Sports Psychology Final Exam

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An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of:

a. coordination
b. controllability
c. vividness
d. experimental control
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Terms in this set (70)
An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of:

a. coordination
b. controllability
c. vividness
d. experimental control
b. controllability
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of PETTLEP imagery?

a. emotions
b. timing
c. environment
d. planning
d. planning
Which of the following is NOT a way in which imagery should be used?

a. controlling emotional responses
b. building confidence
c. reducing the amount of physical practice time
d. improving concentration
c. reducing the amount of physical practice time
Which of the following options best describes the two key factors that help to ensure effective imagery training?

a. vividness and relaxation
b. controllability and awareness
c. controllability and vividness
d. relaxation and awareness
c. controllability and vividness
In terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to imagine the scene in which of the following?

a. slow motion
b. a combination of slow motion and fast motion
c. fast motion
d. real time
d. real time
Which of the theories listed below assumes the following;

Imagery helps us understand movement patterns
Imagery function as a coding system (mental blueprint for the nervous system) to help people better understand and acquire movement patterns.

a. bio-informational theory
b. symbolic learning theory
c. psychoneuromuscular theory
d. triple code model
b. symbolic learning theory
Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might result in negative consequences or outcomes?

a. imagery creating too much anxiety
b. imagery that makes a performers overconfident
c. imagery directing attention to irrelevant cues
d. all of these
d. all of these
Which of the theories listed below assumes the following;

Vividly imagined events produce an innervation in muscles that is similar to the innervation produced by physically practicing the movement.

a. symbolic learning theory
b. innervation theory
c. psychoneuromuscular theory
d. muscular contraction theory
c. psychoneuromuscular theory
Imagery involves which of the following senses?

a. kinesthetic
b. auditory
c. all of these
d. visual
c. all of these
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the effectiveness of imagery?

