Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Biology Final Exam

Terms in this set (107)

Which of the below element is associated with the opening and closing of the stomata?
potassium
List four steps, which can be taken to reduce or prevent, soil erosion.
1) grow and plant vegetation! Plants stabilize the soil and make it healthy. The roots and growth prevent soil erosion.
2) adding fertilizer or a layer on top of the soil prevents heavy rain impact and causes pH levels to be restored.
3) build a fence around the are to prevent excess water run off. Stagnant water and puddles forming is bad for the soil.
4) add more trees and bigger plants. it locks in the soil particles and prevents harsh weather.
The great American dust bowl is a example of poor
soil management
Fragments of parental lichens, which includes small clusters of fungal and the photosynthetic components are referred to as ______________________.
soredia
Fragments of parental lichens, which includes small clusters of fungal and the photosynthetic components are referred to as ______________________.
sodium
What are essential nutrients? List the eight micronutrients of plants.
There are 17 essential elements, chemical elements that are required for a plant to complete its life cycle and reproduce.
The eight micronutrients are: chlorine, iron, maganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum
Loam is made up of equal amounts of ...
Clay, Silt and Sand
The arrangement of leaves on a stem, known as __________________________, is an architectural feature important in light capture.
phyllotaxy
List the five major groups of fungal diversity.
chytrids. zygomycetes, glomerocetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
The orientation of plant cell expansion is determined by ...
microfibrils
________________________ is the nondestructive biotechnology that harness the ability of some plants to extract soil pollutants and concentrate them in the plant parts for safe disposal.
phytoremediation
________________________, makes up the preprophase bands, which predicts the plane of cell division.
Microtubules
The general term for an infection in an animal by a fungal parasite is ______________________.
mycosis
In some desert plants, highly specialized epidermal cells which are hairlike _______________________, reduce water loss and reflect excess light.
trichomes
Rhizobacteria are bacteria that lives either in close association with plant roots or the soil closely surrounding plant roots.
True
___________________ are fungi or bacteria that live inside leaves or roots of plants providing protection and without harming.
Endophytes
Asymmetrical cell division plays a role in the establishment of polarity, a condition of having structural and chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism.
True
What are the four possible mechanisms, which could trigger the opening and closing of the stomata in vascular plants?
1) light
2) CO2 depletion
3) internal "clock" in guard cells
4) they are usually open during the day and close at night to prevent water loss
List the five types of plant cells and give a brief explanation for each.
1) parenchyma cells - have thin primary walls and lack secondary. Have a large central vacule and perfrom most metabolic functions.
2)collenchyma cells- grouped in strands and support growth of the plant shoot, they have thick cell walls
3) sclerenchyma cells -rigid due to thick secondary walls which contain lignin, and have 2 different types
4) water conducting cells of the xylem- two types, tracheids and vessel elements
5) water conducting cells of the pholem- support transport throughout the plant
There are a total of 50 naturally occurring elements , the rest are synthesized in the laboratory.
False
In which of the following organisms did the process of photosynthesis most likely originate?
in prokaryotes
Cyanobacteria is also referred to as blue - green algae because___
it used to be considered a protist
The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?
splitting water molecules
Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaiminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment ____.
undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell
Why are the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis different?
other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a
Which is true about Methanogens
they are poisoned by oxygen
Which of the following events accompanies absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction-center complex?
an electron is excited
Gram staining is a technique used by physicians to determine ____
which are easier to treat and which are not
Which of the following molecules are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be __
convergent evolution
Which of the following statements is accurate, at least according to our present knowledge?
genes from prokaryotes have been acquired by some eukaryotes; these genes can allow survival in extreme environments
Imagine that a phylogeny was developed for a group of mammals based on bone structure. Which of the following statements would be a reasonable prediction about a phylogeny for the same group of species based on similarities and differences in the structure of a particular enzyme?
the same phylogeny would be unlikely
When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. If these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells, the new host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this?
the virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage
The reducing power for Calvin cycle reactions is provided by which of the following molecules?
NADPH
Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis?
decomposer
Mitrochondria are thought to be descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes?
horizontal gene transfer
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
The mechanism of photophosphorylation is most similar to which of the following processes?
oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. Which of the following approaches would be the best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms?
determine whether they produce O2 in the light
Which of the following processes would be most directly affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma?
synthesis of ATP
A research student at La Sierra is concerned that the greenhouse on campus is getting too hot from too much light and seeks to shade the plants with colored translucent plastic sheets. What color should be used to reduced overall light energy but still maximize plant growth?
blue
Lyme disease is caused by this genus of bacteria
Borrelia sp.
If additional DNA sequence evidence shows that yeast genes for synthesizing proteins are more similar to protein-synthesizing genes in bacteria than those in archaea, a modern systematist would ____
redraw the phylogeny to show eukaryotes sharing a more recent common ancestor with bacteria than archaea
Which of the following describe all existing bacteria?
tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assumingthat nothing is done to encounter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ____.
deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients
If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), which of the following molecules produced by the algae will fail to contain 18O in later biochemical analyses?
