Final questions

What does a node represent
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Terms in this set (73)
What does a node represent
a speciation event, common ancestors of the tips it includes
Which is symbiosis? Effect of nutrients and sunlight on diatom growth
b) Coho salmon feed on planktonic crustaceans
c) A parasitic worm infection in bluefin tuna
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
A parasitic worm infection in bluefin tuna
When a symbiotic relationship benefits only one organism, it is an example of
a) Commensalism
b) Mutualism
c) Parasitism
d) Predatism
e) More than one answer is correct
f) None of the answers is correct
Commensalism, Parasitism
4. At the poles, a process takes place as sea ice forms that is associated with ocean circulation. This process is:
a) The expelling of nutrients from the freezing water
b) The expelling of salt from the freezing water
c) The accumulation of nutrients
d) Albedo effect
The expelling of salt from the freezing water
5. Thermohaline circulation is best described as:
a) Cold, oxygen rich waters moving across the ocean bottoms where they remain
b) A worldwide system of rising and sinking water masses due to density changes caused by changes in temperature and salinity.
c) A slow circulation (on the order of a thousand years for one cycle).
d) B and C
e) All of the above
b. A worldwide system of rising and sinking water masses due to density changes caused by changes in temperature and salinity.
c) A slow circulation (on the order of a thousand years for one cycle).
6. Is the oxygen a limiting factor for organisms in the deep ocean?
a) No, as oxygen diffuses from the epipelagic zone
b) Yes, but only in areas where primary producers (e.g., oxygen-producing
bacteria from deep trenches) cannot sustain efficient production of oxygen
c) No, as the rates of oxygen consumption in deep-water environments are low compared to the supply of waters from polar regions
d) Depends on the proximity to the thermocline
c) No, as the rates of oxygen consumption in deep-water environments are low compared to the supply of waters from polar regions
Wind blowing from the north along the California coast causes water moving along the coast to ___________; this process is called ____________________.a) Move south, Coriolis effect.
b) Move toward shore (east), Centrifugal forcing.
c) Move away from shore (west), Ekman Transport.
d) Move north, Ekman spiral.
c) Move away from shore (west), Ekman Transport.
A new upwelling has been recently described along the coast of Tanzania. Where is the wind blowing FROM?
a) N b) S c) E d) W
Equator
North
9. Excess of which of the following nutrients may trigger an eutrophication event in marine environments?
a) Nitrate and bicarbonate
b) Phosphate and oxygen
c) Nitrate and phosphate
d) Phosphate and bicarbonate
e) Bicarbonate and silicate
c) nitrate and phosphate
10. You are in Seattle. Under normal oceanographic conditions, when would you expect an anoxic episode in surface waters?
a)Winter at night
b) Summer during the day
c) Spring at night
d) Fall during the day
e) Winter during the day
spring at night
11. Which of these statements is the most accurate reason for tropical seas to have low productivity, and thus clearer waters? a) Tropical water is too warm to support the growth of most phytoplankton b) A large population of herbivores in the zooplankton keeps phytoplankton at a low level c) Significant upward transport of nutrients is prevented by thermal stratification d) The premise is false; temperate, not tropical seas exhibit this characteristic e) The premise is false; tropical seas always exhibit high productivity f) All the statements are falsec) Significant upward transport of nutrients is prevented by thermal stratification12. Considering their surface area to volume ratio, which of the following species will thrive in tropical marine waters? a) Diatoms b) Coccolithophores c) Dinoflagellates d) Cyanobacteria e) Coastal seagrassesd) Cyanobacteria14. Because of their composition of their plates, which of the following organism will NOT benefit short-term from ocean acidification? a) Diatoms b) Coccolithophores c) Dinoflagellates d) Cyanobacteria e) Coastal seagrassescoccolithophores16. Which of the following statements about the disphotic zone is TRUE? a) In the disphotic zone, algae normally accumulate large amount of chlorophyll and other accessory pigments to cope with the low light intensity. b) In the disphotic zone, only brown algae (i.e., Phaeophytas) can live in this zone, as their pigment fucoxanthin can absorb light at 610-625 nm. c) In the disphotic zone, some photosynthetic organisms use geothermal radiation from dee-sea hydrothermal vents. d) While light is so low that it does not allow photosynthesis in the disphotic zone, it is enough to stimulate photoreceptors in some species. e) More than one answer is correctd) While light is so low that it does not allow photosynthesis in the disphotic zone, it is enough to stimulate photoreceptors in some species.17. The process of subduction does which of the following? a) Forms new material that adds to the Earth's crust. b) Melts lithosphere back into the Earth's asthenosphere. c) Creates sites of volcanic and seismic activity. d) a and b e) b and cb) Melts lithosphere back into the Earth's asthenosphere. c) Creates sites of volcanic and seismic activity.18. Geological features associated with subduction zones: a) Mid-ocean ridges b) Transform faults c) Oceanic trenches d) Volcanic island arcs e) Hot spots f) All are true g) c and d h) a and bc) Oceanic trenches d) Volcanic island arcs21. Which area of the ocean has the highest rate of oxygen consumption? a) Hadalpelagic b) Mesopelagic c) Epipelagic d) Bathypelagic e) LOZ (Low Oxygen Zone)c) Epipelagic22. "Brian" the Dragonfish (below) lives