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6 FHS APHuG Rubenstein Chap 6: Religion TOPIC REVIEW

Terms in this set (21)

Three major Universalizing Relgions
Christianity, Islam and Buddhism
Christianity
A monotheistic, universalizing religion

Largest religion:
About 30% of population

Predominant religion of North America, South America, Europe and Australia

Hearth: Jerusalem, in first century

Originator: Jesus

3. Holy Book: Bible, which is the Old Testament plus New Testament. The Old Testament is the Jewish Torah.
Roman Catholicism
Branch of Christianity

Largest branch within Christianity.
About 1/2 of Christians are Catholic

Popular in Latin America, southern Europe and areas of Africa that used to be French, Spanish or Portuguese colonies.

Hearth: Rome

1. Seven sacraments
2. Church is infallible
3. Pope has universal authority, is God's voice.
Protestantism
Branch of Christianity

Second largest branch within Christianity
About 1/4 of Christians

Popular in Northern Europe and North America

Hearth: Wittenburg, Germany in 1517

Beliefs differ from Catholics: More importance on individual, less on church and priests.

1. Individuals have primary responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct communication with God.
2. Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments performed by the Church.
Seven Sacraments of Catholicism and Orthodoxy
1. Baptism
2. Eucharist (partaking the bread and wine that are body and blood of Christ),
3. Penance
4. Confirmation
5. Matrimony
6. Holy Orders
7. Anointing the Sick
Orthodoxy
Branch of Christianity

Third largest branch within Christianity
About 1/10 of Christians

Mostly in Eastern Europe, Russia and Middle East

Hearth: Constantinople, in 5th century

Accept 7 sacraments. Reject all Catholic additions since 8th century.
Islam
A monotheistic religion

Second largest religion:
About 1/4 of population

Predominates in Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia

Hearth: Mecca, in 7th century

Originator: Muhammed

Islam means "submission to the will of Allah."

1. Based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed
2. Belief in one god (Allah)
3. Stresses Paradise and Hell
4. Holy book: Quran, which was dictated to Mohammed by the Angel Gabrielle
Sunni
A branch of Islam

Largest branch of Islam: 83%

Members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad.
Shiite
A branch of Islam

Second largest branch: 16%

Predominates in Iran. More than half of population in Iraq, Azerbaijan, Oman and Bahrain

Members regard Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs.
Buddhism
A nontheistic, universalizing religion

About 7% of world population
Third largest universalizing religion

Clustered in East Asia and Southeast Asia

Hearth: Present day Napal

A religion in which Buddha's teachings that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation).
Daoism
Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns.
Shintoism
An ancient, indigenous religion native to Japan, characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma.
Hindu Triumverate
The three main gods of Hinduism: Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu.
Samsara
In Hinduism, the term given to the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.
Sikhism
A monotheistic religion founded in northern India by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Hinduism
A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. It spread along the trade routes to Southeast Asia.
Judaism
A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
Mormonism
A term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is practiced around the world, but is concentrated in Utah. Founded by Joseph Smith.
Five Pillars of Faith
Belief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca
Four Noble Truths
The central teachings of Buddhism; to live is to suffer; suffering is caused by desire; the cessation of suffering can be achieved; the solution is the Noble Eightfold Path.
Confucianism
A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.
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