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Dendrology Final Exam (Lecture)

Terms in this set (95)

Specifically indicate what botanically distinguishes all members of the gymnosperms from all other plants, as regards to their reproductive morphology at the time of pollination.
Naked seed in cone, not fruit
Indicate the three taxonomic orders of gymnosperms that were presented in class this semester.
Ginkgoales, Pinales, Cupressales
A cone bearing tree
Conifer
The central line of an organ, cone, or other plant part
Axis
Covered with a whitish to bluish waxy substance, or also known as "bloom."
glaucous
Needle-like.
acicular
Said of leaves or cone scales which alternate in pairs at right angles.
decussate
Said of needle-like leaves borne in clusters or bunches.
fascicled
Said of a leaf or part of a leaf which extends down the twig further below its point of insertion or attachment to the twig.
decurrent
The part of a cone scale which is exposed when the cone is closed.
apophysis
Extending beyond.
exserted
Said of leaves that are awl-shaped, tapering to a slender and stiff point.
subulate
Said of a plant part without a stalk, petiole, petioule, or pedicel.
sessile
Said of a cone scale that is shield-shaped and attached by its lower surface to a central stalk or axis.
peltate
Oldest tree on earth in terms of annual ring count.
Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Tallest tree on earth.
redwood
Largest tree on earth in terms of total biomass in a single stem.
giant sequoia
The most widely distributed conifer in the world.
common juniper
The most widely distributed pine species in the world.
Scotch pine
The most widely planted commercial pine in the world.
radiata pine
Most widely distributed pine in the USA.
ponderosa pine
The tallest and overall largest pine in the USA.
sugar pine
Only species we covered this semester that belongs to a monotypic order, family, and genus.
Ginkgo
(What family?) Produces seeds on scales of seed cones, with the scales spirally-arranged around a central axis.
Pinaceae
(What family?) A member of a monotypic order whose seed is partially surrounded by a fleshy aril.
Taxaceae
(What family?) A member of a monotypic order whose ovules are borne in pairs on stalks, from spur shoots.
Ginkgoaceae
(What family?) Members of this family mostly have leaves that are either scale-like, subulate, or linear.
Cupressaceae
(What Pinaceae genus?) Persistent, linear foliage borne on new growth and in clusters on spur shoots on older growth; cones borne upright and laterally on branches, maturing in two seasons; cone scales are deciduous from the axis at maturity.
Cedrus
(What Pinaceae genus?) Persistent, acicular foliage arranged in fascicles (though solitary in a few species); cones borne pendent and laterally on branches, maturing in two seasons.
Pinus
(What Pinaceae genus?) Persistent, linear foliage borne solitary on short peg-like projections, and having short, woody petioles which remain attached to the leaf when pulled off or when old leaves ultimately are shed; cones borne pendent and terminally on branches, maturing in one season.
Tsuga
(What Pinaceae genus?) Deciduous, linear foliage borne solitary on new growth and in clusters on spur shoots on older growth; cones borne upright and laterally on branches, maturing in one season.
Larix
(What Pinaceae genus?) Persistent, linear foliage borne solitary, with flared leaf base attached sessile in circular depressions on the branch; cones borne upright and laterally on branches, maturing in one season; cone scales are deciduous from the axis at maturity.
Abies
(What Pinaceae genus?) Persistent, linear foliage arranged solitary on short woody pegs which remain attached to the twig when old leaves are ultimately shed; cones borne pendent and laterally on branches, maturing in one season.
Picea
(What Pinaceae genus?) Persistent linear foliage borne solitary on moderately-raised leaf cushions, and having short, leafy petioles which remain attached to the leaf when pulled off or when old leaves ultimately are shed; cones borne pendent and laterally on branches, maturing in one season.
Pseudotsuga
(Soft/hard pine?) Leaves borne mostly in fascicles of five, with a deciduous fascicle sheath.
soft pine
(Soft/hard pine?) Leaves borne mostly in fascicles of two or three, with a persistent fascicle sheath.
hard pine
(Soft/hard pine?) Two vascular bundles present in cross-sectional view of needle.
hard pine
(Soft/hard pine?) One vascular bundle bundle present in cross-sectional view of needle.
soft pine
(Soft/hard pine?) Southern yellow pines and western yellow pines.
hard pine
(Soft/hard pine?) Foxtail pines and piñon pines.
soft pine
(Soft/hard pine?) Wood in cross-section exhibits and an abrupt transition from springwood to summerwood.
hard pine
(Which Cupressaceae genus?) Persistent, scale-like foliage, arranged decussate.
Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, Thuja
(Which Cupressaceae genus?) Persistent, scale-like foliage, arranged in whorls or ranks of four leaves.
Calocedrus
(Which Cupressaceae genus?) Persistent, subulate foliage, spirally arranged.
Sequoiadendron
(Which Cupressaceae genus?) Persistent, subulate and scale-like foliage on the same tree, arranged decussate.
Juniperus
(Which Cupressaceae genus?) Persistent, linear foliage on lateral branches and scale-like on fertile cone-bearing branches, all spirally arranged.
Sequoia
(Which Cupressaceae genus?) Deciduous, linear foliage on lateral branches and scale-like on cone-bearing branches, all spirally arranged.
Taxodium
Which of the following is the least likely "associate" in nature?

redwood
Douglas-fir
Sitka spruce
red alder
western larch
Pacific madrone
western larch
Which of the following is the least likely "associate" in nature?

jack pine
northern white-cedar
balsam fir
white spruce
tamarack
black spruce
jack pine
Which of the following is the least likely "associate" in nature?

Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine
limber pine
Engelmann spruce
alpine fir
blue spruce
red pine
red pine
Which of the following is the least likely "associate" in nature?

incense-cedar
sugar pine
digger pine
giant sequoia
white fir
Jeffrey pine
digger pine
Which of the following is the least likely "associate" in nature?

western white pine
western larch
Port-Orford-cedar
ponderosa pine
lodgepole pine
Engelmann spruce
Port-Orford-cedar
Which of the following is the least likely "associate" in nature?

eastern hemlock
northern white-cedar
Virginia pine
eastern white pine
red pine
balsam fir
Virginia pine
Five-needle pine of NE USA and SE Canada, exhibiting intermediate shade tolerance and often growing in pure stands on moist, fertile soils. Tallest NE conifer. Highly valued for its creamy-colored, soft, easily-worked wood.
Pinus strobus
Largest of the North American spruces, with flattened rather than angular foliage (in cross-section). Rarely found more than 30 miles inland from Pacific coastal tidewater, ranging from AK to northern CA. Wood highly valued for timber products, including lumber and experimental use to build aircraft during WWII.
Picea sitchensis
Subject of much taxonomic controversy, having been referred to as a pine, hemlock, spruce, or fir at one time or another. Has a robust-growing Pacific coastal variety that rivals redwood in overall height growth, and a drought-tolerant, cold-hardy, Rocky Mountain variety. The cones of both varieties have exserted bracts. Leaves borne solitary on raised leaf cushions.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Widespread at northerly latitudes around the globe, and at higher elevations further south. Typically fruticose and prostrate in growth form, though attains small arborescent form in NE USA. Its subulate are arranged ternate. Cones provide mast for songbirds and small mammals, and are used to flavor gin.
Juniperus communis
The "arborvitae" or "tree-of-life" of the Great Lakes region, SE Canada, and NE USA. Common on cool, boggy sites. Shade tolerant species that prefers clay soils of limestone origin where it often forms pure stands. Wood is virtually rot-resistant. Yellow-green, decussate foliage is arranged in flattened fronds. Has high value for wildlife for vitamin-rich browse and as thermal cover for deer-yarding in winter.
Thuja occidentalis
SW and arid-land species found in AZ, NM, TX, and Mexico, having four-angled branchlets of decussate-arranged, silvery-green, scale-like foliage and subglobose cones with peltate scales, each having a large, central "boss."
Cupressus arizonica
Common associate with various members of Juniperus on dry plateaus and foothills above the high deserts and grasslands of arid SW USA. Typically a small tree (10-40 ft) with acicular foliage and having edible and highly nutritive seeds that are favored by wildlife and humans alike.
Pinus edulis
Canada's most important commercial conifer for pulp production for paper-making. A shade tolerant species with stiff, pointed, glaucous foliage borne on woody pegs. Common on moist sites and bogs in Canada and NE USA. A popular Christmas tree species.
Calocedrus decurrens
Species restricted to the Pacific fog-belt of coastal SW OR and NW CA to the San Francisco Bay area. Has dimorphic foliage and ellipsoidal cones with wedge-shaped scales. Exhibits the ability to stump-sprout when damaged or cut. Has very rot-resistant wood that historically has been utilized for house siding, decking, and wine casks.
Sequoia sempervirens
Most abundant and #1 commercial timber producer of the four southern pine, with needles in 3s, and a shallow root system with no deep tarot. It is the most commonly grown pine in commercial timber plantations in the southern USA.
Pinus taeda
Very shade-tolerant species of the Pacific region of western USA and Canada. Typically a shrubby, understory species or a small tree. Its seed is borne in a fleshy aril. Though of little commercial value for its wood, this species has gained recent importance for an extract from its bark that has been successful in treating some forms of cancer.
Taxus brevifolia
Two needles, western pine species having four recognized varieties, the two most common ranging throughout the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada's, with its two "shore pine" varieties scattered along the Pacific coast. An early successional species that regenerates promptly after wildfires. Its wood is utilized for general construction lumber, fence posts, corral poles, log cabin logs, and historically used by native peoples for teepee poles.
Pinus contorta
Pine species native only to the central coastal region of CA where it typically exhibits a contorted and picturesque form, with asymmetric, serotinous cones. Uniquely enough, it is the most commercially important pine introduced and managed in plantations in the Southern Hemisphere, where it attains excellent form and great size for timber production.
Pinus radiata
Deciduous conifer species ranging from NE USA throughout the Great Lakes region, westward across Canada into the interior of AK, and northward to the limit of tree growth near the Arctic Circle. A shade tolerant, bog species, bearing its linear foliage solitary on new growth, and in clusters on spur shoots on older growth. Its cones are borne laterally and upright on its branches.
Larix larcina
Ranges in a very small, restricted range in the fog belt of coastal OR and northern CA, requiring abundant precipitation. Has small, subglobose seed cones, and very distinctive red and black pollen cones. Its aromatic decay resistant wood is used for house siding and decking, and for making straight and true shafts for arrows.
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
