ( ________________ , can only see things from their own vantage point)

Abstract; deduction; contrary; content

Formal operational (11-adult)
- __________ reasoning
- hypothetical ____________
- Metacognition
- __________-to-fact hypothesis
- can think without ___________

To think about one's own thinking

Kohlberg's Stages of _______ development
- Stage 1: Punishment and obedience
- Stage 2: Instrumental-relativistic morality
- Stage 3: Good boy/good girl morality
- Stage 4: Law and order morality
- Stage 5: Morality of Social contract
- Stage 6: Morality of individual principles

kernel of truth

There is some ________ ____ _______ to Kohlberg's notion that small children understand right/wrong differently than do adults

Children are told to _______ their parents, presumably because they are not yet fully capable of making ________ decisions in the same way their parents are

hypothetical; real life; disconnect; say; actually do

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
1.) The theory is based on _____________ cases
- He didn't study real children in ______ _______ situations
- Social psychology research has shown a significant _____________ between what people ______ they will do, based on moral beliefs, and what they ___________ _____ when placed in challenging situations

hypothetical; scripture; say; actually do

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
The theory is based on _______________ cases:
- Additionally, _____________ illustrates the disconnect principle between what people _______ they believe about right/wrong and what they _________ ____ when pressed

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
- Kohlberg does ______ account for God's ________

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
- Ignores _______________ possibilities

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
- Results in civil ________________

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
- Based on _______________ ethics

empirical; development

Biblical Evaluation of Kohlberg's Stages:
___________ problems
- This was a significant problem for Kohlberg, since it is a ______________ theory

being stuck at a specific level (cracked foundation)

fixation; cornerstone; not; stuck

Erikson's Theory:
1.) Based on a notion of "___________"
- _______________ of theory
- If it collapses, then the underpinnings of the stages come down with it
- the Bible does ______ provide support for individuals becoming "________ ," unable to change

Biblical Evaluation of Erikson's Stages:
2.) the truth is that we ______ overcome sin in our lives
- We should continually grow in ________ and change

others; choices

Biblical Evaluation of Erikson's Stages:
3.) Places the responsibility for problems on _________ rather than on individual __________

Imprediments; deepen; life message

Erikson's theory posits life trauma as being likely _______________ to healthy development
- God says that when we experience trials, they ________ our _____ ___________

Freud's theory of personality is an _____________ model

Freud's theory of personality is an __________ model

operates according to the reality principles

Operates according to the pleasure principle

___________ mechanisms
- Displacement
- Sarcasm
- Rationalization
- Regression
- Denial
- Reaction formation

Freud believed that using defense mechanisms was a beneficial means of coping with life ___________.

taking your feelings out on something else

Ventilating hostility through critical jokes

Rationaliization

Attempting to distort reality in order to justify something that has occurred

Masking feelings of awkwardness by reverting to emotional immaturity

Refusing to admit reality

Reaction Formation

Person acts directly opposite of true feelings

Freud's stages of ______________ development
- Stage 1: ORAL
- Stage 2: ANAL
- Stage 3: PHALLIC
- Stage 4: LATENCY
- Stage 5: GENITAL

Oedipus complex

Boy wants to have sex with his mother; Rivalry with father (wants to kill father)
- Castration Anxiety

Girl wants to have sex with father to have a baby and, therefore, have a penis

Biblical Evaluation of Freud:
1.) Freud _________________ ID, Ego, and Superego; the concepts rightly are explained in Romans 7:15-25

totally depraved; fallen depravity

Biblical Evaluation of Freud:
2.) People are born _________ ____________ (positionally) before God
- Freud exemplifies the result of ________ ____________ and the noetic effects of sin

Biblical Evaluation of Freud:
3.) Sexuality perverted desires are ______ the _________ course of human development; they are associated with God's judgement

not; good; hide; sin

Biblical Evaluation of Freud:
4.) Just because defense mechanisms exist, that does _______ mean they are ________
- the mechanisms were first evident in the Bible as Adam and Eve tried to _______ the pain of their ______

Biblical Evaluation of Freud:
5.) Children should maintain _________ of thought and action

theorist was the theory: psychoanalysis

Biblical Evaluation of Freud:
6.) In Freud's particular case, the _________ _____ _____ _________
- Following his father's death, Freud spent a year in Self- _______________

cigars; cocaine

Freud smoked 20 _________ a day and was addicted to ___________ .

movie; read; original

What keeps Freud Popular?
- Freudian psychoanalysis makes for exciting __________ plots
- There is a tendency in philosophy and literature to extol Freud as a "great-thinker," but not to have actually _______ Freud's _________ works

inherit; temperament;

