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CE 2700 Final 2019

Terms in this set (63)

Sustainability
United Nations: Development and operating practices that meets the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Environmental Protection Agency:"Everything that we need for our survival and wellbeing depends, either directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. To pursue sustainability is to create and maintain the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony to support present and future generations." (This is a quote taken directly from the National Environmental Protection Act of 1969 - NEPA)
Sustainability considerations:
- use and waste of natural resources
- human health
- ecological health
- economic health
- equity
- leaving future generations a world at least as good as we found it
Equity
- if everyone on earth lived like the US you would need 4-5 planets
- modern industrial lifestyle consumes other people's resources and of future generations
U.S. Green Building Council LEED Ratings (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
Targeted at buildings
- criteria: materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, innovations in operations and regional priority, sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere
Institute for Sustainable Infrastructure - Envision Rating System
organization formed by the APWA, ASCE, and ACEC
- for the evaluation of infrastructure projects
The translation of ideas into achievements is
Design
Criteria for Sustainable Infrastructure
Quality of life (purpose, community, well-being), leadership(collaboration, management, planning), resource allocation(materials, energy, water), natural world(siting, land and water, biodiversity), climate and risk(emissions, resilience)
What was the biggest technical challenge in the construction of the Panama Canal?
Dealing with the slides at Culebra
Which of the following were important pieces of speciality equipment on the Panama Canal project?
- Track Shifters
- Dirt Spreaders
T or F: Treaty negotiations between the U.S. and Columbia concerning the Panama Canal proceeded smoothly and without serious obstacles. However, the apparent success of the treaty negotiations was negated by the revolution in Panama.
False
T or F: From an engineering perspective, the Panama Canal was a complicated project. Among the challenges was a lack of space, negotiating property rights, preventing damage to existing buildings, and satisfying the demands of unionized labor.
False
Describe de Lesseps' original concept and comment on how well the technology of the time matched the concept.
a sea level canal between the bays of Limon and Panama
- it was very hard with the technology of the time and nowhere to draw cheap labor from too much excavating it was too experimenting
What did the United States do differently that allowed the project to ultimately be completed?
decided on a lock canal by a board of consulting engineers, a canal 80 ft above sea level
What effects did this mismatch have on maintaining the political and financial support for the French endeavor?
the landslides failed many french companies , by the end of the decade the company was in financial trouble and unable to raise capital
Ove Arup was influential in the development and application of a specific structural material/technique that provided a new technology to bridge concept with realization. What was it?
reinforced concrete
The elliptical ramps in the penguin pool at the London Zoo "failed" in an unexpected way. What was the problem? Was it one of strength, stability, serviceability, or economy? During which step of the (step-by-step) engineering design process was this discovered?
the penguins developed arthritis, the end when it was put into use, serviceability
At age 88, in a speech to the Fellowship of Engineering, Ove Arup could be said to have indirectly identified the most important step of the Engineering Design Process (and the Scientific Method, for that matter). Which is it?
asking the right questions, being inquisitve
Concept
combination of a problem's statement, functional criteria, and the array of possible solutions
- iteration is often required
Technology
the knowledge and techniques that are required to realize a concept
Realization
A loop of observation is included, the designer must adjust the prescribed technology, the general concept itself may be adjusted or abandoned
Non-technical Factors
political and financial interest, organizational structures of the client, designer, and constructor
Sydney Opera House
1950's-1960's, architect Jorn Utzon and structural engineer Ove Arup
Scientific Method is aimed at
gaining knowledge
Scientific Method Steps
1. ask a question
2. perform background research
3. propose a hypothesis (potential answer to the question)
4. Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
5. Draw conclusions from the results of the experiment
6. Update or replace hypothesis and attach the question from some new angle
(every experiment is aimed at disproving the hypothesis)
Engineering Design
an iterative process aimed at solving a problem
Engineering Design Process
1. identify a problem (problem statement should be solution neutral)
2. Gather information, perform background research
3. Propose multiple possible solutions
4. Perform analysis to determine how well each possible solutions meets the required criteria
5. Select and implement preferred solution based on a variety of performance criteria
6. Monitor the performance of the solution to validate assumptions and analysis
Performance Criteria
Capacity (demand), reliability, resilience, sustainability, economy
Thomas Newcomen
developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines in england
Marconi
Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937), wireless radio
Apollo 11
1st successful moon mission by the US in 1969
Richard Feynman
"What I cannot create, I cannot understand."
Engineering licensure
To protect the safety, health, and welfare of the public
Tests
FE:undergrad degree 6 hours test
PE: 8 hour test, 4 years of experience needed under a PE supervision
Wyoming
First state to regulate engineering, PE license in 1907
Louisiana
Second state to begin licensing 1908
Ethics
knowledge of ethics, clean ethical record, character reference
Fundamental Principles
uphold integrity, honor, and dignity by
1. using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment
2. being honest and impartial and seving with fidelity the public, their employers, and clients
3. striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession
4. supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines
Canon 1
Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties
Canon 2
Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.
Canon 3
Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
Canon 4
Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
Canon 5
Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
Canon 6
Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act with zero tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption.
Canon 7
Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.
Canon 8
Engineers shall, in all matters related to their profession, treat all persons fairly and encourage
equitable participation without regard to gender or gender identity, race, national origin,
ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, disability, political affiliation, or family, marital, or
economic status.
Compare the descriptions of the work in the sample Exhibit A to the steps of the Engineering Design Process.
...
In which phase does the problem definition occur? What about the identification of possible solutions?
Study and Report Phase
How does the scope of services prevent the designer from entering an infinite loop of design refinement?
because written consent from the owner is required
In which phase is the loop of observation inserted?
Construction phase
Relate some of these non-technical causes of failure to our discussion of the practical aspects of civil engineering practice. Hyatt hotel
fast track method, a gap of continuity in the engineers experience, other contracts were not taken into account because of cost, people did not carefully revise the plans before signing off, work had been halfway done by one firm and finished by another
Who were the various parties involved in the project and what interests did they represent?
the client, original engineering firm, new engineering firm, they all represented interest in quickness and getting the job done without making sure everything was done correctly and finished thoroughly
What was the method of project delivery?
"fast track": construction preceded design, lack of time and quality control
How did the behaviors of the players at different stages of project development contribute to the tragedy?
engineers quite and left firms with gap in experience, firms were switched and people did not review plans thoroughly and did not see the failure that would occur, people signed off on plans without noticing key details missing
Owners/Client
public agencies, private people or entities that own civil infrastructure, buildings, industrial sies
Designers/Consulting Engineers
private firms or sole practitioners often hired by owners to perform design for improvements to their property or facilities
Contractors/Constructors
execute the design and bring them to reality
EPC Firms
Engineer, procure, construct
Project Delivery Methods
1. Design-Bid-Build
2. Fast-track delivery
3. Design Build ( no outsourced company to build)
4. Design Build operate maintain
5. Public Private Partnerships
Project Development Process
1. Predesign/Programming
2.Design
3.Bidding
4. Construct
5. Occupy-Adapt
6.Decommission
Delivery Methods
Reports, plans/drawings, specification, calculations, cost estimates, construction
Engineering Drawing
plan view, elevation or profile views, cross sections, details, annotation and notes, schematics/diagrams, tables, title blocks
Line Types
Object, hidden, center, extension, dimension, leader
Numerical Methods
quick ways of solving large problems by making them into small manageable pieces
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