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NURS 330 Test 1 CHAP 1-6 terms

Terms in this set (56)

pharmacology
study of medicines, the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve or maintain health
therapeutics
branch of medicines concerned w/ the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering
pharmacotherapy
treatment or prevention of disease by means of drugs
drug
general term for any substance capable of producing biologic responses in the body; while it's still in the package, before its administered
medication
drug after it has been administered
biologics
substances that produce biologic responses in the body, synthesized by cells of the human body,animal cells, and microorganisms
complimentary alternative medicine (CAM) therapy
treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention
over the counter (OTC) drugs
medication available without a prescription
prescription drugs
drugs that require prescription from physician
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
federal govt regulation of drugs to promote safety
4 stages of drug approval
1. Preclinical investigation
2. Clinical investigation
3. Review of new drug application (NDA)
4. Postmarketing surveillance
drug standards
rules set to assure consumers that they get what they pay for; all preparations called by the same drug name must be of UNIFORM STRENGTH, QUALITY, and PURITY
Pharmacologic Classifications
Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action.
Therapeutic Classifications
Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their therapeutic usefulness and what it is hoped to do
Prototype drug
well understood model drug with which other drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared
Scheduled drugs
In the United States, a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse.
Bioavailability
ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues
Controlled substance
in the US, a drug whose use is restricted; a drug subject to guidelines by the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act
Chemical name
name of a drug based on the chemical composition
Generic name
non-proprietary name of the drug assigned by the govt
Trade name
proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer, called the brand name or the product name
Mechanism of action
the way in a which a drug exerts its effects
Pharmacotherapeutic
application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and the treatment of suffering
Clinical pharmacology
The study of drugs in humans
Dependence
physiological or psychological need for a substance
Physical dependence
an altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeated drug use; when drug is no longer available, individual expresses physical signs of discomfort
Psychological dependence
few signs of physical discomfort when the drug is withdrawn, however individual feels an intense, compelling desire to continue drug use
Withdrawal
physical signs of discomfort assoc. w/ discontinuation of an abuse substance
Allergic reaction
acquired hyper response of body defenses to a foreign substance (allergen) (ex: skin rash, edema, runny nose, teary eyes)
Anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction that involves massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation (Life threatening)--> acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life threatening shock if untreated
Five rights of drug administration
1. The Right Patient
2. The Right Medication
3. The Right Time
4. Right Route
5. Right Dosage
Three checks of drug administration
1. check w/ MAR/CMAR when removing meds from storage
2. when preparing meds
3. before administering meds
Pharmacokinetics
Study of drug movement throughout the body by:
-Absorption from site of entry
-Distribution to active site
-Metabolism in liver
-Excretion from the body
Enteral route
administration of drugs orally and through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes
Parenteral route
delivers drugs via a needle into the skin layer, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, or veins
Topical route
applied to the skin, slower release and absorption, administered for local or systemic effect
absorption
a process involving the movement of a substance from a site of administration across body membranes to circulating fluids
affinity
attraction for certain medications
blood-brain barrier
anatomical structure that prevents certain substances from gaining access to the brain
fetal-placental barrier
special anatomical structure that inhibits entry of many chemicals and drugs to the fetus
distribution
the process of transporting drugs through the body
excretion
the process of removing substances from the body
first-pass effect
a mechanism by way drugs are absorbed across intestinal wall and enter into the hepatic portal circulation
loading dose
comparatively large dose given at beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of the drug
maintenance dose
dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range
metabolism
total of all bile chemical reactions in the body
therapeutic range
plasma drug concentration btwn the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration
toxic concentration
level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects
pharmacodynamics
study of how the body responds to drugs
agonist
drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response
antagonist
drug that blocks the response of another drug
potency
the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose
receptor
the structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose related manner to produce a response
second messenger
a cascade of biochemical events that initiates a drug's action by either stimulating or inhibiting the normal activity of the cell
therapeutic index
ratio of the drug's LD (loading dose) to its ED (effective dose)
pharmacogenetics
area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response
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