ADP
What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom?
rRNA
The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of ____.
several instances of the legless conditions arising independently of each other
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; cellular respiration releases energy from complex organic molecules
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but places the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to ___.
possession of analogous (convergent) traits
The opening in the megasporangium, which allows the entry of the sperm, is called the ____________________.
micropyle
Which is true about Methanogens
they are killed by Oxygen
There are a total of about ___________________ (a number) flowering plants that has been recorded worldwide today.
...
Alternation of generation involves the alternating ____________________ haploid and diploid generations.
multicellular
Which is not true of Protists?
They are Prokaryotes
Which of the following processes would be most directly affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma?
Synthesis of ATP
The female parts of a flower, which is collectively referred to, as the Pistil is also known as the _______________________.
carpel
The oxygen released by photosynthesis is produced by which of the following processes?
splitting water molecules
The dark reaction in photosynthesis can also be referred to as _____________________ _____________________.
Calvin cycle
A polymer called ___________________, the most durable organic material known, makes the walls of plant spores very tough and resistant to harsh environments.
sporopollenin
Mitochondria are thought to be descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes?
horizontal gene transfer
A typical seaweed thallus consists of a root-like _________________, which anchors the algae to the ocean floor.
holdfast
The ___________________ ______________________ is a protein complex that includes 2 special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.
reaction center
Which is not part of the supergroup SAR
Amboebozoans
Which of the following events accompanies absorption of energy by chlorophyll molecules of the reaction -center complex?
ATP is synthesized from the energy absorbed
NADP+ is reduced to NADPH
A molecule of water is split
Explain Double Fertilization in seed plants clearly
Double fertilization starts with the pollen grain being planted on the stigma. Specific chemical signals then send the pollen down the tube where both sperm are. Once in the embryo sac, one sperm cell fertilizes the egg per usual, and the second sperm cell fuses with 2 nuclei. No more sperm are allowed to enter after this. The benefit of double fertilization is conserving energy.
The domain Archaea is distinguished from the bacteria by the absence of _____________ in the cell walls.
peptidoglycan
List the five shared derived traits of Plants?(no need to explain)
1) alteration of generation
2) an embryo that depends on the parent
3) sporangia
4) gametangia
5) apical meristems
List the 10 divisions (Phyla) of land (Extant) plants, include a common name for the group and give one example (technical name) for each group.
1) Marchantiophyta - liverworts
2)antocerotopyta - hornworts
3) bryophyta - moss
4) lydopodiophyta - clubmosses
5) pteridopyta - fern
6) pinophyta - conifers
7) cycadophyta - cycads
8)Ginkgophyta - ginkgos
9) gnetophyta - gnetae
10) magnoliophyta -flowering plants
The _______________________, are a supergroup of protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella.
excavata
Which protist causes sleeping sickness in humans?
Trypanosoma sp.
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration
They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
Nitrogen fixing bacteria belongs to the genus _______________________________.
Rhizobium
The asexual form of a lichen's reproductive unit called, _____________________________ includes an algal and a fungal entity.
soredia
The _______________________ are structures that are involved in cell division and it aligns at the preprophase stage of mitosis.
microtubules
The xylems of most vascular plants include _______________________ , which are tube-shaped cells which carries water and minerals.
tracheids
Plants that, completes its life cycle in two years are called _________________________.
biennials
A ___________________ consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat.
seed
A __________________________ plant has both male and female reproductive parts in the same plant.
monoecious
The endodermis of vascular plants has a layer called the casparian strip, which is made up of a waxy polymer called ___________________________ .
Suberin
A ________________________ (plant name) is a photosynthetic parasite so, a semi-parasitic plant.
mistletoe
In fungi the sexual signaling molecules are called __________________________.
pheromones
Mycologists have traditionally lumped all fungi lacking sexual reproduction into a group called ____________________________.
deutromycetes
The vascular tissue of the roots or stem is collectively known as the ____________________ (star-like).
stellar
Plants that goes just for a single season are referred to as ____________________________.
ephemerals
Lateral roots arise from the _____________________________, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.
pericycle
The openings on the periderm or the bark of the tree that allows gases exchanges are called __________________________.
lenticels
The ______________________ hypothesis of flower formation, proposes that 3 classes of genes direct the formation of the four whorls of flowers.
ABC
Fungal hyphae from an interwoven mass called a ___________________________ that surrounds and infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds.
mycelium
In fungus the fusion of the nucleus, which is called ________________________ happens after the fusion of the cytoplasm.
karyogamy
____________________________ is found in deserts of Angola (Africa) and is distinguished by two large strap-like leaves.
Welwitschia
The ______________________ plants, at times has a mutualistic relationship with ants, where they obtain food and housing in exchange for protecting the trees.
Acacia
Give an example for the following relationship between organisms or groups.
i) Fungus - Bacteria = lichens
ii) Plants - Animals = Bees and flower
iii) Bacteria - Animals = Squid and protist
iv) Plants - Plants = mychrriza
v) Fungi - Protists = Peltigera
List the five major groups of Fungi.
Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes.
What is the modified breathing roots of mangrove trees called?
When the waterlogged soils lack the air spaces needed to provide oxygen for cellular respiration in roots, Mangroves produce aerial roots. Enzymatic destruction of root cortex cells creates air tubes that help plants survive oxygen deprivation during flooding.
Write notes on the following;-
i) Triple Response Mechanism -
ii) Apoplastic & Symplastic routes -
iii) Acid Growth Hypothesis -
Triple Response mechanism: For example, if we were talking about ethylene which is produced when a seedling tip pushes against an obstacle, the production of ethylene induces a triple response which causes the stem elongation to be slowed and the stem thickens and grow horizontally. When the ethylene wears, off then the plant will resume in growing vertically.
Apoplastic and Symplastic routes: These are the two main ways of water transport in plants. When looking at apoplastic routes, water and minerals move up the stem in the apoplast. It goes from the root hair to the xylem. It is made up of more nonliving components which is why this way of transport is least affected by the state of the plant. Syplastic routes on the other hand have to do with a pathway of ions and water which is created by the symplast. Symplatic routes have to do with living components and tend to be slower in comparison. The metabolic state has a impact on the flow of water since it does have living components.
Acid growth hypothesis: This hypothesis is a theory that explains the expansion dynamics of cells and organs in plants. The naturally ocurring plant hormone auxin, (AAI) that we studied this last chapter produces a H+ proton in the apoplast. It has been studied a lot and the molecular mechanisms and effects of auxin have been thoroughly researched. Auxin stimulates proton pumps in the plasma membrane. Proton pumps then move H+ into the cell which lowers the pH in the cell wall. This lowering of pH activates expansions which loosens the fabric of the cell wall. An osmotic uptake of water then increases the turgor pressure which enables the cell wall to elogate.
What are essential nutrients? List the eight micronutrients.
Essential nutrients are required for the plant to complete its life cycle and reproduce. They cannot funciton properly without them.
chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum
Nitrogen fixing bacteria belongs to the genus _______________________________.
Rhizobium
What is Ecology? List the six levels of biological hierarchy that Ecologist deals with.
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their living and nonliving components of their environment. These interactions determine the distributions of organisms and their abuncance. The six levels are organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, landscape ecology and global ecology.
Write notes on the following terms: -
i) Metapopulations -
ii) Exponential Growth -
) Metapopulations: They are groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration. Local populations in a metapopulation occupy patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat. Local population's lost through extinctions can be recolonized by immigration from other patches. The ability to move between populations depends on a number of factors including its genetic makeup.
ii) Exponential population growth is population increase under idealized conditions and under these conditions populations may increase in size by a constant proportion at each instant. The equation you use for exponential growth is dN/dt=rN. r represents the intristic rate of increase, which is the rate at which an expontntially growing population increases in size at each instant in time. The exponential population growth results in a J-shaped curve. The rate of increase is constant but the population accumulates more new individuals per unit time when it is larger than when it is smaller. The curve tends to be J shaped and it characterizes some rebounding populations.
Explain the following terms:-
i) Estuaries -
ii) Permafrost -
iii) Semelparity -
An estuary is a transition area between river and sea. They are nutrient rich and highly productive. Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer of soil restricts the growth of plant roots. Semelparity is also known as big-bang reproduction, is where a species reproduced once and dies.
List three biotic factors and three abiotic of an Ecosystem.
Three biotic factors include predation, mutualism, and parasitism. Three abiotic factors include temperature, water, and soil. Three biotic factors include predation, mutualism, and parasitism. Three abiotic factors include temperature, water, and soil.
Write notes on the following terms: -
i) Ecological Footprints -
ii) Density-dependent factors -
Density dependent populations include birth rates that fall and death that increases with rising population density. The ecological footprint concept describes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain a person, city, or nation. The footprint may vary between countries.
List and briefly describe the three patterns of dispersions within a population.
The first pattern of dispersion is clumped, where individuals aggregate in patches. They are influenced by resource availability. In uniform dispersion, individuals are evenly distributed. They are influenced by social interactions such as territoriality. In random dispersion, the position of each individual is independent of other individuals. This may occur in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions between individuals.
List all the TEN Terrestrial Biomes of the world as listed in your text.
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Northern coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountain
Polar ice
What are the three key components which entails an organism's life history?
The three components include age at first reproduction, also known as maturity, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode.
Explain the Logistic Growth Model, use the term carrying capacity , include the equation for logistic Population Growth and give an example.
The logistic growth model shows the per capita rate of population growth as it approaches zero as the population size nears carrying capacity (K). Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size the envorimment can support. The logistic model starts with the exponenital model ad then goes to add an expression that reduces per capita rate of population growth as N increases. This model produces a sigmoid shaped curve where new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at intermediate population sizes. The population growth rate decreases in N approaches K. The equation is dN/dt=rN(K-N)/K. An example would be using this to predict the rates of population recovery. Lets say that pandas are going extinct, we could use this equation to predict the rate of population recovery over time, as the model provides a useful starting point.
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...