Hans Eysenck:
- Individuals __________ a type of nervous system (__________________) that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment

Stable; introverted

Personality is framed in terms of ________ /unstable and ___________ /extroverted dimensions

___________ theory:
- maladjusted personalities result from people viewing themselves as one way while others view them as another

________'s Theory:
- we don't truly know whether or not there is an unconsciousness (no scientific proof)

Behavior; environment

____________ is a function of a person interacting with their ______________.

Alfred Adler:
- ______ is a dynamic striving for
> security
> feeling significant
> Self-esteem
- How people have __________ us influences what we set as goals and how we go about to achieve them

Karen Horney theories of personality strategies to deal with anxiety:
1.) Compliant type
2.) Detached Type
3.) Hostile Type

3 strategies to address basic anxiety:
___________ type:
- Moves toward other people (conform)

3 strategies to address basic anxiety:
___________ type:
- Moves away from other people (withdraw)

3 strategies to address basic anxiety:
___________ type:
- Moves against other people (harm)

____________ personalities from as individuals over-use any of the 3 strategies

external; internal

Julian Rotter:
- People feel that the world happens to them (__________)
- People in control of their lives (__________)

inconsistent; within

Walther Mischel:
- Although behavior is _____________ across different situations, it is much more consistent ________ situations-- so that a person's behavior in one situation would likely be repeated in a similar one

_________ Theory of Personality:
7 factors which comprise personality
1.) Spiritual heritage
2.) Genetic predispositions
3.) Environmental factors
4.) Inborn Temperament
5.) Birth order
6.) Spiritual gift
7.) Spiritual heart condition

4 ________________:
1.) Sanguine
2.) Phlegmatic
3.) Choleric
4.) Melancholy

Warm lively type, cheerful, optimistic, etc.

Steady, patient, avoids conflict, etc.

Motivated to get things done, significant drive, hates to wait, etc.

Artistic flair, may be talented, enjoys creativity, etc.

- Bossy
- wants to control
- mature for age
- achieves

- mediator
- avoids conflicts
- desire to win
- stubborn

- charming people person
- wants to be different from the other two
- lenient conscience

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
A. cognitive
B. learning
C. physical
D. psychosocial

What is normal development?

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
A. What do people think about development?
B. What is biological about development?
C. What is normal development?
D. Who decided what constituted normal development?

implantation; embryonic

The germinal stage is the period from conception to _______; the _______stage begins with lining of the mother's uterus and extends to about the eighth week of development; the __ stage begins around the ninth week and continues until birth.
A. implantation; embryonic
B. quickening; neural; placenta
C. implantation; fetal; embryonic
D. quickening; placenta; neural

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________.
A. age-related standards
B. averages
C. benchmarks
D. developmental milestones

cumulative process

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
A. biological imperative
B. cumulative process
C. series of accidents
D. unique progress

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
A. Artistic
B. Cognitive
C. Emotional
D. Psychosocial

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
A. continuous
B. discontinuous
C. progressive
D. regressive

Turning in response to a touch on the cheek is the _______ reflex andextending arms, arching back and bringing arms toward each other, often in response to loud noises involves the _______ reflex.
A. sucking ; moro
B. moro ; sucking
C. rooting ; moro
D. grasping ; rooting

achievement gap

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
A. achievement gap
B. Bell curve
C. attrition
D. racism

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
A. Erik Erikson
B. Jean Piaget
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
D. Sigmund Freud

Ego identity is our ________. A. early personality
B. nature
C. primary character
D. sense of self

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
A. mental
B. physical
C. psychological
D. psychosocial

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. Erik Erikson
C. Jean Piaget
D. Lawrence Kohlberg

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
A. Categories
B. Cognitions
C. Facsimiles
D. Schemata

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
A. embryo
B. placenta
C. protean
D. zygote

The _______ type of infant attaches to the mother and uses her as a secure base to explore the environment.
A. secure
B. avoidant
C. resistant
D. bold

Knowing that, even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

The concept conservation refers to ________.
A Knowing that, even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.
B. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas.
C. thinking logically about real (concrete) events.
D. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form.

