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Psych Final (Midterm 2 Review)

Terms in this set (52)

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
memory psychologist: used nonsense syllables to conclude about memory capacity (7+-2) and learning/forgetting curves
Types of Memory Testing: Free Recall, Cued, Recognition, Savings, and Implicit memory tests
1) Free Recall: the remembering of the nonsense syllables, listing off top of ur head.
2) Cued Recall: get significant hints to help recall ..recalling states example
3) Recognition: Naming Dwarves activity and multiple choice is like this
4) Savings Test: u learned before so u can remember better... detects weak memories by comparing speed of relearning like periodic elements
5) (DIFFERENT THAN REST bc the rest are Explicit memory tests) Implicit memory tests: links to testing anterograde amnesia ex: generate words without really regarding them as memories
How something is Remembered, and explain the 3 terms
1) Encoding: process of converting info into a form we can retrieve later
2) Storage: retention of info
3) Retrieval: accessing stored info to use it in a situation
Sensory Memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information, infinite capacity
George Sperling's Experiment
demonstrated that the entire grid must be held in sensory memory for a split second... prove that our sensory memory can retain what for a lil and we keep what we deem important
Memory Categories: Procedural Vs. Declarative
-Procedural: Implicit, mental and behavioral
-Declarative: explicit, episodic and semantic
The Serial Order Effect: Included Primacy and Recency Effect
-Primacy: remembering the first word(s) on a list
-Recency: remembering the end items on a list
interference effects, Proactive and Retroactive Interference (Define)
information can be lost or less accurate due to an overlap of similar information
1) Proactive: old material gets in the way of new info (3rd letter of the word proactive)
2) Retroactive: new material gets in the way of remembering old material (old lock combos ex)
The Reconstruction Effect
we tend to fill in the gaps and reconstruct stories and add details into our memories... we can add inaccurate info into memories
Elizabeth Loftus (experiment)
mall study: ask kids as now adults if they remember a time of being left at the mall and can't find parent and they all usually say yes but the parents do not recall that at all and can establish it never happened
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Levels of processing memory
Deep= broad connections, more assessment, attempt to explain
Shallow= narrow connections, no assessment
Encoding Specificity
our ability to recall something can be increased if we're asked to recall something related first (fan vs. fan example...)
memory dependence areas
we're more likely to recall information when in a condition that resembles the condition that we were in when we learned the information
-Language Studies (French and English test ex)
-situation dependency (classroom ex)
-state dependency (always caffeinated when learning? then try being caffeinated when taking test)
Mnemonic devices
encoding/storage techniques that aid in the process of information retrieval
-Acronyms
-chunking by item and concept
-method of loci, grocery list and associate with place
Intelligence: Spearman
-came up with "g" factor
-one specific overall intelligence
-heavily related to IQ!! (on exam)
Sternberg
-triarchic theory of intelligence
-componential, experiential and contextual
(might just have rediscovered g???)
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
-linguistic
-mathematical/logical
-spatial
-musical
-interpersonal
-intrapersonal
-bodily kinesthetic
Salvoy and Mayor [EQ]
-crystallized intelligence: obtained over the lifespan (using obtained knowledge and apply it to situation)
-fluid intelligence: ability to learn all areas of interest (ability to use reasoning to solve things)
Alfred Binet (with student Theodore Simon)
-first intelligence test
-Simon helped him make it
-test basic mental skill
-used mental age and chronological age to calculate
Called BINET SIMON TEST
Lewis Terman
-Created the Stanford-Binet test
-includes IQ Which is MA/CA times 100
-inital goal was to use the tests to promote push for eugenics
David Wechsler (1896-1981)
-Created standardized things
-Create Wechsler Scales
-2 Forms: WAIS for adults (16 and up) and WSC for children
Heritability of Intelligence
sibling studies show how intelligence does come from parents or at least some does and shows heritability
Apgar scale
a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
Bouchard Case Study
Identical Twin Research,
Thomas Bouchard;
Jim Lewis and Jim Springer- identical twins that are raised apart; Bouchard found weird similarities and questioned if it was linked to genetics
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
how many genes does an average human cell contain? Human genome?
-we have 20,500 genes per cell
-human genome is the complete set of genes
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)... developmental stages list and explain
developmental psychologist known for stages of development:
-sensorimotor: learning diff outcome thru senses... (sense of self and obj. permanence)
-pre-operational: overcome egocentrism, animism, learn to pretend play, scale models, AND CONSERVATION-properties of shapes and obj
-concrete operational: metacognition (ability to think about your thinking), able to do operations, analogies
-formal operational: abstract reasoning (logic probs, hypothetical-deductive probs), self consciousness, imaginary audience (center of attention) personal fable (perception of being unique and invincible)
Schema, equilibrium and disequilibrium
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
-equilibrium: harmony between Childs schema and environment
-disequilibrium: cog state of mind caused when new info contradicts current schemas
When encountering disequilibrium, you can either _____ or ____...
assimilate: interpret ones new experience in terms of ones existing schema.. apply the schema to the new thing (sun and moon also move, they are alive like animals..)
OR
accommodation: adapt ones current schema to incorporate new info (only living things move, not sun and moon)