a solitary life in the deep sea. It can be hard living in such an extreme environment, but Brian has adaptations to deal with which challenges: a) Intraspecific communication to find mates b) Ability to produce and see red light c) Slow metabolism which allows him to deal with low food availability d) All the above e) None of the aboveall of the above23. Salmon species in the genus Oncorhynchus are __________. After spending much of their lives at sea, they migrate to their natal stream using ________ cues. a) Catadromous; visual b) Anadromous; olfactory c) Catadromous; magnetic d) Diadromous; visualanadromous, olfactory24. Which of the following correctly describes Pacific salmon in terms of "source of heat" and "variance in internal temperature"? a) Homeotherms and Endotherms b) Poikilotherms and Ectotherms c) Poikilotherms and Endotherms d) Homeotherms and Ectothermsb) Poikilotherms and Ectotherms25. What is NOT supported by the "visual-interaction hypothesis"? a) Visual pelagic animals have high metabolic rate; whereas in the abyssal zone, non-visual or benthic animals have low metabolic rate b) A high metabolic rate helps epipelagic organism both avoid predators that hunt visually, and perform well as a visual predator itself c) The overall efficiency of visual predation in the euphotic zone is low, thus high metabolic rates are not needed d) Animals in the photic zone have higher O2 consumption rates than animals in the hadalpelagic zone e) None of the above support the "visual-interaction hypothesis" f) All the above support the "visual-interaction hypothesis"c) The overall efficiency of visual predation in the euphotic zone is low, thus high metabolic rates are not needed26. Increased nutrient levels in areas with coral reefs can result in major shifts in the community structure. What shift in composition typically occurs? a) Corals become dominant over macroalgae b) Algae becomes dominant over the coral c) Fish diversity increases d) Coral bleaches and macroalgae take over e) More than one answer is correctb) Algae becomes dominant over the coralWhat explains an osmoconformera positive linear relationship between salinitiy and blood osmolarity28. What is FALSE about sharks? a) Their body fluids have the same concentration of solutes as seawater, but differ in their composition b) The concentration of Na+ is higher in the seawater than in their body fluids c) One of the solutes that sharks use is urea. Urea is relatively easy to produce, and works just fine as a solute from an osmotic perspective d) Urea increases their plasma osmolarity e) The concentration of Cl- is the same in the seawater than in their body fluids f) After a shark dies, the urea in their body fluids converts into the foul- smelling and toxic ammonia g) More than one statement is falsee) The concentration of Cl- is the same in the seawater than in their body fluidsWhich is true about sharks? a) Their body fluids have the same concentration of solutes as seawater, but differ in their composition b) The concentration of Na+ is higher in the seawater than in their body fluids c) One of the solutes that sharks use is urea. Urea is relatively easy to produce, and works just fine as a solute from an osmotic perspective d) Urea increases their plasma osmolarity e) The concentration of Cl- is the same in the seawater than in their body fluids f) After a shark dies, the urea in their body fluids converts into the foul- smelling and toxic ammoniaa) Their body fluids have the same concentration of solutes as seawater, but differ in their composition b) The concentration of Na+ is higher in the seawater than in their body fluids c) One of the solutes that sharks use is urea. Urea is relatively easy to produce, and works just fine as a solute from an osmotic perspective d) Urea increases their plasma osmolarity f) After a shark dies, the urea in their body fluids converts into the foul- smelling and toxic ammonia g) More than one statement is false29. In sexually-reproducing diploid organisms, each gamete contains ________ chromosomes as a brain cell a) Twice as many b) Half as many c) The same amount d) One third as many e) None of the aboveb) Half as many30. If two organisms reproduce sexually, then their offspring will exhibit a genetic makeup that: a) Is identical to one of the parents b) Is 50 % identical to its mother c) Is 50% identical to all its siblings d) Contains all the recessive traits from their parents e) All of the above f) None of the abovef) None of the above31. Living in a rapidly-changing world, which of the following organisms have better chances to adapt and survive? a) Broadcast-spawning sardines b) Hermaphroditic snails c) Budding hydras d) Parthenogenetic crayfisha) Broadcast-spawning sardines32. A countercurrent flow system between a substance A and B: a) Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction b) Minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction c) Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions d) Minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directionsc) Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directionsOf which organisms are males no longer part of the reproductive process?Obligate parthenogenetic rotifersWhat is true about poikilotherms?1) Their metabolic rate is not based on temperature2) Their body temperature is variable and depends on ambient temperatureWhat does the process of subduction do?1) Forms deep sea trenches2) Melts lithosphere back into the Earth's asthenosphere.3) Creates sites of volcanic and seismic activity.If two organisms reproduce sexually, then their offspring will exhibit a genetic makeup that is:A unique combination of traitsWhat do paired fins include?Pectoral and pelvicWhich of the following fish species would you expect to have the lowest amount of cone