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urban politics final

Terms in this set (110)

local polities
efforts at local self governance; attention to local effects of local institutions; limited polities
limited polities
situated in broader context
21st century cities
openness/porous not walls/insularity
metropolitan area
urban core and adjacent counties with high degree of social and economic integration; deeply intertwined social/economic community divided into political communities; metro areas grown in 20th century while central cities stagnating (most americans live in suburbs)
metropolitan area time periods
annexation: 1800s, boundaries soften/expand/fragmentation: 1900s multiplicity/overlay of governments/regionalism: 2000s, re expansion
hyperfragmentation/secession
late 20th century; san fernando valley and staten island examples
staten island and san fernando
marginal/outnumbered but originally affluent, turn to state for help, leverage allies, politically threatened in 80s, push for secession in 90s, muted in 200s, demographic and economic changes make money flow more in not out; strong mayors (SI) versus concessions (SF), machine politics versus reform institutions shown in how secession attempts are defeated
regionalist POV
one political community for one social/economic community
highly fragmented politics
each polity chooses a basket of policies; attract certain people; higher levels of segregation in more fragmented places
pro fragmentation
theory: public choice leads to competition for residents which increases quality, in practice: different people have different access to choices, voice v. exit: fragmentation decreases engagement in society (constrains agenda), coordination is difficult
economic problems of fragmentation
coordination problems, duplication of functions, vast inequality even by 1930s, inequalities of outcomes
inequality
metropolitan inequality has risen, fragmentation associated with metropolitan inequality (initially within cities now at metropolitan level), "winner take all" societies, lower social mobility in places with more inequality at metro level
chicago metro health
assets: size, national centrality, air infrastructure (o'hare), existing wealth; challenges: high levels of fragmentation, fading industrial base, segregation/mismatch, aging, bad infrastructure
la example
water as primary resource drivin annexation, growth slows when surrounding communities get state to make LA share water without incorporation, lakewood plan, gimmick/contract cities; 81 cities instead of 45 in LA county
lakewood plan
"cities" without governments; developers incorporate small towns with no services; join with LA to provide minimal services by contracting to LA county; gimmick/contract cities: city of commerce-high per capita services because mostly businesses there, resist incorporation to avoid taxes
urbanist response to fragmentation
saw problems: transportation, land use, irrational service dlivery
pro regionalism
efficiency, environment, economic competitiveness, equity, strong central cities drive internal competition
environment
lower congestion, pollution, smart growth, preserve green spaces
smart growth
density, walkability, open spaces, slow expansion, mass transit
regionalism examples
city-county consolidation; indianapolis
policy regionalism
portland, minneapolis
portland regional government
general purpose regional government--development boundaries that slowly grow (reduces sprawl)
minneapolis regional government
transportation, utilities, development rules, equity
political changes in inner ring suburbs
promising for regionalism; political alignment with city liberalization
effects of fragmentation
parochialism, policy decentralization, defense of narrow interests, "favorite quarter" concentration of resources, harder to do big things at metropolitan level
parochialism
fragmentation of authority over land
consolidation
first half of american history
fragmentation
second half of american history
urbanity
urbanity leads to intervention; cities face distinctive challenges that require more regulation; public goods make more sense in urban areas because more worth it per capita
two dimensions of policies
economic and cultural
toleration
heterogeneity in cities (racial, economic, other identities)
"cityness"
quality of urban combinatory possibility
obstacles to city-friendly policy
cities legally/economically vulnerable; dillons rule; TELs, debit limits, competition deters investment/development, need redistribution to be uniform in exit-proof space
dillons rule
cities as creatures of state
americanism and cities
american ideal is rural wild west; moments of city spotlight but overall rural life is privileged in american ideal
cities in republic
periods of greater urban strength (progressive era, new deal); typical american experience is increasingly urban
strategies for city government success
common-interest coalitions; logrolling; governance through party; governor brokered coalitions
common interest coalitions
shared preferences on major issues, alliances based on broad affinity/particular issue agreement
logrolling
exchanging votes, packaging top priorities into same bill
governance through party
