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Ch. 16: Clinical Psychology

Terms in this set (46)

Establishment of a common set of terms and definitions to help different doctors reach the same diagnosis for a particular patient
Standardization
the official term for addiction, defined by meeting several criteria
Substance use disorder
The extent to which different clinicians would reach the same diagnosis for any patient with a particular set of symptoms
Reliability
The extent to which a test actually measure the trait it is intended to measure.
validity
The additional criterion for about half the diagnoses in DSM, requiring that there be clinically significant distress or impariemnt in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Clinical significance
A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Several major types of disorders, all of which are accompanied by intense, irrational anxiety that interferes with everyday functioning.
Anxiety disorders
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also called free-floating anxiety.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Structured, goal-oriented counseling usually of a limited number of session directed at education about the disorder and skills for managing symptoms in everyday life.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Drugs that relieve anxiety sometimes informally called "minor tranquilizers"
Anxiolytics
common anxiolytics that affect mood by boosting the effects of GABA receptors, which normally inhibit neuronal activity throughout the cortex
Benzodiazepines
marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object
Phobia
gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training
systematic desensitization
Fear of certain environments
Agoraphobia
A disorder characterized by repeated, persisitent thoughts or urges that are unwatned and repetitive, ritualistic behaviors and/or mental acts, which impair normal functioning.
OCD
occurring together, such as disorders
Co-morbid
A disorder characterized by an unhappy mood, loss of interests and energy, change of appetite, difficulty in concentration, and restless agitation.
Depression
The intentional induction of a large-scale seizure, which is often effective in the relief of depression.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
the hypothesis that depression is caused by reduced activity of one or more monoamine transmitters, such as serotonin
Monoamine hypothesis
the enzyme that normally inactivates the monoamines, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
The second generation of antidepressants, which inhibit the reuptake of monoamines, prolonging their synaptic activity.
Tricyclics
a major class of modern antidepressants, they increase availability of synaptic serotonin
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
Enduring impairments in interacting with other people that cause the client significant distress
Personality disorders
a personality disorder that may resemble schizophrenia in the sense that the client may have very unconventional, even paranoid, beliefs and eccentric behavior that makes it difficult to maintain relationships
schizotypal personality disorder
a personality disorder in which behavior and thinking is characterized by a rigidity regarding order, organization, and notions of what is right or wrong.
OCPD
a personality disorder characterized by a sense of self importance requiring excessive admiration and a lack of empathy for others.
Narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by emotional instability, identity disturbances, and impulsive behavior that impairs relationships with others.
borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by social phobia or extreme sensitivity about negative comments or behvaiors from others such that interpersonal contact is avoided.
avoidant personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of disregard for other peoples' rights, with little evidence of remorse for harm done to others.
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
False beliefs strongly held in spite of contrary evidence
Delusions
A major impairment in the logical structure of thought.
Dissociative thinking
a disabling mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and emotional whithdrawal.
Schizophrenia
Behavioral functions that are lost in schizophrenia; for example slow and impoverised thought and speech, social withdrawal, or blunted affect.
Negative symptoms
The surgical separation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain.
Lobotomy
the first drug that was effective in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Chlorpromazine
antipsychotic drugs that traditionally function by blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors
Neuroleptics
people with schizophrenia suffer from an excess of either dopamine release or dopamine receptors
Dopamine hypothesis
antipsychotic drugs that are D2 receptor antagonists
Typical neuroleptics
A motor side effect of some neuroleptics that is characterized by involuntary movements, typically of the tongue or difficulty walking, which may be debilitating.
Tardive dyskinesia
anitspychotic drugs that don't have the elective high affinity for dopamine receptors but unlock other types of receptors such as certain serotonin receptors
Atypical neuroleptics
John Nash
a famous mathematician with schizophrenia (A Beautiful Mind)
Howard Dully
A twelve-year-old boy on whom was performed a transorbital lobotomy even after the invention of chlorpromazine.
Bipolar disorder
a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression alternating with periods of excessively expansive mood
Lithium
A chemical element used for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Endophenotype
A group of behavioral or physical characteristics that accompany an inherited susceptibility to a particular disorder.
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