cells?Deep-sea tripod fishPolar food chains are relatively short in length. The base of the ARCTIC food chain consists of:Phytoplankton & CopepodsIn evolutionary terms, what do you think is the BEST example of an adaptation?A bird species that undergoes beak changes (over multiple generations) due to a change on the type of available food.True or false: Active fish have low gill surface area to volume ratio as compared to sedentary fishes:falseWhat is a characteristic of the Polar Sea ecosystems?Short food chains with many speciesWhat is TRUE about marine homeotherms in Polar ecosystems?They can survive to long fasting periods, and perform long migrations to lower-latitude watersWhat type of drag significantly affects the locomotion of dolphins but does not affect deep-water fishes?wave dragTRUE OR FALSE: All fishes use the undulation of their bodies side to side to accomplish forward propulsionfalseHow much of the seafood consumed in the US is imported from other countries?90%Inland aquaculture account for the larger majority of _______ farming production, whereas marine aquaculture accounts for the majority of _______ farming production.Finfish; mollusksWhich of the following is not a genetic consideration in conservation aquaculture?carrying capacityWhat are the limiting factors that most influence phytoplankton distribution?Light and nutrientsIn temperate latitudes (e.g. Seattle), when is the strongest thermocline generally observed?SummerPlate tectonics is the movement of Earth's rigid plates, also known as theLithosphereWhat drives tectonic plate movement?convection currentsSurface circulation in the ocean is primarily driven by _________________ and deep circulation is primarily driven by ________________wind, densityWhat is true about marine mammals?They are endotherms and homeotherms, and their relative surface area to volume ration helps them minimize heat lossMatch the parameter (e.g., biodiversity, biomass, pH, etc.) with how it varies when transitioning from a hydrothermal vent ecosystem to an abyssal plain:1) Biodiversity2) Biomass3) pH4) Oxygen availability5) H2SO46) Hydrostatic pressure7) Temperature8) Primary Productivity1) Increases2) Decreases3) Increases4) Increases5) Decreases6) Does not change7) Decreases8) DecreasesAs wave energy increases, what DOES NOT increase.Diversity of speciesMatch the plate movement with common effects on Earth's surface: 1) Plates spread apart2) One plate sinks under the other3) Plates slide alongside each other1) Mid-ocean ridges2) Volcanic Island Arc3) Transform faultsMatch the parameter (e.g., water retention, surface temperature, etc.) with how it changes with increasing sediment grain size in an intertidal community:1) Water retention2) Sediment surface temperature3) Risk of desiccation4) Biodiversity5) Intertidal Range 1) Decrease2) Increase3) Increase4) Decrease5) Does not change1) Decrease2) Increase3) Increase4) Decrease5) Does not changeWhat is FALSE about sharks?As most marine fishes, they lose water passively through their gillsunderwater vehicle (ROV) from approximately 900m deep. Which of the following properties would you expect the water sample to have?Low oxygen, low chlorophyll-a, low pH (acidic)Which of the following is NOT a hypothesized reason that sexually mature marine iteroparous fishes skip a spawning season?Cannot find a suitable mateWhat requirements must be met in order for natural selection to occur? Think of traits.beneficial and heritableWhat is happening on a molecular level that prevents the water strider from sinking?There is not enough weight to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface of the water due to the cohesion. This is because water is polar.What correctly describes marine mammals in terms of "source of heat" and "variance in internal temperature"?What correctly describes marine mammals in terms of "source of heat" and "variance in internal temperature"? Homeotherms and EndothermsWhat will result from an increase in the global temperature?The thermohaline circulation will weaken and will transport less heat from the equator to polar waters affecting Western Europe climateWhen/where would you be more likely to measure the lowest pH in surface waters?upwellingWhat is the difference between a Poikilotherm and a Homeotherm?A poikilotherm is an animal whose internal temperature varies considerably. It is the opposite of a homeotherm, an animal which maintains thermal homeostasis.What is FALSE about corals?Upwellings usually decreases water temperature and pH, while concentrations of inorganic nutrients and dissolved carbon increase, creating an environment that favors reef building corals.True or false: Upwellings usually decreases water temperature and pH, while concentrations of inorganic nutrients and dissolved carbon increase, creating an environment that favors reef building corals.trueIn the Southern Hemisphere, where does wind move from north to south and where does wind move from south to northNorth to south: east South to North: westWhat would downwelled water dodeeper thermoclineSurface freshening in the arctic______ affects the supply of nutrients from deep water, ____ primary production leading to ____ plankton in the euphoric zonenegatively, decreasing, smallerWhat is true about sea ice formationsea ice formation is initiated by cold wind driven upwelling which brings cold water to the surface which then freezes expelling salty brine which then sinks to the seafloorbenthic-pelagic couplingAbundant phytoplankton during spring overwhelms grazers and a large amount die and sink to the floor feeding benthic communitiesWhich is not a characterization of deep sea thermal vent seepsthey are not stable and they do not face the same temperature and food limitations as abyssal plain communitiespH and C02 relationshipIf pH is low, C02 is high.