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
A. concrete operational
B. preformal operational
C. postformal
D. sensorimotor

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
A. Erik Erikson
B. Jean Piaget
C. Lawrence Kohlberg
D. Sigmund Freud

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
A. assimilation
B. conservation
C. egocentrism
D. reversibility

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
A. contaminant
B. mutagen
C. teratogen
D. zygote

_______ parents expect mature behavior, use reasoning and set firm limits.
A. Authoritarian
B. Authoritative
C. Permissive
D. Laissez - Faire

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
A. Biological
B. Cognitive
C. Manipulative
D. Motor

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
A. Attachment
B. Nourishment
C. Regard
D. Security

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.
A. case study
B. experiment
C. naturalistic observation D. secondary analysis

developmental milestones

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
A. cognitive developments.
B. developmental milestones.
C. naturalistic observations.
D. psychosexual stages.

naturalistic observation

A developmental psychologist might use ________ in order to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
A. case studies
B. experiments
C. naturalistic observation D. surveys

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
A. culturally specific.
B. dramatic.
C. related to language acquisition.
D. universal.

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
A. assessments
B. case studies
C. naturalistic observations
D. surveys

genes and biology

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
A. cognitive capacity
B. environment and culture
C. genes and biology
D. language acquisition

during early childhood

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
A. during early childhood
B. during puberty
C. in late adolescence
D. in utero

environment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
A. biology
B. environment and culture
C. genetics
D. sexual preference

Industry vs. Inferiority

In which of the following stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development do children compare their abilities to those of their friends and classmates?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
C. Initiative vs. Guilt
D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. A. experiments.
B. FASD.
C. schemata.
D. teratogens.

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
A. fine
B. gross
C. hand
D. manipulative

zygote, embryo, fetus

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? A. zygote, fetus, embryo
B. fetus, embryo zygote
C. fetus, zygote, embryo
D. zygote, embryo, fetus

genes ; environment

In psychology, the work "nature" refers to ____ and the word "nurture" refers to ___..
A. genes ; environment
B. environment ; genes
C. continuous ; discontinuous
D. discontinuous ; continuous

trust vs. mistrust

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt
B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This best exemplifies ________.
A. accommodation.
B. acquisition.
C. assimilation.
D. attainment.

integrity vs. despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. generativity vs. stagnation
B. identity vs. guilt
C. initiative vs. guilt
D. integrity vs. despair

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This best exemplifies ________.
A. accommodation.
B. assimilation.
C. exclusion.
D. inclusion.

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
A. fine
B. gross
C. moving
D. physical

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt
B. industry vs. inferiority C. initiative vs. guilt
D. trust vs. mistrust

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. sensorimotor

ability to apply acquired information

Which of the following cognitive skills is least likely to show a substantial decline as people age?
A. slower reaction time
B. muscle strength diminishes
C. skin changes
D. ability to apply acquired information

generativity vs. stagnation

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. generativity vs. stagnation
B. integrity vs. despair
C. intimacy vs. isolation
D. trust vs. mistrust

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. sensorimotor

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?
A. Denial, bargaining, anger, depression, acceptance
B. Anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance, denial
C. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
D. Anger, acceptance, denial, depression, bargaining

initiative vs. guilt

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt
B. generativity vs. stagnation
C. initiative vs. guilt
D. intimacy vs. isolation

concrete operational

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. sensorimotor

intimacy vs. isolation

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. autonomy vs. shame/guilt
B. industry vs. inferiority
C. intimacy vs. isolation
D. trust vs. mistrust

formal operational

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. sensorimotor

Which age range best represents preoperational thought? a. 0-2
b. 2-7
c. 7-11
d. 11- adulthood

identity vs. confusion

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. generativity vs. stagnation
B. identity vs. confusion
C. isolation vs. intimacy
D. trust vs. mistrust

object permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
A. egocentrism
B. object permanence
C. reversibility
D. stranger anxiety

In girls' human development, menarche is associated with ___.
A. puberty
B. creativity.
C. homeostasis.
D. brain growth.

industry vs. inferiority

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
A. autonomy vs. shame/guilt
B. identity vs. confusion
C. industry vs. inferiority
D. trust vs. mistrust

stranger anxiety

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this best exemplify?A. conservation
B. egocentrism
C. pretend play
D. stranger anxiety

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices

Which of the following best illustrates conservation?
A. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels.
B. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower.
C. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries.
D. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Cory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
A. conservation
B. egocentrism
C. pretend play
D. reversibility

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
A. abstract thinking
B. abstraction
C. preoperational stage D. reversibility

pre-conventional

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this best exemplify?
A. conventional
B. formal operational
C. post-conventional
D. pre-conventional

Ann knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her but she knows that, if she tells the teacher, everyone will think she is a snitch. Ann decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
A. conventional
B. formal operational
C. post-conventional
D. pre-conventional

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops James. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________
A. egocentrism
B. Moro reflex
C. preoperational stage D. stranger anxiety

social contract

Kohlberg's fifth (5th) stage, in order, was called ____.
A. punishment & obedience
B. instrumental -relativistic.
C. good-boy/good-girl.
D. social contract.

