Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Anatomy & Physiology Midterm

Terms in this set (284)

Anatomy
The study of body structure
Physiology
The study of body function
levels of organization in the body
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What structures make up the integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, endocrine glands
What structures make up the skeletal system
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
What structures make up the muscular system
Muscles
What structures make up the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerve
What structures make up the endocrine system
Pancreas, kidneys, thyroid, thymus
What structures make up the cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, blood
What structures makes up the lymphatic system
Spleen, lymph nodes
What structures make up the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What structures make up the digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
What structures make up the Urinary system
Kidneys, bladder, urethra
function of integumentary system
Protection from injury and pathogens, waterproofs the body, regulation of body temp
Functions of the skeletal system
support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage
Functions of the muscular system
produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat
Functions of the nervous system
sensory input, integration, motor output
functions of the endocrine system
instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, sexual function and reproductive processes
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Transports blood throughout the body in order to give O2 and take away CO2
Functions of the lymphatic system
fluid balance, fat absorption, defense
Functions of the respiratory system
bring oxygen from outside environment into the body, removes carbon dioxide from the body
Functions of the digestive system
ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion
Functions of urinary system
removes nitrogen containing waste from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine, regulate acid base balance of the blood
Functions of reproductive system
production of gametes, fertilization, development and nourishment of new individual, production of reproductive hormones
Functional characteristics of living things
Maintenace of boundries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
negative feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.
Posititve feedback
Continually allows the body process to occur
Superior
Higher on the body, nearer to the head
Inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
Distal
away from the point of attachment
Superficial
near the surface
Deep
Away from the body surface; more internal
Posterior (dorsal)
back
Anterior (ventral)
front
Saggital plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Oblique plane
passes through the body at an angle
dorsal cavity
contains the cranial and spinal cavities
cranial cavity
contains the brain
Spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
ventral cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
thoracic cavity
contains pleural and pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
lungs
Pericardial cavity
contains the heart
abdominopelvic cavity
contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities
abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
serous membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa
parietal membrane
membrane that lines the wall of a cavity
Visceral membrane
covers organs
Abdominopelvic regions
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
Cephalic region
head
frontal region
forehead
orbital region
eye
nasal region
nose
buccal region
cheek
oral region
mouth
mental region
chin
otic region
ear
occipital region
back of head
cervical region
neck
thoracic region
chest
Sternal cavity
Breast bone
Acromial region
shoulder
Axillary region
armpit
Mammary region
breast
Brachial region
Upper arm
Antecubital region
Anterior elbow crease
Olecranal region
Posterior elbow
Antebrachial region
forearm
Carpal region
Wrist
Palmar region
Palm of hand
Digital region
fingers, toes
Pollex region
Thumb
Abdominal region
Stomach
Umbilical region
Belly button
Dorsal region
Back
Scapular region
Shoulder blade
Vertebral region
spinal column
Lumbar region
Lower back
Inguinal region
Groin
Pelvic region
Pelvis
Pubic region
genital region
Coxal region
Hip
Perineal region
Area between anus and genitals
Gluteal region
buttock
Femoral region
Thigh
Popliteal region
behind the knee
Patellar region
Knee
crural region
Calf
Manual region
Hand
Fibular region
Lateral side of the leg
Calcaneal region
Heel
Pedal region
Foot
Tarsal region
Ankle
Hallux region
Big toe
Plantar region
sole of foot
Epithelial tissue
Covers, protects, secretes, absorbs, lines, forms glands
Connective tissue
Supports, connects, transports
Muscle tissue
Produces movement
Nervous tissue
communicates signals between your brain and the rest of the body
Types of epithelial tissue
Membranous and glandular
Membranous tissue
Covers and lines the body
Glandular tissue
Exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct
Endocrine glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Limited matrix, basal (basement) membrane, avascular, tight cell junctions, constantly reproduce by mitosis, polarity
Structure of epithelial tissue
Basal (basement) end, tightly-bound cells, apical (top) end, free space
Shapes of epithelial cells
squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar
Layering of epithelial tissue
simple and stratified
Keratinized cells
Do not have nucleus
Nonkeratinized cells