party controlling chamber controls median/outcome if disciplined; only works if party and leadership are strong; richard j daley famous for this
governor brokered coalition
broader coalitions when state elites recognize importance of cities; very ad hoc for particular issues
"urbanizing"
identifying issue as urban and creating cohesive city delegation
"urbanizing" steps
1) identify issue as "urban" 2) articulate "city position": introduce bills, legislate in urban communities 3) vote/argue cohesively in favor of positions: enhanced by party if present, easier in smaller cities, have to overcome deep divisions (institutions of horizontal integration: intermediate city institutions to form cohesion in representation) 4) non-city legislators take cue, defer to city legislators
fourth party system
1896-1928; south drops out of national politics; republicans everywhere else trying to industrializxe
critical period
1928-1936; democrats trying to expand outside south in big cities; nominate smith in 1928; great depression is bad look on republicans; 1932 is landslide for democrats (realignment) so urban political order emerges; new deal order
urban political order
reliable pattern of alliance; cities as allies in national politics not rivals
new deal oder
urban political order; strange bedfellows coalition; elite level, mass level, geography; FDR and allies treat national politics like urban politics (pragmatic, active, new deal programs very distinctive)
elite level
GOP turns away from progressives; local officials turn to higher levels
mass level
cities growing, pro union/pro labor policies
geography
rust belt
new policies and urban focused bureaucracies
FHA (1937) HUD (1965) 1970s: urban affairs committees in congress
density and partisanship
dense places require different kinds of politics that shape political system; relationship happens at different levels of american politics (votes, congressional seats, electoral college); happens at state levels, within states, and within counties; happens gradually over time
contemporary shift
logroll to infinity; housing/urban development politics have changed to be more suburban friendly; affinity-based coalition starting to replicate itself in all areas of politics; policy moves towards median voters because they are pivotal and most vulnerable in election instead of logrolling for either extreme getting what they want
principles of progressive liberalism
importance of groups in politics and economics; positive role for states in regulating economy and society; positive rights for citizens; more intervention than classic liberalism; use of state to help marginalized; interest group pluralism; urban agenda; 2 dimensional liberalism;
"2 dimensional" liberalism
embrace of multiculturalism/cultural pluralism; interventionist policies
power more brittle
urban power over time is more fluctuating; totally tied to party
polarization
elites polarized first and electorate followed
layered processes of partisan divide
urbanization (1860-), partisan urbanity divide--city leaders (1932-); suburbanization of american politics(1930s-70s); partisan urbanity divide--electorate (uneven); great divergence(1970s-)
suburbanization of american politics
by 1970s majority of americans live in suburbs, no local "bridges", lower demand for interventions, fewer reliable power brokers for logrolls, anti-city outlook, anti-density policies, since about 1980s political geography fragmented with smaller state and diminished public investment; devolution
devolution
policymaking and implementation returned to local level; CDBG, "revenue sharing," reduced infrastructure spending, "race to bottom," heightened inequality
great divergence
places becoming more unequal not just people; US population is concentrating (make up majority of country with 68 urban areas when required over 100 in 1980s, different kinds of places shifting apart from each other)
challenges faced as society
effects are concentrated in cities, climate change, inequality, infrastructure decay, automation/robots, terrorism/public safety, increasing people flows, aging population
glocalism
interconnectedness across place; local and across cities
local
"strong" democracy, participatory, deliberative in form, inequality-mitigating in substance
across cities
networks resembling those that exist
confederalism
allow autonomous action by cities; consensus-based, non-coercive
how to foster collaboration
focus on conditions/policy areas, climate change/environment, common problems shared by cities (inequality, congestion, homelessness)
city communities
cities as less imaginary communities; nation as "political roof" over "cultural head" doesnt match reality of cultural heterogeneity
imagined community
anderson; nation as imagined community; imagined community requires technology (printing press) and coercive elements; national government pushes hard to create common culture
divergent cultures in US
urban v rural consciousness; "bubble communities" of affinity
segregation tactics
informal/extralegal(riots--racial border defended by violence, small-scale violence, real estate discrimination) and formal/legal(legislative segregation, restrictive covenants, redlining)
legislative segregation
racial zoning
restrictive covenants
