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Bio EXAM 5

Terms in this set (73)

selective breeding, cloning, and or other methods used to improve organisms plant or animal

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

genetic engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

Examples of genetic engineering

-Bacteria used to make medicines
-Genes from bacteria added to plants
-From one animal species to another

bacterial plasmids

circular DNA molecules that are very useful in DNA transfer and used for gene cloning. are able to carry ANY gene

Steps 1 & 2 of gene cloning

-find a gene of value
-Isolate Bacterial plasmids

Steps 3 & 4 of Gene cloning

-isolate the DNA from the organism with the desired gene
-Use enzymes to cut both pieces of DNA into fragments

Steps 5 & 6 of Gene cloning

-2 pieces of DNA will join together
-DNA ligase used to repair & finish the new strands

Steps 7 & 8 of gene cloning

-recombinant plasmid w/ the desired gene is mixed with some bacteria
-bacterium is fooled & actually takes up some of the recombinant plasmid

Steps 9 & 10 of gene cloning

-Many bacteria will be formed & the mutated plasmid will be found in each one
-Process is used to make huge batches of bacteria that can be used to make specific proteins

EXAMPLES of GMOs

cotton, sugar beet, soybean, corn, canola, papaya, alfalfa, summer squash

Prokaryotic GMOs

E. coli freq used b/c it's easy to harvest, cheap and fast to make large quantities and used to make human drugs, cheese, and processing fruit juices

Eukaryotes GMOs

Yeast, makes beer and bread B/C it's
-easy to grow
-able to add foreign DNA to its own
-better than bacteria
-used to make vaccines like Hep B

a virus, bacterium, insect, or other organism that carries an infectious material and gives it to a victim

restriction enzymes

used to DNA into fragments, ALWAYS cut between the same nucleotide sequences

glues pieces of DNA fragments back together

genomic libraries

bacteria with plasmids containing certain genes

bacteriophages (phages) and it's uses

viruses that infect bacteria
-can be vector for disease
-used to insert specific genes into bacteria

reverse transcriptase

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

use for human genome

identify location and genes for genetic disorders

study of all proteins made by one genome

how many genes do humans have?

How many proteins do humans have?

genetic markers

known short tandem repeat locations and their characteristics

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

-small diff known in several loacations on a chromosome
-act as genetic markers on chromosomes
-certain ones always found near specific genes for genetic disorders

single nucleotide polymorphisms

one specific nucleotide: its normal nucleotide and possible variations found at the location
-example Sickle cell

scientific study of the genome of a species
-genes and the products of those genes
-helped us to identify similar DNA patterns between species

Human Genome Project

Work to identify all genes in humans
1.5% of DNA codes for proteins

Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

SCIDS KIDS (severe combined immunodeficiency)

BUBBLE kids allergic to everything
-bone marrow transplate works 60% of time

breeding of humans for specific traits

multiples tiny samples of DNA so it can be used for profiling and other things

gel electrophoresis

sorts DNA molecules by size.
-13 sites give accuracy at 1 in 1 billion error rate

DNA has what kind of charge?

short tandem repeats

sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated

used to make glycoproteins
used for making erythropoietin(EPO)

hormone that causes an increase in red blood cell production

prevents blood clots (made in goat milk)
SHEEP used to treat emphysema

gene regulation

determining when genes will be turned on and off

gene expression

how the genetic info is expressed by the organism
DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

group of genes operating together under the control of one regulatory gene
used primarily by BACTERIA

the operon that controls lactose processing in E coli

site where RNA polymerase attaches to start the process

on or off switch for the lac operon

When a REPRESSOR binds to the operator it is turned off. RNA polymerase is blocked from the prometer AND....

CANNOT make lactose

regulatory gene

is always on and always making a repressor

bind with the repressor and it will no longer be able to attach to the operator. THEN the lac operon will be turned on and lactose will be produced

inducible operon

requires the substance to be present for the gene to turn on (like lac operon)

repressable operon

always working unless temp turned off when a specific substance is present

tryptophan is an amino acid needed for protein synthesis. E coli can make if needed.

has proteins that turn operons on by binding to their DNA and stimulating gene expression
-make it easier for mRNA to be made

Differentiation

cells become specialized in structure and function
- all of the cells have genes but only some are turned on

cell will wrap the strands of DNA around proteins called HISTONES

unit of DNA composed of DNA would around a core made of 8 histones

short stretches of DNA that connect the nucleosomes

physical barrier

tightly packed DNA can block access to RNA polymerase preventing gene expression

Adding what group to histone proteins binds DNA more tightly

epigenetic inheritance

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms that do not involve the nucleotide sequence
-not actually the gene causing the characteristic

signal trandsduction pathways

used by amino acid based hormones

gene regulation by not expressing one entire chromosome

inactive X compacts down to a small object called a barr body

attach to DNA and turn on the gene

bind to DNA preventing gene expression

transcription factors needed

proteins that help RNA polymarase get the job done

DNA control factors needed for gene expression

Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is. MASTER CONTROL GENE

used to study gene expression

using micro RNA to turn off expression of a gene
may have evolved as protection against viruses

Later stages of Gene expression regulation

Break down of mRNA
Initiation of translation
protein Activation
protein breakdown

study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities

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