Have a nucleus
apocrine glands
glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion
Holocrine glands
glands that release entire cells
Merocrine glands
Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material
Characteristics of connective tissue
Most abundant, few cells with many matrix
Types of connective tisue
Areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular & irregular, cartilage, bone, blood
Areolar tissue
most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body, is a soft, pliable, "cobwebby" tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps
types of cells in areolar tissue
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
Function of mast cells
produce histamine
Adipose tissue
provides protective padding, insulation, and support
Types of cells in adipose tissue
Adipocytes
Reticular tissue
Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen
Dense regular tissue
Bundles of collagen arranged in parallel rows
Types of dense regular tissue
Tendons and ligaments
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
dense irregular tissue
Found in the dermis, bundles of collagen that are not arranged parallel
Characteristics of cartilage
Avascular connective tissue
Fibers are embedded in a firm gel
No canal system or blood vessels
Chondrocytes receive oxygen and nutrients by diffusion
Perichondrium
types of cells in cartilage
chondrocytes
Types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose
Elastic cartilage
Strong & flexible, external ear, larynx, epiglottis, contains more elastin
Fibrocartilage
Strongest that absorbs shock, found in vertebrae and menisci
Bone tissue
Osteocytes in matrix of collagen and mineral salts (65%), supports, protects, muscle attachment, mineral storage, creation of blood cells, has haversian system
Blood
Liquid matrix (plasma 55%), fibers present only when clotting, other cells made up 45%
Types of cells in blood
Erythrocytes (red), leukocytes (white), and platelets
Types of muscular tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nerve cells
neurons and neuroglia
Structure of nuerons
Soma (cell body), axons (away), dendrites (towards cell body)
Nueroglia
support cells and connect
Tissue repair
the process that replaces worn out, damaged, or dead cells
Regeneration
replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Fibrosis
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
Histamine
A chemical that is responsible for the symptoms of an allergy
Rubor
redness
Tumor
Inflammation
Calor
Heat
Dolor
Pain
Location of simple squamous
alveoli (lungs), capilaries
Function of simple squamous tissue
diffusion and filtration
Location of simple cuboidal
Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
Function of simple cuboidal
secretion and absorption
Location of simple columnar
lines digestive tract
Function of simple columnar
secretion and absorption
Location of pseudostratified
respiratory tract
Function of simple columnar
absorption and secretion
Location of transitional
urinary bladder
Function of transitional
stretching without damage
Location of keratinized statified squamous
Skin
Function of nonkeratinized statified squamous
Protection & secretion
Location of nonkeratinized stratified squamous
Esophagus, trachea
Function of keratinized stratified squamous
protection
Location of startified cuboidal
Male reproductive system
Function of statified cuboidal
Absoption & secretion
Location of areolar tissue
beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles and nerves
Function of areolar tissue
wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
Location of dense regular
tendons and ligaments
Function of dense regular tissue
withstands great tensile stress in one direction and attaches muscles/muscles, muscles/bones, bones/bones
Location of dense irregular
dermis of skin
Function of dense irregular
withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
Location of adipose tissue
beneath skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, on surface of heart
Function of adipose tissue
provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
Location of reticular
spleen and red bone marrow
Function of reticular
fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
Function of blood
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
Function of bones
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
Location of hyaline cartilage
Articulating ends of bones
Function of hyaline cartilage
to support
Location of elastic cartilage
external ear, epiglottis
Function of elastic cartilage
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Location of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
Location of neurons
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Function of neurons
process and transmit information
Location of peripheral nerves
Rest of the body
Function of peripherlal nerves
Detection & reaction
Function of skeletal muscle
voluntary movement of bones
Function of cardiac muscle
propels blood into circulation
Function of smooth muscle
Propeles substances in hollow organs
Surface area of the skin
1.1-1.2 m^2
Function of the skin
protection, prevents penetration, perception, temperature regulation, identification, communication, wound repair, absorption and excretion, production of vitamin D
Layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Basement membrane of the skin
Dermal/epidermal junction
Beneath the dermis in a subcutaneous layer of adipose & areolar tissue
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
Types of cells in the epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
Keratinocytes
The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin.