written into deeds of houses; prohibit sales of houses to classes of people; close proximity to african american neighborhoods=more restrictive covenants
redlining
different ratings for loans in different neighborhoods; bad ratings for african american or diverse neighborhoods; federal government adopted criteria from private sector (HOLC)--racial ethnic identities, age of buildings; put home values at risk in diverse areas; diffused from local level (real estate agents and brokers)
explanations for concentrated poverty
culture, welfare, economic structure
segregation
segregation contributes to culture and economic structure that also contribute to concentrated poverty; segregation as process and primary racial phenomenon; rose in 20th century
explanations of segregation
homophily; ideology; interests shaped by policy rules
homophily
preferences of individuals; can explain segregation with neutral/slight in-group affinity(shelling); assumptions: group identity as only consideration, ignores moving in/out of city, all have equal opportunity to move, geography, processes not as neutral as assumed, works better among whites (more in-group affinity), part of explanation but not complete
ideology
"high modern" preferences for spatial division; high modernist push to separate people by race and class through 20th century(formalized in covenants, redlining, public housing)
high modern ideology
institutional racism from idea of separation of people
underpinnings of segregation
colonial era
colonial era
separation of people and functions; eg delhi; strong theories of race; public health argument and zoning
great migration
1910s, 40s, 60s; responses: violence, exclusion, segregation, liberalism
group threat theory
racialization and prejudice increase with ougroup presence
group contact theory
racialization and prejudice decreases with outgroup presence
racial threat theory
material incentive to defend "turf" to defend values of assets (redlining); threat most intense at border with outgroup; overlaid with cultural emphasis on homogeneity
fair housing legislation
cant discriminate when selling house, don't have constitutional right to homogenous neighborhood
state driven separation
structure of real estate markets; urban renewal
urban renewal
highways, public housing, massive construction in 1940s-60s; strengthens separation ("race neutral" but not spread out in city); public housing: race neutral but whites left in 40s and 50s and left those who couldn't enter home market because of redlining etc (built in homogeneously african american neighborhoods)
state driven exclusion
zoning persists (eg no multifamily housing)
informal exclusion
real estate discrimination continues
real estate discrimination
steering(shows properties that are homogenous); differential mortgage rates; differential access to information
effects of segregation
cultural division; 1960s-80s; spatial mismatch; disinvestment ("pathologies of concentrated poverty); heightened racial divide (political attitudes and social practices); give opportunity for higher descriptive representation; suburbs more republican, cities more democratic (also along racial lines)
cultural division
different lived experiences of different races, two nations
1960s-80s
white flight, middle class african american areas
spatial mismatch
mismatch between where low income segregated households reside and job opportunities; urban renewal didn't include public transportation within cities
effects of segregation for life chances
individual traits do not lead to individual outcomes; context matters (networks, schools, "culture")
chicago
from racially polarized to racially fragmented
gentrifiers
culturally differentiate themselves from rest of city; create small neighborhoods to market real estate for concentrated wealth (eg brooklyn, morning side heights); view themselves in small neighborhoods
today
less segregated but still highly segregated; "old" policies not in place officially but effects continue/are long lasting; starkest differences at metropolitan (not city) level
barber
world more urban than ever; major world problems will be solved by collaboration between city leaders; nations ill-equipped to cooperate; city leaders are more "pragmatic" than national leaders; solution is international organization built on intercity connections; concerns: nation-state appears to be best unit for providing security; resting on assumptions of strong democracy and participation and equality already happening in cities (not case from what learned); normative concerns: rural people not represented, how to account for size
sonenshein
san fernando v staten island incorporation situations; machine politics institutions lead to strong mayors to solve problem in staten island; reform institutions lead to concessions in san fernando; role of state involvement; conflicts over urban fragmentation dont end at city level but dont go straight to global or national level; dillons rule casts large shadow over municipal determination
miller
