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HUM2210H - Exam 4

Terms in this set (223)

Roman Utilitarianism

ethical choice: greatest good to the greatest amount of people

Focus on Roman Utilitarianism

everything is about function first, beauty is second

Roman History: 700 BCE

Rome starts as monarchy

As time passes, Rome develops into

republic, led by senate

elected senators (from people of priorities)

People of priorities

based on population (League of Corinth)

Senate led by __ consuls

elected by senators

Rome expanded, which led to

more provinces, roads, etc.

Punic Wars, Rome vs. Carthege (North Africa)

1) Rome down to Carth
2) Carth strikes back w/ Carth General Hannibal + gets to Italy
3) Rome beats Hann + get Carth -> buns city + salt Earth

Rome takes out Etruscans, Macedonians, and Hellenistic kingdoms, except Egypt

Julius Caesar: Early Life and Career

served in the Roman Army, earned the Civic Crown, The First Triumvirate Alliance, Death of Crassus, Caesar's Rule

Consulship for year __

Pompey secretly offered the command of troops in _____

Caesar ignores orders of Senate, then

confronts Pompey

War w/ Roman Republic

Pompey flees to Spain, Caesar follows him to Greece, defeats him in Battle of Pharsalus, Pompey in Egypt, runs into Ptolemy XIII, cuts Pompey's head off, drama started because Caesar wanted to kill Pompey

Cleopatra introduced

Civil War in Egypt

Cleopatra arranges...

meeting with Caesar (seduces him) - create plan - Caesar makes Cleopatra...(?)

Consulship and Military Campaigns

Gallic War, Conquest of Gaul, Civil War against Pompey, Conflict with Ptolemy XIII

Ptolemy creates main plot to kill Caesar - leads to

Battle of the Nile

Battle of the Nile

Ptolemy held hostage, troops surrounding

Arisone flees with ganymede, which leads to

Ganymede in charge - cuts off place - poisons water - sets Ptolemy free + Arisone combines forces; Caesar wins Battle of the Nile

Ptolemy's death

drowns in the Nile

Caesar's blood son

adopts his nephew Octavian, true heir; later returns to Rome

Festival of Lupercana derivation

Valentine's Day

Festival of Lupercana

crowd cheered when he refused crown

Brutus & Cassius

conspirators to kill Caesar, apart of Ptolemy's original army

Brutus & Cassius stabbed Caesar __ times

Ptolemy death date

March 15, 44 BCE

worked out compromise for conspirators -> Octavian comes in -> second triumvirate with Mark Antony - military expansion cost defeat Brutus Casseus

Mark Antony marries

Octavian's sister Octavia

Mark Antony wasn't in love with Octavia, but was to

Mark Antony divorces Octavian's sister, Octavian finds out

Octavian vs. Antony + Cleopatra = 31 BCE

Antony brings forces to Greece with Cleopatra

Gulf of Ambracia (Naval Battle)

Cleopatra pulls out of battle ->

Octavia chases them to Egypt (invades)

Mark Antony's told Cleopatra is dead, therefore

Cleopatra is actually alive - mourns him, Antony dies

Cleopatra on suicide watch by

Cleopatra captures...

children, beheads Antony's son

Cleopatra killed herself with

Caesarion sent to hide and

Octavian finds him and kills

Battle of Actium

Octavia created position in Senate above consuls

power of emperor, changes name to Augustus

good ruler, morality - Glory of Rome

large, wedge-shaped blocks

Keystone (is a voussoir)

keeping everything in place

Keystones are found...

in the center of the arch; taller than surrounding stones

extended round arc, half cylinder at the top of arch

Groin/Cross Vault

two barrel vaults connected creating 'intersection'

Dome covers the arch as a

Arches and vaults are known to previous cultures, such as the

Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Greeks

Romans learned principles from

Etruscans and made stronger developments to the arches

The Colosseum (other name)

The Flavian Amphitheater

The Colosseum built by

Vespasian (Roman Emperor)

Colosseum building time

Titus finished construction (who is he)

oldest son of Vespasian

Domitian added finishing decorations (who is he)

youngest son of Vespasian

Origination of Name

state named Colossus, represented past ruler Nero

The Colosseum shape

giant oval shape, standing at 615 feet long, 510 feet wide, and 159 feet high

Colosseum games

served as performances

Colosseum games arranged by

The Colosseum opening performance took place in

80 CE, lasting 100 days

The Colosseum opening performance activities

2000 gladiators that would fight, and 9000 animals killed

Mock Naval Battles started with

Mock Naval Battle Title

Naumachia Domitiani (Naval Battle of Domitian)