Melanocytes
produce melanin
Langerhans cells
part of the immune system
Merkel cells
touch receptors in the skin
Layers of the epidermis
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
Stratum corneum
the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells
Stratum lucidum
a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles
Stratum granulosum
Filled with keratinocytes
Stratum spinosum
a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin, filled with RNA to make keratin
Stratum basale
deepest epidermal layer made of a single row of cells that undergo rapid cell division
Layers of the dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
Papillary layer
outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis, made of areolar tissue
Reticular layer
Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients, made of dense irregular
Arrector pili
smooth muscle attached to follicle, responsible for "goose bumps"
Langers lines
Dense fibers of white collagenous lines
Dermal papillae
Found in the upper layers of the dermis, they create your fingerprint pattern
Tyrosinase
The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin.
Carotene
yellow-orange pigment in skin
Lanugo
Peach fuzz
Termina hair
Hair that appears during puberty
Shaft of the hair
visible part of the hair
Medulla of hair
Inner most layer of hair
Cortex of hair
surrounds medulla
sebaceous glands
oil glands in the skin, 2 are located at each hair follicle
Nail body
visible part of the nail
Nail root
Hidden by skin and cuticle
Lunula
whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail
Sudoriferous glands
sweat glands; apocrine and eccrine, eliminate waste
sebaceous glands
oil glands
Ceruminous glands
produce ear wax
Heat loss in the body
80% through skin, 20% through respiratory, urinary, and digestive
Vernix caseosa
cheesy substance covering the skin of the fetus
1st degree burns
only epidermis is damaged
2nd degree burns
epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
3rd degree burns
epidermis + dermis + deeper structures (nerve) damage
Risk during the first 24 hours of a burn
Dehydration
Risk after the first 24 hours of a burn
Infections
Types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
Location of chondrocytes
lacunae
Types of long bones
Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula
Types of short bones
carpals and tarsals
Types of flat bones
skull, ribs, sternum, patella, scapula
Types of irregular bones
vertebrae, hyoid, facial bones
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphysis
end of bone
Periosteum
...
Medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
Bone tissue
Cells, fibers, matrix, more matrix than cells (collagen), strength of cast iron with 1/3 of the mass
Inorganic salts of bone
Apatite crystals of calcium and phosphate
Organic matrix of bone
Collagen and ground substance
Lamellae
Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix
Lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi
a small channel or duct.
Haversian canal
one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
Fossa
shallow depression
Sinus
hollow space or cavity
Foramen
Large opening
Meatus
canal-like passageway
Sulcus
narrow groove
condyle
A smooth, rounded articular process
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Trochanter
large, rough projection
crest of bone
prominent ridge
Spinous process
sharp, slender projection
Tuberosity
large rounded projection
Tubercle
small rounded projection
Intramembranous ossification
...
Osteoblasts
Bone building cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
1st degree ossification center
Diaphysis to epiphysis
2nd degree ossification center
Epiphysis to diaphysis
Ossification
process of bone formation
Resorption
the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
Simple fracture
bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin
Compound fracture
bone breaks through the skin
reduction of a fracture
realignment of the broken bone
Closed reduction
nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone
Open reduction of bone
Surgical repair
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Greenstick fractures
usually seen in kids bone breaks on one side and bends on the other
Callus
Bone repair tissue
Axial skeleton
The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk
Apendicular skeleton
bones that form the shoulders, hips, and extremities (arms & legs)
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...