Western pine species often forming pure, park-like stands on the dry, east slope of the Sierra Nevada Moountains, but attaining best growth at mid-elevation along the moist slopes of the western Sierra where it associates with several conifer species. Its pitch or resin contains "normal heptane" which is utilized as the standard for the octane-rating system for automobile fuels. Its bark emits a fragrant odor likened to vanilla, pineapple, or butterscotch, depending upon the olfactory perception of the individual "sniffer."
Pinus jeffreyi
Very shade tolerant species ranging from eastern Canada and the New England states of the USA, spanning across the Great Lakes region and central Canada to the Canadian Rockies. Prefers cool, moist sites, and is often found in bogs. Has solitary, linear leaves with flared or suction-cup-like leaf bases. Principally used as pulpwood species, though it is a popular Christmas tree and its foliage is used for making Christmas wreaths. Its resin from blisters on its stems is used for mounting microscope slides and optical lenses.
Abies balsamea
Eastern hard pine ranging from the Atlantic coast and Piedmont to the Appalachian and Allegheny highlands. Tolerant of both infertile, dry, acidic soils, and also acidic bogs, and forming the main component of the pine barrens in New Jersey. Has needles in 3's and cones that are serotinous in certain ecotypes. One of the first trees used by European settlers in the USA for naval stores.
Pinus rigida
One of the most shade tolerant trees in North America, ranging from SE Canada to NE USA, the Great Lakes region, and the Appalachian highlands to Alabama. Considered a climax successional species, it prefers moist, riparian sites with deep, fertile soils. Its cones are borne pendent and terminally, at ends of branches. Historically utilized for the high tannin content of its bark, though its wood is only of minor importance in the timber marketplace.
Tsuga canadensis
Ranges across Northern Europe to the extent of tree growth near the Arctic Circle, and also at high elevations in the mountains of Central Europe. An exotic in North America and widely planted in SE Canada and NE USA, where it had occasionally naturalized. It has very hard and durable wood, and is used commercially for pulpwood. It is a very popular ornamental due to its layered branching and drooping foliage. Its cones are the largest for its genus, with thin, but stiff, unarmed, wedge-shaped scales.
Pinus coulteri
Hardy species of the mid-Atlantic region, ranging across the Allegheny Plateau and the Appalachian highlands and piedmont. Has needles in fascicles of two. Tends to retain a lot of cones having armed, dorsal jumbos. Typically has knotty wood due to the tendency of being a poor self-pruner and having poor overall form, both limiting its preference as a lumber species in the region. A shade intolerant, aggressive pioneer of abandoned fields and areas burned by wildfire. Does well on poor, dry, rocky sites. A popular Christmas tree species.
Pinus virginiana
Often found at and just below the timberline throughout the Rockies, typically associating with Engelmann spruce, limber pine, bristlecone pine, and white bark pine. Has a narrow, spire-like crown with persistent branches all the way to the ground, and routinely reproduces by layering, often forming dense "Krummholz" islands. Its cones are borne erect, and cone scales are deciduous from the cone axis at maturity. Not utilized commercially for timber products due to its short stature, high taper, limberness, and relative inaccessibility. Provides important habitat and mast for alpine birds and small mammals.
Abies lasiocarpa
Shade tolerant species, typically found on moist sited and lowland bogs near the Pacific coast and on flats and moist slopes in mountain valleys in the Cascade Mountains and the Inland Empire where it can attain grand proportions. Its scale-like leaves are decussate-arranged, and have no glandular dots. Its highly-valued, aromatic, decay resistant wood is utilized principally for shingles and siding for homes, and also for decking, boat-building, and saunas. Indigenous peoples of the NW coast traditionally have used its wood for carving totem poles.
Thuja plicata
Vigorous, fire-adapted, pioneer species of areas burned by wildfire in the Great Lakes region of the USA and Canada, having serotinous cones. Tolerates sandy, infertile soils and is an aggressive colonizer of post-glacial outwash plains. Often forms pure, extensive stands and associates with paper birch, gray birch, and quaking aspen on disturbed and abandoned sites of low fertility.
Pinus banksiana
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Cedrus spp.
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Pinus echinata
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Sequoiadendron giganteum
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Pinus albicaulis
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Taxodium distichum
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Calocedrus decurrens
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Ginkgo biloba
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Juniperus virginiana
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Pinus palustris
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Pinus lambertiana
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Pinus longaeva
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Pinus flexilis
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Pinus elliottii
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Pinus ponderosa
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Abies procera
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Pinus coulteri
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Pinus sylvestris
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Pinus resinosa
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