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1400 Culture and Diversity

Terms in this set (52)

acculturation
A mechanism of cultural change achieved through the exchange of cultural features resulting from firsthand contact between groups. Yoost, p. 382.
assimilation-
The process by which individuals from one cultural group merge with, or blend into a second group. Yoost, p. 382.
biculturalism-
The individual has a dual pattern of identification and chooses which aspects of the new culture he or she wishes to adopt and which aspects of the individual's original culture he or she wishes to retain. Giddens, p. 29.
ethnicity-
The person's identification with or membership in a particular racial, national or cultural group and observation of the group's customs, beliefs, and language. Yoost, p. 380.
cultural competence -
Refers to the complex integration of a person's knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, skills, and encounters with those of people from different cultures. It is a process no necessarily and endpoint. Yoost, p. 400.
Key takeaway- By assessing the culture of a patient, a nurse would be willing and able to provide for the patient appropriately. For example, language barrier
cultural openness-
A lifelong stance that promotes cultural self-awareness and continuing development of transcultural skills. Yoost, p. 400.
cultural sensitivity-
Begins with the recognition of the often pronounced difference among cultures. Being aware of the differences to interact effectively and developing a culturally competent attitude. Yoost, p. 400.

Key takeaway- When a patient has a clear cultural difference, having the ability to recognize it, and make the proper adjustments to give the best care possible.
culturally congruent care-
Is realizing the importance of caring for patients as people with unique experiences, beliefs, values, and language. Uses culturally based knowledge in sensitive, creative, safe, and meaningful ways to promote the health and well-being of individual people or groups and improve their ability to face death, disability, or difficult human life conditions. Yoost, p. 400.

