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Just a thing that's not too important, just a test, the last test before midterms

Terms in this set (46)

Aristotle's influence on European thought in Middle Ages
His ideas were the foundation for medieval thought
Ptolemy's influence on European thought in Middle Ages
Idea of a geocentric system, earth is fixed
How science was studied/practiced during the Middle Ages
Experimentation and making conclusions based on the info they had; proving things they believed was correct
How did the practice of science change in the Middle Ages
It changed as scientists adapted the new scientific method, and as scientists discovered new things that challenged Church teachings and the heliocentric system
How was the heliocentric model different from previous models?
It did not have the earth in the center, it had the sun in the center instead
Nicolaus Copernicus
-developed heliocentric universe
-challenged geocentric theory
Johannes Kepler
-Assistant of Tycho Brahe
-Developed 3 laws of planetary motion
-Came up with elliptical orbits
Tycho Brahe
-Leading astronomer in Europe
-Built the best observatory in Europe; collected lots of data on the universe
-Data later proved Copernicus' theory, even though Brahe didn't accept it
Galileo Galilei
-Developed the Laws of Motion
-Made the telescope
-Found mountains on sun spots, the moon, and moons of Jupiter
-tried by the Inquisition and forced to recant his beliefs
Francis Bacon
-Developed inductive reasoning
-Emphasis on experiment and observation
René Descartes
-Developed deductive reasoning; "I think, therefore I am."
-Emphasized logic over experimentation
Isaac Newton
-Discovered all motion in the universe can be measured and described using math
-Newton impacted Enlightenment thinkers w/ ideas of equilibrium and balance applied to economy and government
-Completed all principles that verified the assumptions of Kepler, Galileo, and Copernicus
Robert Boyle
-Father of modern chemistry
-Differentiated chemical compounds and individual elements
Steps of the Scientific Method
-State problem
-Gather info
-Form hypothesis
-Experiment to test hypothesis
-Record and analyze data
-State conclusion
-Repeat
Advances in medicine during Scientific Revolution
-Detailed books on anatomy
-Ointments that prevent infection
-Stitches for wounds
-Explanation of circulatory system
-Microscope for viewing cells/microorganisms
Impacts of Scientific Revolution
-New discoveries about the natural world
-Advances in math, astronomy, physics, chemistry, and medicine
-New ways of thinking
-Basis for modern scientific thought developed
How Enlightenment thought came from ideas/discoveries of Scientific Revolution!!! (This needs to be fixed)
-emergence of a secular worldview for the first time in European history
- natural science and reason could explain all aspects of life
-humans can be intelligent w/o divine intervention
-"faith in reason, not revelation."
How Enlightenment thought was a break from the past
For the first time there was a secular world view
Deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe
Beliefs of Deism
-God made the universe and then left it alone
-The supernatural wasn't involved in real life
-universe is governed by natural law
Why did Enlightenment thinkers prefer Deism over normal Christianity
Because it logically appealed to them, was a time where science was used to prove things
John Locke
-Prominent philosopher from England
-Humans good, lack protection
-Two Treatises of Civil Government, Essay Concerning Human Understanding
-Governments give rule and law, but only through consent of the governed.
Pierre Bayle
-Advocated for total toleration of ideas
-People should be free to worship any or no religion
-Religion and morality weren't necessarily linked
Voltaire
-Possibly the most influential Enlightenment philosopher
-Advocated for enlightened despotism
-Wrote criticisms w/ sarcasm discussing those he disagreed with
-ideas resulted in the French Revolution
Baron de Montesquieu
-Member of French nobility who hated absolutism (Louis XIV)
-Advocated for separation of government powers (3 branches)
-CHECKS AND BALANCES
-Significant impact on creation of US Constitution and the French Revolution
-Wrote Spirit of the Laws
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-Wrote Social Contract
-Too much emphasis on property, people not considered
-General will should control a nation
- Maximilian Robespierre used his ideas to justify tyranny and extreme nationalism during the radical phase of the French Revolution
Denis Diderot
-Wrote The Encyclopedia
—Comp. of social and political critiques
—Focusing on reason and science, it taught people to think objectively and critically
—Criticized tyranny, injustice, intolerance, and religious authority.
—later put on the IOFB and banned in France
Marquis di Beccaria
-Views influenced Enlightened Despots such as Frederick and Catherine the Great, and Joseph II
-Aimed to make criminal law more humane using Enlightenment concepts of equality and reason
-Wrote On Crimes and Punishment
Adam Smith
-Wrote Wealth of Nations
-Brushed up & explained laissez-faire philosophy
-Economy is guided by natural laws of supply and demand
-competition encourages producers to make better quality goods at a lower price than their competitors
Mary Wollstonecraft
-Promoted educational and political equality of women
-Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman; first great feminist treatise
-Provided inspiration for ideals in French Revolution
-VRW influenced the 19th & 20th century women's rights movement
Immanuel Kant
-Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment
-Divided morality and science into different branches of knowledge
-"categorical imperative" was placed by God in the human conscience so that man would have an intuitive instinct
How was England an example of Enlightenment ideas put into practice!!! (This needs to be fixed)
Because there was a bloodless overthrow of the king, not just irrational warring. In addition, the Magna Carta was signed in 1215 by the king, which made the king's power limited and granted additional rights to Parliament.
How did "Glorious Revolution" in England bring change
It lead to more structure and organization in politics; constitutional monarchy
Charles II
-Invited back Parliament
-Tolerated Baptists, Puritans, and Quakers
-Restored Church of England
James II
-Flaunted divine and Catholic right
-Angry subjects
-overthrown by William and Mary's "invasion" of England
William and Mary
-William was the nephew of James II and Mary was the daughter of James II and they "invaded" England to exile James II to France
-Glorious Revolution
-Worked with Parliament
Explain how Classical Liberalism was inspired by Enlightenment!!!
-grew out of the political ideas from the Enlightenment
-Smith's laissez-faire, gov't shouldn't interfere in the economy
-progress through religion & education
-freedom of speech, press
-justice for crimes
-equal treatment Before the law
Christian groups that opposed Enlightenment ideas
-German pietism
-Methodism
-Jansenism (Catholic sect)
Why did the Christian groups oppose some Enlightenment ideas
-german pietism opposed something ideas of the Enlightenment because they believed in the need for religious experiences and spiritual conversions
-Methodism opposed some ideas from the enlightenment because they believed in the need for spiritual regeneration and morally living
-Jansenism (Catholic sect) opposed the idea of an uninvolved/impersonal God because they believed that God was active in human affairs
How did Enlightenment impact society?
It brought about a cultural change more focused on logic and reason
What is Enlightened Despotism
Rulers influenced by ideas of Enlightenment
Frederick the Great
-One of Germany's greatest rulers
-Reforms increased power of the state
-Allowed freedom of religion, except Jews
Catherine the Great
-Least enlightened of the Enlightened Despots
-Gave nobles full control of serfs
-Imported western culture
-Some religious tolerance, restricted torture
Maria Theresa
-Wasn't a fan of Enlightenment ideas
-Centralized the control of the Habsburg Empire
-Did the most to help serfs
Joseph II
-Ruled with mum (Maria) as coregent
-Abolished serfdom and feudal dues
-Allowed some freedom of press
-Equal judicial system
-Abolished torture, end of death penalty
-opened many amenities for people in the lower classes
Explain the causes, goals, and results of the Seven Years' War
CAUSE: Maria Theresa trying to regain Silesia AND colonial struggles of Britain & France over North America
GOALS: the regain of Silesia and the claiming of North America
RESULT: Treaty of Paris: Prussia kept Silesia, France lost all colonies in North America to England
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