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AP Psych - Midterm Review - Learning - Unit 4

Terms in this set (27)

condtioning
(pavlov) the process of learning associations
classical conditioning
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that gets no response
UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
an event the elicits a certain predictable response without training
UCR (unconditioned response)
an organisms natural reaction to a stimulus
CS (conditioned stimulus)
a once neutral event that elicits a given response after training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
CR (conditioned response)
the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
operant conditioning
(skinner) a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
successive approximations
small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food, water, sex, etc)
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer (such as praise, tokens, or gold stars)
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforced after a set number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
reinforced after an unpredictable # of responses
fixed-interval schedule
reinforced for the 1st response after a fixed time period
variable-interval schedule
reinforce first response after a varying amount of time
latent learning
learning not displayed until an incentive is presented
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment
In this experiment children watched a model attack a doll and then the children were put in a room with toys including the same doll and children it was found that the kids who watched the model were much more likely to imitate the actions.
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
observational learning
learning by observing others; also called social learning
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