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming Dorothy reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, what age best describes her?A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five

Alberto is a one year old and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?A. avoidant
B. disorganized
C. resistant
D. secure

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment best describes this?
A. avoidant
B. disorganized
C. resistant
D. secure

guys reach optimal height later than girls

A seventh grade prom sometimes can be a humorous occasion to see because _____.
A. guys and girls reach optimal height at the same age.
B. guys reach optimal height later than girls.
C. guys reach optimal height earlier than girls.
D. girls physically develop later than guys.

It is hard to tell how Jim's father will respond to Jim. Sometimes he is responsive to Jim's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Jim. At 18 months old, Jim clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Jim becomes angry when his father leaves, and Jim is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment best describes this?
A. avoidant
B. disorganized
C. resistant
D. secure

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, Jules runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment best describes this?
A. avoidant
B. disorganized
C. resistant
D. secure

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style best describes this?
A. authoritarian
B. authoritative
C. Freudian
D. permissive

vocabulary spurt

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This dynamic is sometimes referred to as the ________.
A. childhood wordlist
B. lexicon race
C. thesaurus acquisition D. vocabulary spurt

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
A. The name "Erik Erikson" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud."
B. The word "sexual" should be changed to the word "biological."
C. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis."
D. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

Harlow's studies with monkeys best showed the need for ____.
A. food.
B. shelter.
C. safety.
D. comfort.

stranger anxiety

Which of the following best describes a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?
A. egocentrism
B. fine motor skills development
C. pretend play
D. stranger anxiety

others have false beliefs

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
A. a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt.
B. hidden objects are still there.
C. others have false beliefs.
D. what goes up must come down.

object permanence

Which of the following least describes a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
A. egocentrism
B. language development
C. object permanence
D. pretend play

The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.
A. The acronym "FASD" should be changed to the word "teratogens."
B. The phrase "higher rates of ADHD" should be removed.
C. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."
D. The word "learning" should be changed to the word "socioemotional."

Preoperational ; egocentric

___ age children are __ and see only their own perspectives?
A. Preoperational ; egocentric
B. Egocentric ; preoperationa
C. Concrete ; itracentric
D. Itracentric ; concrete

moral reasoning

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?A. conservation
B. moral reasoning
C. pretend play
D. stranger anxiety

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference

According to attachment theory, which of the following is least needed for healthy attachment?
A. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.
B. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs.
C. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs.
D. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

Lawrence Kohlberg was interested in which aspect of development? A. Physical
B. Social
C. Intellectual
D. Moral

Which of the following best describes is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
A. conservation
B. language acquisition
C. object permanence
D. stranger anxiety

attachment in human infants

The Strange Situation was developed to study ____.
a. imprinting in birds.
b. attachment in monkeys.
c. attachment in human infants.
d. bonding with surrogate mothers.

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? A. concrete operational
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. sensorimotor

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
A. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis."
B. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal."
C. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus."
D. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Children begin to use language

Which of the following does least occurs during the concrete operational stage?
A. Children begin to use language.
B. Children employ memory strategies.
C. Children have a firm grasp of numbers.
D. Children think logically about real events.

Predominance of reflexes

Which of the following least describes formal operational aged individuals?
A. Abstract reasoning
B. Alternative solutions
C. Hypothetical deductions
D. Predominance of reflexes

asking people to respond to moral dilemmas

Kohlberg studied moral development by ____.
A. observing people's behavior.
B. asking people to respond to moral dilemmas.
C. administering large-scale surveys.
D. using extensive questionnaires.

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
A. abused
B. born addicted to cocaine
C. diagnosed with ADHD
D. separated from their parents

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
A. authoritarian
B. authoritative
C. disorganized
D. permissive

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style are most likely to become ________.
A. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
B. creative, moody, and flexible
C. disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy D. quiet, shy, humble

The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood is called ___.
A. moratorium.
B. the teenage years.
C. the pubertal period.
D. adolescence.