-equilibration: shifting from one frame of mind to next
Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
-agree there are stages like Piaget says, but disagrees in which that it is a continual process and super gradual
-ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development): areas where learner can complete cognitive task w guidance
-Scaffolding: teaching slightly harder level to help learner better understand concept
When are our perceptions of others formed?
-The primacy effect: first impression matters, we remember that most
-Self-fulfilling Prophecy: someone's expectation changes his/her behavior to increase probability of the predicted event
stereotype, prejudice, discrimination
1. stereotype: generalized belief or expectation of person or group (can be pos or neg thing)
2. Prejudice: attitude formed toward member of a group, bc they are part of a group
3. discrimination: unfair treatment toward a member of a group solely bc they are part of that group
Internal VS. External Attributions
-internal: assigning behaviors to internal characteristics of person
-external: explain behaviors based on situation and surrounding environment
fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute behaviors to internal attributions when explaining behaviors of others
(ex: pro/anti castro essay example) (differences amongst cultures)
actor-observer effect
the tendency to make external attributions for our own behaviors while making internal attributions for the identical behavior of others
self-serving attribution bias
the tendency to attribute personal failures to the situation, while attributing personal successes to ourselves (different in cultures... east/south asian does the opposite)
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
-Preconventional: appropriateness of action is determined by external event of reward or punishment
-Conventional: morality is based on rules of society
-Postconventional: morality based on greater good and the universal standards of everyone
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development- list stages
stage 1: (0-1) trust vs mistrust
stage 2: (1-3) autonomy vs shame and doubt
stage 3: (3-6) initiative vs. guilt
stage 4: (6-12) industry vs. inferiority
stage 5: (early teen) identity vs role confusion
stage 6: (early adulthood) intimacy vs. isolation
stage 7: (middle adulthood) generatively versus stagnation
stage 8: (late adulthood) ego integrity vs.despair
Conformity
maintaining or changing ones behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others

Norms: social standards of behavior set by your group
Conformity due to Ambiguity: Autokinetic effect by muzafer sherif
so they say we conform bc there are no set standards or behaviors for social situations, so we look to a group leader for example...

EX: in auto kinetic effect, individually people say how much light moves even tho it doesn't move... but then as a group they report how much it moves, and they usually all conform to one type of measurement said by someone
Solomon Asch's line experiment
"you do not need ambiguity for conformity"
line test w obvious answer proves that people in group would conform under different circumstances
Public Compliance
conforming to other people's behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying
normative social influence
impact others can have on us because we want to be accepted
private acceptance
conforming to other people's behaviors bc of genuine belief that what they say or do is genuinely right...

note: public accept can become private
Factors that Impact the Effect of Conformity
- presence of ally decreased conformity by 25%
-number of people in majority: MAGIC NUMBER 3
-social situation requirement to conform (Need for quick response, unanimous response would increase conformity, and inventive to be correct decreases conformity)
-importance of group: note on collectivist and individualist
Kitty Genovese Case
bystander effect (woman murdered; no one helped-less likely to help when others present)
-caused by diffusion of responsibility
pluralistic ignorance
assuming others know more than you do ... EX: smoke experiment
diffusion of responsibility
we feel less responsible to act when there are more people around... seizure experiment example??
How do attributions differ between people in US and in Asian countries?
Asians typically make more external attributions
what does the implicit association test measure?
reaction times
THC, active ingredient in marijuana smoke, produces its behavioral effects by what action on neurons?
decreases release of glutamate and GABA
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