exit option of cities drives competition and causes invisible hand to work effectively (exit option not effective in terms of public goods); lakewood plan: advantages of local autonomy without burden of trying to establish own fire and police departments and other public services like incorporation normally requires; contract cities: contract out county services for city, elitist push from top down: real estate developers and businesses find incorporation fights with help of county employees scared of losing job, citizens acting rationally as free riders by letting elites fund incorporation fights since they require massive organizational costs
mollenkompf
metropolitan fragmentation driven by metropolitan jurisdictions desire to exclude less well off residents and attract high income residents (leads to expensive urban sprawl); pro regionalism: fragmentation undermines efficiency, environmental quality, and social equity; environmental arguments, economic arguments (can't compete successfully in global economy if divided among self), equity arguments (concentration of poverty--wilson)
ethington
regions and regimes; regions: shape publics and leaders; historical accounts of urban developments in US
flanagan
roosevelt founded conference of mayors that gave chance for big city mayors to coordinate with executive agencies, worked for lobbying congress for supporting urban programs, great depression sponsored creation of USCM which was big factor of new deal plan, new deal reformers couldn't push past patchwork arrangements of new deal so federal-city link didn't last for effective help from federal government for cities
weir, wolman, swanstrom
cities increasingly reliant on state governments because of federal reductions in urban funding; party-imposed coalitions and interest-based coalitions less reliable due to demographic and economic changes; party imposed coalitions are difficult when city can't dominate party caucus, party discipline can't be enforced, or broad interests of cities and other areas diverge; interest based coalitions don't work anymore because of term limits and demographic and economic changes that cause diverging interests have made it harder for cities to ally with rural areas or smaller cities in state; enhanced importance of states for cities but cities lost power in state legislatures; governor-brokered coalitions more important because of decline of other two: governors more likely to see importance of city for state, not deal for cities, not reliable; suburban representatives not interested in coalition building; as interests diverge between cities and other areas coalition-building in state gets harder as state gets more impotent for city
rae
urbanism ends in 1950s/60s right as big african american migration north for high wage low skill jobs in factories (factory dollars disappearing from major cities); zoning locked african americans out of opportunities to invest in neighborhoods and buy homes with mortgages (zoning as official act of government); HOLC racial redlining from federal government itself; government sanctioned spatial hierarchy; racial hierarchy has role in ending urbanism; placing public housing in homogeneously low income african american areas; spatial hierarchy as enduring institution
jones-correa
restrictive covenants as key element of segregation (rapid diffusion); diffusion of restrictive covenants spurred by critical juncture of urbanization of african americas and then race riots (reaction to events led to policy initiatives including covenants; restrictive covenants not new but in 1920s became nationalized--north and middle west picked up practice); possible responses to race riots (accommodationist: liberal approach arguing for better relations among races--very little came of accommodationist approach; segregationist: separate races as solution to tension--race riots accelerated turn to restrictive covenants; exclusionary: try to keep african americans out of city entirely--nothing came of this) federal government did not invent new institutions--just melded role with existing practices and validated them(restrictive covenants originally sponsored by private institutions which diffused up to national level as HOLC hired former employees and adopted local practices); institutional developments not path-dependent and predetermined (critical junctures are opening for institutional changes but not guarantees; which developments happen depend on how institutions and layers interact with one another)
massey and denton
segregation, not middle class out migration, is key factor responsible for creation and perpetuation of communities characterized by persistent and spatially concentrated poverty; spatial mismatch; rising poverty and intense segregation make economic deprivation of african americans worse than other races--concentrated poverty; racial segregation: average environment of whites improves while average environment of african americans deteriorates; racial segregation alone concentrates poverty in black neighborhoods but addition of class segregation concentrates poverty in poor black neighborhoods; segregation deprives poor families of goods and services and surrounds poor with more poverty (racial segregation as structural linchpin of american race relations); dispersed community became compacted and segregated ghetto in matter of a few years; segregation amplified struggle of african american during great depression--first fired; spatially concentrated deprivation during 70s like great depression
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