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is most true?
A. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting.
B. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
C. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting.
D. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting

at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

Early maturing girls are ________.
A. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
B. less likely to drop out of high school
C. more confident
D. more likely to go to college

at a higher risk of depression

Late maturing boys are ________.
A. at a higher risk of depression.
B. less likely to experience conflict with parents.
C. less likely to participate in high school athletics.
D. more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

younger average age for marriage

Which of the following least describes of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
A. changes in the workforce
B. changing cultural expectations
C. taking longer to complete a college degree
D. younger average age for marriage

The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.
A. The phrase "Socioemotional discrimination theory" should be changed to the phrase "Theory- of-mind."
B. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."
C. The word "suggests" should be changed to the word "proves."
D. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis."

developing a positive sense of self

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
A. confirming one's sexual orientation
B. controlling the id
C. developing a positive sense of self
D. developing a secure attachment to a caregiver

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
A. Hippocrates
B. Immanuel Kant
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Wilhelm Wundt

in which people are presented with ambiguous images.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images.
B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards.
C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups.
D. that is similar to a word association test.

selective migration

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
A. discrimination emigration
B. elective immigration
C. personality location
D. selective migration

To Freud, the part of the mind that organizes efforts to satisfy basic impulses in ways that avoid social condemnation is the _______.
A. Id.
B. Superego.
C. Ego.
D. Preconscious.

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.
A. culture
B. feminist
C. indigenous
D. TEMAS

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
A. Character
B. Jungian
C. Rorschach
D. Trait

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
A. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud
B. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney
C. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow
D. Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Which of the following psychodynamic theorists supported the view that humans share a collective unconscious?
A. Carl Jung
B. Karen Horney
C. Erik Erikson
D. Alfred Adler

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
A. Heritability
B. Personality
C. Temperament
D. Trait

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
A. ectomorph
B. endomorph
C. mesomorph
D. somatomorph

William H. Sheldon

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. Carl Rogers
C. Gordon Allport
D. William H. Sheldon

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
A. Congruence
B. Egotism
C. Incongruence
D. Self-concept

Big Five Model of Personality

The personality dimensions of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness together constitute the ___.
A. Eyssnck Personality Inventory.
B. IGPF.
C. Big Five Model of Personality.
D. MMPI.

Who developed social-cognitive theory?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. Albert Bandura
C. Carl Rogers
D. Erik Erikson

our level of confidence in our own abilities

Self-efficacy is ________.
A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
B. our level of confidence in our own abilities.
C. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior.
D. the belief that we have power over our lives.

cardinal, central, secondary

Allport distinguished between _______, traits (pervasive characteristics that govern behavior), _______ traits (more commonly found general characteristics around which behavior is organized), and _______ traits.(interests or dispositions that influence behavior in specific situations).
A. cardinal, central, secondary
B. secondary, cardinal, central
C. central, secondary, cardinal
D. cardinal, secondary, central,

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
A. B. F. Skinner
B. Hans Eysenck
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. Sigmund Freud

collective unconscious

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
A. collective unconscious
B. gestalt
C. id
D. ideal self

Who proposed the locus of control concept?
A. Albert Bandura
B. Carl Jung
C. Julian Rotter
D. Walter Mischel

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

An archetype is a ________.
A. balance of opposing forces within one's personality.
B. collective consciousness.
C. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies.

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. Carl Jung
C. Karen Horney
D. Sigmund Freud

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
A. collective unconscious.
B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
C. Rorschach Inkblot Test.
D. Tell-me-a-story Thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS).

Bandura proposed the principle of _______ determinism, which is the belief that cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors mutually influence each other.
A. social
B. modeling
C. reciprocal
D. behavioral

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.
A. id
B. ideal self
C. persona
D. superego

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
A. Freudian
B. inferiority
C. neurotic
D. psychosocial

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as ________.
A. phrenology.
B. psychology.
C. physiology.
D. personality psychology

external ; internal

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
A. congruent ; incongruent
B. external ; internal
C. internal ; external
D. real ; ideal

yellow bile from the liver

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was most associated with choleric temperament?
A. black bile from the kidneys
B. red blood from the heart
C. white mucous from the lungs
D. yellow bile from the liver

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this best exemplify?
A. archetype
B. collective unconscious C. Freudian slip
D. repressed memory

Five Factor Model

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
A. Five Factor Model.
B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test.
D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Which of the following is the best definition of archetype?
A. The self-aware part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts
B. A constellation of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development
C. A relatively enduring personal characteristic
D. A primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
A. ego
B. id
C. superego
D. unconscious

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture. A. Five Factor Model
B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
A. denial
B. displacement
C. rationalization
D. rejection

Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory?
A Preconscious
B. Unconscious
C. Ego
D. Conscious

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
A. choleric
B. melancholic
C. phlegmatic
D. sanguine