Mock Naval Battles had combatants...

fighting to death

Naumachia Domitiani

flooded with water and had special flat-bottomed ships

kept water moving to various locations (ex. mock naval)

top level left side - location (anchors of wood beams)

marble-like stone (outside face of Colosseum)

squared columns with Corinthian capitals

Top Level with pilasters and Corinthian capital shows

Roman Dominance, visually "building off Greek buildings"

The Pantheon created during/by

113-125 CE by Hadrian (Roman emperor)

The Pantheon dedicated to

The Pantheon dedicated to "all the gods", where it featured

sculptures of all Roman gods around the interior

front face of building

square around top; recessed panels that lighten the weight of the roof

Oculus (aka eye)

top of dome, allowing light to come in; acts like a spotlight while natural light shines through the day

Alternating Squares

unity pattern below coffers

Roman Baths consist of three main parts

caldarium, tepidarium, frigidarium

hot water, most important because it absorbs sunlight and reflects on water; furnaces nearby

lukewarm water (moderate temperature), oiling and massaging the body; rich villa owners, central hall

cold water, cool off from previous baths

Baths of Caracalla

built during Severan Dynasty (193-235 CE)

Baths of Caracalla capacity

1600 (yet daily numbers were between 6000-8000 people)

Baths of Caracalla busy time

14:00-15:00 (2-3pm), visited after lunch

Baths of Caracalla baths were not just baths... p.s. it was ____

Baths of Caracalla included

two exercise rooms (aka gymnasia), barbershop, hair salon, painting gallery

Baths examples of other additions

libraries, restaurants, auditoriums; all in all, leisure area

Sculpture 2 main types

Aristocratic, Ruler

wealthy; portraits -> may = busts (heads or heads/shoulders)

Aristocratic show many

virtues of Romans (family [ancestors], women, styles of time

Aristocractic included real people with

archaic smiles (real details, etc)

Aristocractic Theme

Roman Neoplatonism

Roman Neoplatonism

real people can reach ideal world - Roman Citizenship (couldn't 'become' citizen)

Rulers were found on

deserving image, undeserving image

Deserving Image

good ruler shown very strong + in control; archaic smile, subtle details of divine

Ruler Sculpture example

Augustus at Prima Porta (dolphin fin)

Undeserving Image

bad rulers, overexaggerated images (divine elements); propaganda

blending of cultures (religion, etc)

2 types of worship

public festival, etc; mystery cults (more myths - different regions)

As Christianity emerges...

issues of syncretism (also with Judaism)

Philosophies were similar to

Philosophy later on...

Roman Neoplationism by Plotinus - 200's CE

opened citizenship for taxation purposes

Later Roman Empire time period (included decline of Rome)

Decline of Romans (200's CE)

similarities between Rome & US

Decline was ______________

Rise of Christians

Christianity + Paganism

Rome can't withstand

Barbarian invasions

Medieval Period (Middle Ages)

Early Medieval has 2 subphases

Early Christian and Rise of Kings

Rome Withstanding Phases

Early Medieval, Romanesque

Early Christian time period

Early Christian only culture

Christianity in monasters

Early Christian rest =

dangerous, quickly; degenerates into chaos, illiteracy, etc

Rise of Kings time period

Rise of Kings (other name)

Rise of "Villages"

Rise of "Villages"

small organization of people/area, due to feudalism, social structure based on land ownership, agriculture, taxation

some advancements, but not lasting

Romanesque time period

transitional phase with elements of both Early Medieval to Gothic

more than village, not quite a city

Romanesque Architecture time period

800 CE to 1100 CE

Romanesque Architecture began in the...

10th century in parts of France, north of Italy and the Iberian peninsula; later in many parts of Europe

Romanesque means

Descendants of Roman

Building materials used in Romanesque architecture varies across Europe, pending on

local stone and traditions

In Italy, Poland, much of Germany, and parts of the Netherlands, brick was

In other parts of Europe they used

limestone, granite, and flint

The walls were _____ and didn't have many _______

Characteristic feature of Romanesque Architecture

Pairing of two arched windows or arcade openings separated by a pillar, or within a larger arch

Ocular windows are common in

Later churches had

wheel or rose windows

Pointed arches used in

many structures

Successions of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by

Arcade design to provide a sheltered walkway for

superimposes arcading against a solid wall

highly complex with half-segments of large hollow-core columns on the inner surface supporting the arch and a clustered group of smaller shaft leading into moldings of the arch

