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Biology-genetics

Terms in this set (39)

Genteics
the study of heredity, which is the inheritance of traits and characteristics passed on to the next generation
Hereditary
inherited or inheritable
Geneotype
the gene variation an individual possesses for a particular trait
Alleles
2 letters which represent diffrent versions of the same gene trait
"Allele" (letter)
omes from mom and one from dad
Dominant Allele (capital letter)
Hides expression of the other alleles trait
Recessive Allele (lowercase letter)
Hidden by the dominant alleles trait
Homozygous Genotype (Purebread)
same two uppercase or lowercase letters
Heterozygous Genotype (Hybrid)
different letters; one capital, one lowercase
Phenotype
how the genotype's trait is physically expressed
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics: Cross-pollinated two different true-breeding homozygous purebred pea plants
True breeding
an organism's offspring will look like the parent due to its homozygous purebred genotype
Law of Segregation
alleles separate during the formation of sex cell gametes
Punnet square
predicts the outcome probability of genetic crosses
Dihybrid Cross
Two gene punnet square
Law of Independent Assortment
genes can separate during the formation of gametes and do not have to be linked or inherited together
genes are bigger than alleles, which is why the Law of Independent Assortment (when genes separate) is a bigger name than the Law of Segregation (when alleles separate).
What is the diffrence between the laws
Incomplete Dominance
when one allele is not completely dominant over another
Codominance
both alleles are equally as dominant and both are fully expressed in the phenotype
Multiple alleles
genes controlled by more than two alleles
IAIA or IAi
Type A blood
IBIB or IBi
Type B blood
IAIB
type AB blood
ii
Type O blood
Polygenic Traits
controlled by two or more traits
Autosomes
non sex chromosomes represented by any letter other than X and Y
sex chromosomes
the sex of an individual depends on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. A male's sex genotype is XY while a female's is XX
sex-linked traits
mainly recessive and only ever located on X chromosomes
Carrier
an individual with the recessive trait who remains unaffected because they possess a heterozygous genotype
Pedigrees
Trace a family's genotypes and phenotypes and therefore autosomal or sex-linked recessive traits
Karyotype
diagrams used to diagnose chromosomal disorders that show how humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
Gel Electrophoresis
allows scientists to compare & identify an individual's DNA pattern
Fingerprinting
To a certain extent, fingerprints are a unique combination of your parents' fingerprints,
Every finger has a different print
Cloning
In 1996, Dolly the Sheep was the first successful clone of a mammal and was created by taking a cell from one sheep and inserting it into an donor egg cell which was then stimulated to grow and develop
genetic engineering
manipulating the genetic material of living organisms
Fredrick Griffith (1928)
discovered "DNA Transformation" when he saw harmless bacteria transform into the bacteria that causes the illness Pneumonia when mixed together
DNA transformation
when a strand of DNA transforms because it has acquired and incorporated pieces of foreign DNA
Oswald Avery (1944)
discovered that DNA is responsible for "transformation" because it will not occur when DNA has been destroyed
Recombinant DNA
combining the DNA of one organism with DNA of another using a bacteria cell's excess DNA plasmid which when then be inserted into an organism in order to genetically modify them (GMO)
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