After Allen does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
A. reaction formation
B. regression
C. repression
D. sublimation

projective test

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
A. projective test
B. psychoanalysis
C. self-report inventory
D. trait analysis

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.
A. anal
B. genital
C. oral
D. phallic

Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called ___.
A. habits.
B. tendencies.
C. traits.
D. types.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
A. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB)
B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
C. Rorschach Inkblot Test
D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

According to Freud, if parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.
A. anal
B. genital
C. oral
D. phallic

College students who throw temper tantrums often display ___.
A. repression.
B. regression.
C. projection.
D. displacement.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.
A. Julian Rotter
B. Rorschach
C. TAT
D. TEMAS

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?
A. anal
B. genital
C. latency
D. phallic

Contemporized-Themes

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture.
A. Contemporary Stereotypes
B. Contemporized-Themes
C. Cultural Themes
D. Thematic Subjects

the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

Your textbook defines personality as___________.
A. the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
B. the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation or group.
C. the complex of all the attributes—behavioral, temperament, emotional and mental—that characterize a unique individual.
D. an assumed role or manner of behavior that makes a person or thing distinct from another.

In Freud's ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).
A. anal
B. genital
C. oral
D. phallic

become neurotic strategies

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
A. become neurotic strategies
B. lose their effectiveness
C. result in a complete mental breakdown
D. result in obsessive-compulsive behavior

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.
A. extrovert.
B. humanist.
C. introvert.
D. neo-Freudian.

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm in order to describe a ________ person.
A. choleric
B. melancholic
C. phlegmatic
D. sanguine

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.
A. archetype
B. extrovert
C. introvert
D. neurotic

personality is shaped by rewards and punishments

Like other behaviorists, Skinner believed that ____________.
A. unconscious forces had a major influence on personality.
B. personality is shaped by rewards and punishments.
C. the environment played little role in influencing personality.
D. trait theories were the best description of personality.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Hans Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability.
B. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism.C. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic.
D. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine.

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?
A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt
B. industry vs. inferiority
C. integrity vs. despair
D. trust vs. mistrust

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung most likely say this exemplified?
A. archetype
B. id
C. persona
D. unconscious anxiety

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be _____.
A. calm.
B. stable.
C. outgoing.
D. anxious.

generativity vs. stagnation

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?A. generativity vs. stagnation
B. initiative vs. guilt
C. intimacy vs. isolation
D. trust vs. mistrust

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?
A. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.
B. Max has an Oedipus complex.
C. Max is an archetype.
D. Max is an introvert.

integrity vs. despair

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?
A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt
B. generativity vs. stagnation
C. identity vs. confusion
D. integrity vs. despair

Inferiority complex ; locus of control

Adler was famous for ___ and Rotter was famous for ___.
A. Inferiority complex ; locus of control.
B. Locus of control ;inferiority complex.
C. Self-efficacy ; reciprocal determinism.
D. Reciprocal determinism, ; locus of control..

moving toward people

When Jill feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Jill most likely using?
A. moving against people
B. moving toward people
C. reaction formation
D. repression

the self-realization process

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.
A. affirming the sexual identity
B. resolving the Electra complex
C. seeking positive attention
D. the self-realization process

moving against people

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos most likely using?A. detachment
B. extroversion
C. moving against people D. moving with people

Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel

The primary contributors to social-cognitive theory are ___.
A. Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel.
B. Skinner, Watson, and Adler.
C. Jung, Adler, and Horney.
D. Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell.

beliefs and expectations

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. A. archetypes and personas.
B. beliefs and expectations.
C. defense mechanisms and coping strategies.
D. myths, legends, and stories.

moving away from people

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay most likely using?
A. moving away from people
B. moving toward people
C. regression
D. sublimation

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior best refers to ________.
A. actions that are not internally motivated.
B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded.
C. reactions that cannot be externally motivated.
D. specific actions that are impossible to result in reactions.

high self-efficacy

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. Tammy develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, Tammy quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would most likely say Tammy has ________.
A. healthy cognitive processes.
B. high self-efficacy
C. low self-efficacy
D. moderate reciprocal determinism

low self-efficacy

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, Dan has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say that Dan most likely has ________.
A. low self-efficacy.
B. malfunctioning cognitive processes.
C. no context.
D. vicarious learning.