Piers commonly _________ shape

Each had its own supporting pier...

perpendicular to the other

Columns were often used in

Romanesque Architecture

Columns varied in buildings material and

decorative style

In Italy, antique Roman columns were restored and used in the

In most parts of Europe, columns were _______, supporting thick upper walls with small windows

Columns constructed of _____________ with a hollow core filled with rubble

Columns were sometimes ornamented with

incised decorations

__________ style inspiration for many Romanesque capitals

Capitals were round at the

Square at the top, where it supports the

Some capitals illustrate

manuscripts of Biblical scenes

Majority of buildings have wooden roofs in a

simple truss, tie beam, or king post form

In Italy, _______________ were common

open wooden roofs

Vaults of stone or brick took on several different forms and showed marked development, evolving into the _________________ characteristic of Gothic architecture

pointed ribbed arch

Church of St. Mary at Mount Naranco completed in

842 CE and consecrated in 848

Church of St. Mary at Mount Naranco included a ______ vault

First was built as a

Converted into church in

Church of St. Mary at Mount Naranco measurements

Length: 66ft; Width: 33ft

The altar was placed originally in one of the ________ and the worship was consequently external

Pilasters between the round-arched windows in the __________ help support the ceiling

Gothic Time Period

Gothic period about

contrast (Gothic Dualism)

There were ________ ideas existing at same time

In Architecture

open up for more stained glass windows before piers

To get support...

buttresses (solid external support)

Flying Buttress

half arched support connected to pier and a buttress

rise of cities -> Cathedrals, government, etc + city life

a campaign concerning an issue with a motivation for change

Issue type examples

political, social, religious

Reasons for Crusades

Holy Land Control, revenge

strengthen papacy, trade

Great Crusades time period

Who planned 1st crusade

1st wave didn't make it past

Hungary (Battle of Civetot - 1096)

Sieges of Antioch time period

Sieges of Antioch

crusades sieged city, took a lot of time/manpower/resources; immediately reattacked by Muslim Armies

Storming of Jerusalem time period

Storming of Jerusalem

shows the horrors of the crusades; 1000s of people were massacred as the city was sacked

Siege of Tripoli time period

Siege of Tripoli

Young Nobles seeking land sieged Tripoli, Tripoli becomes a Crusade state

Battle of the Field of Blood time period

Battle of the Field of Blood

General Ilglazi defeated Rogue of Antioch

Capture of Edessa time period

Capture of Edessa

Imad ed -Dia Zengi took Edessa; ideas of glory snuffed out after the failed siege of Damascus (1148)

armies under King Louis VII of France sealed Glory

Rise of "Urban centers"

catered to commerce in city planning - arts developing well (lots of money), overall good advancements

The Great Plague time period

The Late Gothic Period was on the brink of

recovery for civilization

a disease spread by bacteria

Yersinia Pestis (rats, fleas)

Bacteria transferred to humans by _________, which was infected by Orential flea

3 Types of Plague

Bubonic, Septicemic, Pneumonic

Bubonic was most common form

deaths: 3-4 days

Septicemic Plague

bacteria enters blood, black gangrenous skin, death within a week

Pneumonic Plague

pneumonia, 100% mortality rate, highly contagious, lungs

The Great Plague Origins

East Asia, lots of trade of commerce, leading to ships carrying rats into European sea/trade ports

The Great Plague Negatives

high mortality rates; 30-50%, 25-30 million people in 3 years

The Great Plague Positives

absent labor force

Absent Labor Force developed for

push in technological advancements to substitute later force, more free land, medical advancements in preventative medication

Late Gothic Art: 2 Techniques

Tempera, Buon Fresco

grind down pigments to a paste mixing with water and egg yolk; dries very fast (dry wall), resistant to humidity and temperature

pigments applied to wet plastered wall, more durable

Buon Fresco 3 parts

cartoon, sinopia, giornata

Italian painter

Cimabue: Tempera

Madonna Entroned with Angels and Prophets, 1285

Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, 1285

spatial volume, naturalistic expressions, 12ft high

Giotto di Bondone

student of Cimaboe, surpassed him, drawing the same tempera but more detail (naturalism)

The Lamentation

express human emotion; show suffering through naturalism

3 part epic through afterlife

Inferno, Paragatario, Paraliso

Inferno: 9 sub-sections

Limbo, The Carnal, The Gluttoneus, Hourders and Wasters, Styx-wrathful, The Heretics, Violent and Bessial, Male bolge, Cocyrus

9 concentric circles, each circle represents a sin committed; punishment is based on the sin

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