Key takeaway- By understanding different cultures, one would be able to ask questions that would provide a more accurate assessment based off of culture.
culture-
The learned, shared, and transmitted knowledge of values, beliefs, and ways of life of a particular group that are generally transmitted from one generation to another and influence the individual's thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned or certain ways. May change over time. Yoost, p. 1101.
discrimination-
Policies and practices that harm a group and its members. Yoost, p. 1102.
emic-
A perspective that focuses on the local, indigenous, and insider's culture. Yoost, p. 1102.
enculturation-
The process whereby a culture is passed from generation to generation. Yoost, p. 380.
ethnicity-
Refers to a common ancestry that leads to shared values and beliefs. It is transmitted over generations through both family and community and is a powerful determinant in one's identity. Giddens, p. 29.
ethnocentrism-
The belief that one's own culture is superior to that of another while using one's own cultural values as the criteria by which to judge other cultures. Yoost, p. 383.
etic-
Perspective that focuses on the outsider's world, and especially on professional views. Yoost, p. 384.
generalization-
A statement, idea, or principle that has a broad application. Generalizations are a beginning point; one should gather more information to ascertain whether a generalized statement is appropriately applied to an individual or group. Yoost, p. 380.
infrastructure-
One of the structural elements that keeps a culture strong; provides the basic necessities of life. Yoost, p. 1105. Infrastructure provides the basic necessities of life; a social structure determines how people interact with one another; and a superstructure, or worldview, provides a belief system that helps people identify themselves, their society, and the world around them. Yoost, p. 381.
prejudice-
The process of devaluing an entire group because of assumed behavior, values, or attributes. Yoost, p. 381.
race-
A socially constructed concept that tends to group people by common descent, heredity, or physical characteristics. Yoost, p. 384.
racism-
An unfounded belief that race determines a person's character or ability and that one race is superior or inferior to another. Yoost, p.382.
rituals-
Formal, stylized, and repetitive actions performed in special places at special times. Yoost, p. 384.
rule of descent-
Arbitrarily assigns a race to a person on the basis of a societal dictate that associates social identity with ancestry. Yoost, p. 382.
social structure-
Determines how people interact with one another. Yoost, p. 381.
socialization-
This is the process of being reared and nurtured within a culture and acquiring its characteristics. Yoost, p. 383.
stereotype-
This is defined as a set of fixed ideas, often unfavorable, about the members of a group. Yoost, p. 381
superstructure-
A _____________, or worldview, provides a belief system that helps people identify themselves, their society, and the world around them. Yoost, p. 380
symbols-
Signs,sounds,clothing, tools,customs,beliefs,rituals,and other items that represent meaningful concepts. Yoost, p. 380.
transcultural nursing-
Focuses on human caring-associated differences and similarities among the beliefs values and patterned life ways of cultures to provide culturally congruent,meaningful and beneficial health care. Yoost, p. 380.
bias-
an inclination or tendency toward favoritism or partiality. Yoost, p. 60.
Describe how culture influences the three categories:
Shared beliefs, values and behaviors
Culture is socially transmitted behavioral patterns, beliefs, and values. People who grow up in a particular culture will have shared values, beliefs, ideals and expectations. These are absorbed and transmitted through generations of teaching and sharing ideas. You start learning these from your parents and families and continue learning them from the many social groups you encounter throughout life. Yoost, p. 380.
How are they different?
Cultures vary throughout geographical locations. Yoost, p. 329.
How are they similar?
The values, beliefs, and traditions are learned by each person within the family and social community. It is not transmitted biologically. Yoost, p. 379.
In what ways are they dependent upon one another?
All aspects have cultural origins, thus, culture may be viewed as a complex whole in which all parts are related. Yoost, p. 379.
How do these cultural norms influence nursing and health care delivery?
Cultural norms influence nursing and health care delivery by having the skill to recognize when the culture is different from your own. When identifying such differences, is the nurse vigilant to accommodate needs for quality assessment.
Define the term health care disparities.
Inequality related to access, use, and quality of care. Yoost, p. 381
What does this term mean?
health care disparities
Inequality related to access, use, and quality of care. Yoost, p. 381
This means discrimination in the healthcare field occurring in individuals depending on a person's age, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, gender, disability, and physical location. Yoost, p. 381
How is it linked to the concept of culture?
health care disparities
In the United States, "Hispanics, Blacks, American Indians/Alaska Natives, and low-income individuals are more likely to be uninsured relative to Whites and those with higher incomes. Low-income individuals and people of color also face increased barriers to accessing care, receive poorer quality care, and experience worse health outcomes." Yoost, p. 381
How can this be minimized by nurses?
health care disparities
The best way for the nurse to minimize this problem would be to treat everybody as equals. The way the nurse can do this is to throw all the religion and culture to the side and treat that patient like you would anybody else. Treat everyone as equal no matter the race, gender, religion, social status, and rich/poor.
Describe specific ways the nurse can develop and improve in the following areas:
Greater cultural awareness:
For a nurse to have greater cultural awareness it is important for the nurse to first have cultural self-awareness. Just as we are aware that other people might have a different culture, we need to realize that we come from our own culture ourselves and have our own cultural identity. Because of that, there might be biases that are present in our own self that we might be 100% aware of. To develop greater cultural awareness, the nurse has to ask themselves and identify these biases in their own selves. After doing that, it is important to identify different cultures in others and what that might mean. It's crucial for the nurse to assess and understand the patient's own values and definition of health and to develop mutually agreed upon nursing care plans. Giddens, p.32.
Describe specific ways the nurse can develop and improve in the following areas:
Greater cultural knowledge:
Greater cultural knowledge: gaining greater cultural knowledge is not about learning facts about culture but rather exposing oneself to different cultures and having that motivation to learn. Some things that as a nurse you can do to gain more cultural knowledge would be to read journals that represent different groups, visiting ethnic neighborhoods and sample different foods, try and learn a foreign language, attend a community meeting in a different neighborhood or just simply speak openly with someone from another culture. Giddens, p.33.
Describe specific ways the nurse can develop and improve in the following areas:
Greater cultural skills
Skills are things that are acquired over time through careful attention. One of the most important things needed to develop greater cultural skills is communication as well as the use of resources. Giddens, p. 33.
Describe specific ways the nurse can develop and improve in the following areas:
Greater cultural desire:
Cultural desire is the interest and intent to understand people who are different than oneself. This is a personal choice a nurse commits to overcoming their biases leading to patient-centered care. Giddens, p. 32.
What is the RESPECT model?
The RESPECT model is an acronym for respect, explanatory model, sociocultural context, power, empathy, concerns and fears, and therapeutic alliance/trust.The RESPECT model is a cultural assessment, based on a series of eight questions developed by Kleinman. It provides a blueprint to develop skills needed to become culturally competent. Giddens, p. 33.
List the questions associated with the RESPECT model.
1. What do you call the problem?

2. What do you think has caused the problem?

3. Why do you think it started when it did?

4. What do you think the sickness does? How does it work?

5. How severe is the sickness? Will it have a long or short course?

6. What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?

7. What are the chief problems the sickness has caused?

8. What do you fear most about the sickness? Giddens p.32
Health Disparities:
Adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial, ethnic, or cultural group; religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion
Fatigue:
Some cultures seek a biomedical explanations for medically unexplained symptoms of fatigue (such as chronic fatigue syndrome and depression) or a lack of fulfillment whereas other cultures view fatigue as an imbalance of essential energies
Mood & Affect:
Certain cultures are more prone to certain moods. For example, rates of depression are highest among the most vulnerable populations—people living in poverty, immigrants, and refugees
Communication:
_____________patterns, both verbal and nonverbal, are determined by cultural norms. Degree of eye contact, personal space, and the acceptability of touch all vary by cultures.
Coping:
_________ and dealing with life's difficulties are, to a large extent, culturally determined. Cultural belief systems form the basis of a coping strategy by creating a redefinition of negative circumstances
Family Dynamics:
Can be affected by culture in many ways including the manner in which sick family members receive care, beliefs about sharing information with outsiders about a family member's illness, gender roles, and beliefs about appropriate child rearing practices.
Spirituality:
This is an individualistic subjective experience of transformation or connection to a higher power, which may or may not entail belonging to an organized religion. Spirituality is closely interrelated with culture because many spiritual beliefs are embedded within cultural groups. Giddens, p. 33.
What additional concepts link to culture?
Generalization, stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, race, racism. Yoost, p. 381.
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