Congruent self-concept ; personality's consistency across situations

Carl Rogers was famous for ___ and Walter Mischel was famous for __.
A. Personality is inconsistent across situations ; congruent self-concept.
B. Congruent self-concept ; personality's consistency across situations.
C. Self-actualization ; archetypes.
D. Archetypes ; self-actualization.

an internal locus of control

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would most likely say that Jessica has ________.
A. an external locus on control.
B. an internal locus of control.
C. good self-regulation.
D. poor self-regulation.

an external locus of control

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would most likely say that Kim has _______.
A. a dependent personality.
B. an external locus of control.
C. an internal locus of control.
D. low self-efficacy.

Cattell developed a famous personality test that helps with vocational choice called the____.
A. 16 P.F.
B. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank.
C. Rorschach Inkblot Test.
D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test.

self-actualization

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
A. good parenting.
B. love.
C. self-actualization.
D. self-efficacy.

giving them unconditional love

How can parents best help their children achieve high congruence?
A. forcing them to be independent
B. giving them unconditional love
C. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms
D. pointing out their mistakes

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.
A. biological determinism
B. feminism
C. humanism
D. social cognition theory

can never change

Which of the following is least describes a way that the textbook suggests to think of personality? Our personalities ________.
A. can never change.
B. are not easy to change.
C. are stable.
D. exist over a long term

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

What should be changed to make the following sentence most true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.
A. The name "Hippocrates" should be changed to the name "Galen."
B. The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."
C. The word "personality" should be changed to the word "temperament." D. The word "phlegmatic" should be changed to the word "choleric."

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not.
C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did.
D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
A. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
C. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital
D. oral, phallic, anal, latency, genital

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?
A. He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams.
B. He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student.
C. His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability.
D. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

What should be changed to make the following sentence to be most true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.
A. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to the name "Carl Jung."
B. The word "personality" should be changed to the phrase "real self."
C. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."
D. The word "unconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

Freud's perception regarding climate of sexual repression

Which of the following most clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
A. Freud's perception regarding climate of sexual repression
B. first wave feminism
C. government censorship
D. widespread illiteracy

Which of the following theorists least would be described as a neo-Freudian?
A. Albert Bandura
B. Carl Jung
C. Erik Erikson
D. Karen Horney

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
A. advocating for analytical psychology
B. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
C. the idea that men have womb envy
D. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
A. An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
B. An individual's personality is determined in childhood.
C. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts.
D. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic.

balance between extroversion and introversion

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
A. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life
B. ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life
C. balance between extroversion and introversion
D. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious

moving with people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following least describes one of them?
A. moving against people
B. moving away from people
C. moving toward people D. moving with people

inkblot ; picture

Rorschach test is to _____ as Thematic Apperception Test is to ______.
A. ambiguous ; clear.
B. ambiguous ; unambiguous.
C. picture ; objective statements.
D. inkblot ; picture

They can be scientifically tested

Which of the following best describes an advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?A. They are feminist.
B. They are multicultural.
C. They can be scientifically tested.
D. They use animal research

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
A. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart.
B. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart.
C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.
D. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
A. Personality is formed solely in childhood.
B. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism.
C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.
D. Personality theory should be based on social health.

reaction formation

Which of the following least describes a part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
A. observation learning
B. reaction formation
C. reciprocal determinism
D. self-efficacy

Which one of the following least describes a choleric personality type?
A. Accomplishment
B. Aggressive
C. Active
D. Time wasting

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?
A. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents.
B. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality.
C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.
D. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood

Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate

How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?
A. An individual's behavior is determined by the environment.
B. Cognitive processes depend on imitation.
C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.
D. The environment determines which personal factors a person chooses to observe.

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Which question was most central to the marshmallow test?
A. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you?
B. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock?
C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? D. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy

Which of the following least describes something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
A. Both theories are humanistic.
B. Both theories focus on individual choices.
C. Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.
D. Both theories reject biological determinism.

The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation.
A. The word "interactivity" should be changed to the word "reactivity."
B. The word "personality" should be changed to the word "self."
C. The word "self-regulation" should be changed to the word "reactivity."
D. The word "temperament" should be changed to the word "character."

continuous development

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.
a. nature
b. nurture
c. continuous development
d. discontinuous development

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?
a. cognitive
b. psychological
c. physical
d. psychosocial

The study of how we grow and change
from conception to death

How is lifespan development defined?
a. The study of how we grow and change
from conception to death.
b. The study of how we grow and change in
infancy and childhood.
c. The study of physical, cognitive, and
psychosocial growth in children.
d. The study of emotions, personality, and
social relationships.

object permanence

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.
a. egocentrism
b. object permanence
c. conservation
d. reversibility