a. skill level of the performer
b. sport the performer plays
c. imaging ability
d. nature of the task
b. sport the performer plays
Confidence is usually defined by sport psychologists as which of the following? a. equivalent of self-esteem b. inner self c. belief that you can do anything you desire if you set your mind to it d. a belief that you can successfully perform desired behaviord. a belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviorAll of the following are benefits of self-confidence except for which of the answers below? a. self-confidence decreases effort b. self-confidence arouses positive emotions c. self-confidence facilitates concentration d. self-confidence affects game strategiesa. self-confidence decreases effortWhich of the following is an examples of how coaches' expectations influence their behaviors? a. coach expectations influence the frequency and quality of coach-athlete interaction b. coach expectations influence the type and frequency of feedback c. all of these are ways that coach expectations influence their behaviors d. coach expectations influence the quantity and quality of coach instructionc. all of these are ways that coach expectations influence their behaviorsCoaches often form expectations of athletes based on which of the following items? a. person cues and media reports b. scouting and media reports c. performance information and media reports d. performance information and person cuesd. performance information and person cuesAll of the following are ways to build self-confidence except for which of the answers below? a. focusing on performance accomplishments b. thinking and acting confidently c. putting physical conditioning and training on the back-burner to train the mental d. using imageryc. putting physical conditioning and training on the back-burner to train the mentalSport self-confidence is currently viewed as which of the following? a. an affective variable b. a trait variable c. a state variable d. state-like or trait-like depending on the situationd. state-like or trait-like depending on the situationSelf-efficacy has been used interchangeably with which of the following? a. self-concept b. self-confidence c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. self-esteemb. self-confidenceAccording to Self-Efficacy Theory, which of the following is NOT a source of efficacy information which impacts efficacy expectations and in turn athletic performance? a. organizational culture b. verbal persuasion c. performance accomplishments d. vicarious experience (modeling)a. organizational cultureOne's confidence can change as the situation changes. This is known as which of the following? a. trait self-confidence b. state self-confidence c. situational self-confidence d. naturally occurring self-confidenceb. state self-confidenceConfidence is seen as multidimensional, consisting of confidence in which of the following areas? a. one's psychological skills b. all of these c. one's level of fitness d. one's ability to execute physical skillsb. all of theseThe statement that. "attention is limited in the amount of information that can be processed at one time, but with more proficiency at a task an individual can switch from controlled to automatic processing," most aligns with which of the following concepts? a. attentional alertness b. attentional shifting c. attentional capacity d. attentional selectivityc. attentional capacity"Ironic processes in sport" refers to which of the following? a. the idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its occurrence accidentally b. ironically performing movement c. performing well even the little experience d. doing something an athlete is not trained to doa. the idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its occurrence accidentallyWhich type of self-talk best describes the following statement? a. instructional b. motivational c. negative d. positivea. instuctionalIf just before a tee shot, a golfer shifts her attention from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, her attention has shifted from _____ to _____. a. broad-internal; narrow-internal b. broad-external; narrow-internal c. broad-internal; narrow-external d. broad-external; narrow-externald. broad-external; narrow-externalWhich of the theories listed below assumes the following? Attention is distributed throughout the nervous system (like microprocessors) and each microprocessor has its own unique capabilities and relationship with the performer. a. multiple-resource pool theory b. single-channel theory c. selective attention theory d. variable-allocation theorya. multiple-resource pool theoryWhich of the following would NOT be an example of an internal distractor? a. crowd noise b. attending to past or future events c. over-analyzing body mechanics d. inadequate motivationa. crowd noiseUsing a trigger word to stop negative self-statements can be best described by which of the following options? a. external attentional focus b. thought stopping c. attentional narrowing d. peripheral narrowingb. thought stoppingWhich of the following answers illustrates a known difference between the processing abilities of expert athletes compared to novice athletes? a. the ability to attend to movement patterns b. all of these illustrate differences between expert and novice athletes c. the ability to search more systematically for cues d. the ability to make faster decisions and have a higher ability to anticipate future eventsb. all of these illustrate differences between expert and novice athletesThe statement that, "increases in emotional arousal narrow the attentional field due to a reduction in the range of cues that a performer can attend to," most aligns with which of the following concepts? a. attentional capacity b. attentional alertness c. attentional shifting d. attentional capacityb. attentional alertnessThe statement that, "some information is allowed into the processing system while other information is screened out or ignored," most aligns with which of the following concepts? a. attentional selectivity b. attentional capacity c. attentional shifting d. attentional alertnessa. attentional selectivityWhich of the group development theories listed below assumes the following; 1.) Groups move progressively through different stages. 2.) Critical issues may arise in each stages, but when issues are resolved in each stage, the group moves on. a. cyclical (life cycle) perspective b. dynamic perspective c. pendular perspective d. linear perspectived. linear perspectiveDean Smith, former basketball coach at the University of North Carolina, often played his reserves as a unit early in the game. This is an example that emphasized which of the following concepts? a. group norms b. role reversal c. group cohesion d. role acceptanced. role acceptanceWhich of the group development theories listed below assumes the following; 1.) Groups develop in a manner similar to the life cycle of an individual. 2.) As a group develops, it psychologically prepares for its own breakup. a. cyclical perspective b. pendular perspective c. dynamic perspective d. linear perspectivea. cyclical perspectiveBased on the pendulum example of the Indiana basketball team, which of the following is NOT a stage of group development? a. information and knowledge b. differentiation and conflict c. resolution and cohesion d. orientationa. information and knowledgeHaving all members of an exercise class wear special T-shirts with special logos is a way of enhancing group... a. similarity b. distinctiveness c. attractiveness d. proximityb. distinctivenessWhich of the group development theories listed below assumes the following; 1.) A group does not move progressively through stages in a linear fashion from the instant it forms. 