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Ethics in Research Quiz

Terms in this set (42)

morality
what a person believes to be right and wrong; it is shaped by what a person has been taught within society and his or her own culture
ethics
the main beliefs, ideology, and guidelines that facilitate the maintenance of an issue that people and/or professionals appreciate and respect
justice
the standard of decent rightness; agreement with truth, face, or sensible intention
Nonmaleficence
a bioethics principle directed toward the expection of not inflicting intentional harm when dealing with individuals
beneficence
maximizing possible benefits while mimizing potentional harm to individuals involved within the conducting of a research project
confidentiality
protection of a study participants that results in the individuals' identities not being linked to the inforation they provided, meaning that the information can be provided only in the aggregate; not revealing the data collected from study particpants to any person except the researcher and designated staff members
anonymity
...
respect
the process of showing honor or appreciation; motivation to demonstrate thoughtfull or gratitude
voluntariness
...
code of ethics
underlying ethical assumptions that are recognized by a discipline or organization to direct researchers; management of the research related to the safe handling of human subjects
trustworthiness
an expression used in the appraisal of qualitative data; it is measured based on the decisive factors of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability
forbidden experiement
unethical actions; test nature vs. nurture debate
potentional to harm
direct participation: Tuskegee Syphilis study
tarnished respect: Milgram and Zimbardo experiments
unequal justice: not receiving a benefit, or simply just receiving and unnecessary risk (negative income tax experiment)
Achieving valid results
not to deceive; build objective knowledge
not driving ideological agenda
honesty and openness
disclosing methods and potential weakness/limitations of research and findings
publishing critiques and rejoinders
Protecting Research Participants
no harm
informed consent
researcher disclosure
protecting anonymity or confidentiality of subjects
benefits outweigh risks
Use of Deception vs. Informed Consent
happens at debriefing stage
e.g., milgram research
legal protection for researchers
can get "certificate of confidentialty"
e.g., rik scarce research
use of research
should values be sidelined?
should researcher worry about how the knowledge they produce affect the world?
Unethical Research by Nazis
Karl Brandt... conducted grusome experiments on Jewish prisoners
Nuremberg Code
a report about standards for ethical research
foundation of other reports regarding ethical research
Belmont Report
1979 USA est National Commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research
3 core concepts of ethical research
3 core concepts of ethical research
Respect for Persons
Beneficence
Justice
Respect for Persons: Belmont Report/ informed consent
when researchers tell potential participants about the study and ask if they want to participate
3 Elements of Informed Consent
information
comprehension
voluntariness
Information: informed consent
people must be given enough information in order to make a knowledgeable decision if they want to participate or not

Usually includes: purpose, study methods, time required to participate, potential risks/benefits, can ask questions, can quit participating at any time
Comprehension: informed consent
must comprehend info given to them
presented in a way for people to understand it.
includes special classes of people: under 18, impaired mental capacities, terminally ill, comatose
special classes may need the permission of a third person to protect them from possible harm
Voluntariness: informed consent
people must willingly give consent...permission to participate in the study.
people must not feel coerced or pressured to participate.
Informed Consent
totally informed about hte study.
understand the information
willing to particpate
usually give consent by signing a form or verbally saying they consent
Beneficence: Belmont Report
protecting people in research from harm
maximize possible benefits, and mimize possible harms of the research
benefits/harms: physical, psychological, societal
Justice: Belmont Report
benefits and burdens of research should be distributed fairly among people groups
this means researchers shouldn't be biased in terms of sex, race, social status, and so on, in who they want to participate in a study
IRB (Institutional Review Board)
panel of people who determine if a proposed research study is ethical
every institution that conducts; has an IRB
before conducting a study
they have to fill out an application that describes their study, how they are going to carry out the study, potential benefits and harms of their study, etc.
Nuremberg Code
first international document about ethical conduct of research of human subjects
voluntary participation
benefits of research must outweigh risks
National Research Act of 1974
natioanl commission charged with establishing ethical principles for research: resulting in the Belmont Report
The Common Rule
the incorporation of the principles of the Belmont Report
collection of rules: requirements for ensuring compliance by research institutions, requirements for researchers to obtain and documenting informed consent, requirements institutional reviewed board membership, how they function, operate, review, and maintain record keeping, additional protection for certain vulnerable research participants
IRB Regulations of who can be on the board
At least 5 individuals that are together to talk about it.
Men and women, scientists/non, committee member, experts, diversity of disciplines

rigorous application: detail on IRB reviews and suggests how to do safely
Guiding Principles
Respect for persons
risk and benefit analysis
fairness and justice
IRB
protects righs and welfare of human subjects in research
determines research meets regulatory principles before and throughout research
Basic Membership Requirements of IRB
Experiences and perspectives
at least 5 with varying backgrounds; experience, expertise, diversity
training, education, race, gender, culture, sensitivity to community background
knowledge and qualifications of IRB
institutional commitments and regulations, applicable laws, standards of professional conduct and practice
Required Categories of Members for IRB
Scientist
Unaffiliated
Nonscientist
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