Lawrence Kohlberg

Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Erik Erikson
c. John Watson
d Lawrence Kohlberg

forming an identity

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?
a. developing autonomy
b. feeling competent
c. forming an identity
d. forming intimate relationships

zygote, embryo, fetus

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?
a. zygote, fetus, embryo
b. fetus, embryo zygote
c. fetus, zygote, embryo
d. zygote, embryo, fetus

critical period

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as ______________.
a. critical period
b. mitosis
c. conception
d. pregnancy

What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?
a. embryo
b. fetus
c. zygote
d. infant

fine motor skills

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.
a. gross motor skills
b. fine motor skills
c. large motor skills
d. small motor skills

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?
a. secure
b. insecure avoidant
c. insecure ambivalent-resistant
d. disorganized

Cicely Saunders

Who created the very first modern hospice?
a. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross
b. Cicely Saunders
c. Florence Wald
d. Florence Nightingale

by 25 years old

The frontal lobes become fully developed ______________.
a. at birth
b. at the beginning of adolescence
c. at the end of adolescence
d. by 25 years old

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Which of the following is the order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?
a. denial, bargaining, anger, depression, acceptance
b. anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance, denial
c. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
d. anger, acceptance, denial, depression, bargaining

long term, stable and not easily changed

Personality is thought to be ________.
a. short term and easily changed
b. a pattern of short-term characteristics
c. unstable and short term
d. long term, stable and not easily changed

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________.
a. psychodynamic
b. temperament
c. humors
d. personality

________ is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality.
a. Hippocrates
b. Gall
c. Wundt
d. Freud

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as ________.
a. phrenology
b. psychology
c. physiology
d. personality psychology

The id operates on the ________ principle.
a. reality
b. pleasure
c. instant gratification
d. guilt

The ego defense mechanism in which a person who is confronted with anxiety returns to a more immature behavioral stage is called ________.
a. repression
b. regression
c. reaction formation
d. rationalization

The Oedipus complex occurs in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency

collective unconscious

The universal bank of ideas, images, and concepts that have been passed down through the generations from our ancestors refers to ________.
a. archetypes
b. intuition
c. collective unconscious
d. personality types

Self-regulation is also known as ________.
a. self-efficacy
b. will power
c. internal locus of control
d. external locus of control

Your level of confidence in your own abilities is known as ________.
a. self-efficacy
b. self-concept
c. self-control
d. self-esteem

Jane believes that she got a bad grade on her psychology paper because her professor doesn't like her. Jane most likely has an _______ locus of control.
a. internal
b. external
c. intrinsic
d. extrinsic

all of our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves

Self-concept refers to ________.
a. our level of confidence in our own abilities
b. all of our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves
c. the belief that we control our own outcomes
d. the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control

The idea that people's ideas about themselves should match their actions is called ________.
a. confluence
b. conscious
c. conscientiousness
d. congruence

The way a person reacts to the world, starting when they are very young, including the person's activity level is known as ________.
a. traits
b. temperament
c. heritability
d. personality

a difficult baby

Brianna is 18 months old. She cries frequently, is hard to soothe, and wakes frequently during the night. According to Thomas and Chess, she would be considered ________.
a. an easy baby
b. a difficult baby
c. a slow to warm up baby
d. a colicky baby

According to the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, identical twins, whether raised together or apart have ________ personalities.
a. slightly different
b. very different
c. slightly similar
d. very similar

inborn, genetically based personality
differences

Temperament refers to ________.
a. inborn, genetically based personality
differences
b. characteristic ways of behaving
c. conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion
d. degree of introversion-extroversion

According to the Eysencks' theory, people who score high on neuroticism tend to be ________.
a. calm
b. stable
c. outgoing
d. anxious

The United States is considered a ________ culture.
a. collectivistic
b. individualist
c. traditional
d. nontraditional

selective migration

The concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs is known as ________.
a. selective migration
b. personal oriented personality
c. socially oriented personality
d. individualism

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which of the following is NOT a projective test?
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
b. Rorschach Inkblot Test
c. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
d. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)

projective test

A personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing unconscious feelings, impulses, and desires ________.
a. self-report inventory
b. projective test
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which personality assessment employs a series of true/false questions?
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
c. Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
d. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...

Quiz 4

20 terms

Behavioral Sciences: Identity and Person…

38 terms

Ch 8 Human Development

47 terms

OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR

Intro to Graphics for TV/Film - Quiz 1: History of…

7 terms

Theology 2: Terms Quiz 1

12 terms

Production Design 1 Huffman: Cedarville University

95 terms

Cedarville University: Web Design 1 FINAL EXAM

61 terms