2.) An emphasis is placed on shifts that occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth development of groups. a. linear persepective b. cyclical perspective c. dynamic perspective d. pendular perspectived. pendular perspectiveTeam building is considered part of which stage of team development? a. storming b. norming c. forming d. performingc. formingA team captain or team role model putting in unbelievable hours of practice and insisting a high level of effort from others would be an example of which of the following? a. modified norm b. productivity norm c. positive norm d. role-initiated normb. productivity normWhich theory of group development assumes that teams develop by moving through forming, storming, norming, and performing stages? a. cyclical perspective b. linear perspective c. dynamic perspective d. pendular perspectiveb. linear perspectiveA coach creating a culture in which their players understand that the team wins together and loses together is an example of which of the following? a. social support b. similarity c. fairness d. task interdependenced. task interdependenceIn class we discussed different questionnaires that could be used to measure cohesion. Of those questionnaires, which is the most widely used due to it being deemed reliable, valid, and ultimately successful when used in both a sport or exercise setting? a. multi-dimensional sport cohesion instrument b. group environment questionnaire (GEQ) c. sport cohesiveness questionnaire d. sociogramb. group environment questionnaire (GEQ)Which of the following is NOT an aspect of team processes associated with the principles that underlie a team-building program? a. cooperation b. sacrifices c. distinctiveness d. goals and objectivesc. distinctivenessWhich of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance? a. cohesion has no effect on performance b. cohesion has a stronger effect on performance than performance has on cohesion c. the relationship is circular d. cohesion is negatively related to performancec. the relationship is circularIf a team member was trying to build cohesion within their unit which of the things listed below would they be least likely to do? a. get to know the other group members b. give the group positive reinforcement c. communicate honestly and openly with the coach or leaders d. wait a couple weeks after a conflict has arisen to address the concernd. wait a coupe weeks after a conflict has arisen to address the concernsWhen we discussed enhancing cohesion, the acronym MAPS was addressed. Which of the following pieces of the acronym for MAPS is incorrect? a. attitude b. plan c. mission d. systematic evaluationa. attitudeThe common thread among the definitions of cohesion is that cohesion is made up of what two basic dimensions? a. psychological and organizational cohesion b. task and organizational cohesion c. task and social cohesion d. social and organizational cohesionc. task and social cohesionWhich of the following options would a coach or leader be least likely to do when trying to build cohesion within their team? a. let players figure out their own individual roles on the team b. set challenging group goals c. conduct periodic team meetings d. work to develop pride within sub-unitsa. let players figure out their own individual roles on the teamWhen creating shared team values it is important to do which of the following things? a. all of these b. prioritize team values c. have a team discussion regarding how the values support team goals d. identify team goalsa. all of theseWhich of the following is NOT an aspect of team structure associated with the principles that underlie a team-building program? a. role clarity and acceptance b. leadership c. conformity to standards d. togethernessd. togethernessWhich of the following factors has not NOT been found to be associated with cohesion? a. instability b. group goals c. team satisfaction d. conformitya. instabilityWhich of the following is a helpful treatment for burnout? a. completely withdraw from sport or exercise all together b. keep working out, but with a friend c. take relaxation breaks d. commit to being mentally tough and push throughc. take relaxation breaksRaedeke argues that burnout can be studied within a sport commitment approach. In essence, many athletes feel burned out but nevertheless continue to participate in their sport because of which of the following reasons? a. all of these b. perceived lack of control over the situation c. social pressure from others d. too much self-identity tied with their sporta. all of theseThe difference between overtraining and periodized training depends largely on individual differences and which of the following? a. capabilities and individual differences b. coach-initiated motivational climate c. mood states d. perfectionisma. capabilities and individual differencesAccording to the latest research on overtraining, if the source of the stressor is psychological, then the recovery strategy should focus on which of the following? a. rest b. hydration c. thought management strategies d. nutritionc. thought management strategiesAccording to Morgan's research, which of the following is true? a. athletes experiencing overtraining display an inverted-U profile b. the amount of training is not related to mood disturbance c. the heavier the training stimulus, the less the mood disturbance d. the heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood disturbanced. the heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood disturbanceAccording to the new model of overtraining developed by Kentta and Hassmen, overtraining can lead to which of the following? a. improved performance b. impaired performance c. no change in performance d. all of thesed. all of theseWhich of the following suggestions did youth tennis players suffering burnout give to parents to help prevent burnout in the future? a. involved your child in the decision making b. do not push your child at all c. hire an elite level coach who knows how to optimally motivate and develop athletes d. get more involved with your tennis-playing childrena. involve your child in the decision makingWhich of the following is NOT a symptom of overtraining? a. deteriorating relationships b. apathy c. mood changes d. sleep disturbancesa. deteriorating relationshipsOvertraining refers to a training cycle of approximately? a. a few days to one year b. a few days to a few weeks c. a few days to six months d. a few weeks to two monthsb. a few days to a few weeksIf you were attempting to prevent or treat burnout, which of the following options would you be least likely to do? a. set short term goals for competition and practice b. let your emotions get the best of you in competition c. stay in good physical condition d. self-regulate by using relaxation techniques, imagery, and effective self-talkb. let your emotions get the best of you in competitionWhich of the following is NOT one of the five stages of grief reaction? a. anger b. denial c. rationalization d. depressionc. rationalizationBased on research by Petitpas and Danish, which of the following is a psychological reaction associated with injury? a. all of these b. identity loss c. fear and anxiety d. lack of confidencea. all of theseResearch by Perna and colleagues has shown that high levels of stress can affect the physiology of injury recovery by doing which of the following? a. causing sleep disturbances b. all of these c. interfering with the removal of damaged tissue d. interfering with the body's healing processb. all of theseAll of the following are common psychological skills used while rehabilitating from injury except... a. leadership b. goal-setting c. imagery d. positive self-talka. leadershipWhich of the following has NOT been identified as a sign of potential problematic adjustment to athletic injury? a. high levels of anxiety b. withdrawal from significant others c. feelings of anger and confusion d. rapid mood swingsa. high levels of anxietyImagery has been used in injury rehabilitation in which of the following ways? a. setting goals b. all of these c. relaxation d. maintaining a positive attitudeb. all of theseWhich of the following is NOT a way in which a practitioner should attempt to build rapport with an injured athlete? a. being overly optimistic b. being positive and stressing a team approach to recovery c. showing empathy d. being therea. being overly optimisticAccording to a study of injured elite skiers, which of the following was NOT a recommendation to other athletes for coping with season-ending injuries and facilitating rehabilitation? a. focus on quantity of training b. use social resources c. use imagery d. set goalsa. focus on quantity of trainingReturning to play after injury includes many psychological challenges. Which of the following is the least likely example of a psychological challenge when returning to play? a. concerns over performing at pre-injury levels b. uncertainty of meeting expectations of others c. decreased motivation to play d. anxiety over re-injuryc. decreased motivation to playWhich of the following is NOT one of the procedures used in the rehabilitation process? a. being overly optimistic b. fostering social support c. educating individuals relative to the injury and recovery process d. preparing the individual to cope with setbacksa. being overly optimistic