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BSC116 Test 1

Terms in this set (221)

Life on earth is at least how old?

abiotic synthesis

making compounds using non-living molecules

How old is Earth?

adding electrons

created by the self-assembly of lipids into spheres

aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane.

replication and metabolism

key properties of life

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

DNA-based life is _________ than RNA.

preserved remains of living organisms

radiometric dating

inferring age of rocks & fossils based on amounts of radioactive elements

Fossils are almost always in _________ rocks.

mass spectrometer

separates and quantifies each isotope by mass

What is the earliest living organism?

a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (ex. bacteria)

fossilized bacterial mats; identical in structure to extant bacterial mats

harvest energy from sunlight; fix C and produce O2

Mitochondria and plastids are of ________ origin.

two organisms live in proximity in a mutually beneficial arrangement

eukaryotic cells originated by multiple rounds of intracellular incorporation of bacteria

When were the earliest multicellular organisms (small algae)?

When were the first animals?

When was the Cambrian Explosion?

Cambrian Explosion

major groups of animals appear suddenly in fossil record; first predators

How long ago is recorded human history?

Permian mass extinction

caused by volcanism; wiped out 96% of marine animal species

Cretaceous mass extinction

potentially caused by extraplanetary object; dinosaurs killed off, 50% of marine species and terrestrial plants

evolutionary change in the timing or rate of development

responsible for body plan development in animals

Hox genes are also known as ____________.

Mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, non-random mating, and gene flow all play a role in __________.

mutation, selection, and drift can lead to change in populations over time

The ultimate source of phenotypic variation is _________.

sexual reproduction

group of interbreeding individuals

increase in the average fitness of a population

result of random processes; important in small populations

the process by which two daughter species arise from an ancestral species

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

binomial nomenclature

classified name including genus & species

represent ancestral species; "common ancestors"

daughter lineages that diverge from common ancestor

use the pattern of traits among living organisms; method for reconstructing phylogenies

an ancestral species and all of its descendants

shared derived homologies

Clades are diagnosed by _________.

trait shared by common descent

natural selection can cause similar traits to appear in unrelated groups

shared derived characters

some homologies are evolutionary novelties of particular clades; we rely only on this in cladistics to infer evolutionary relationships

shared ancestral characters

some homologies are shared with distant ancestors

shared derived character

phylogenetic bracketing

use characteristics of species we know well to make hypothesis about species we don't

genes duplicated through speciation

genes not through speciation; whole genome duplication

molecular clocks

models that use mutation rates to measure evolutionary time

molecular phylogenetics

methods to deduce evolutionary relationships among organisms based on gene or protein sequences

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

Protists are ___________, meaning they have an ancestor and some descendants.

Multi-cellular life is __________, meaning it comes from independent origins.

bacteria and archaea

two clades of prokaryotes

sugars linked together by proteins; in cell wall to keep shape

standard test, provides info about cell wall structure; stains purple or pink

simple, with a lot of peptidoglycan & no outer membrane; stains purple

complex, outer membrane with less peptidoglycan; stains pink

sticky coat of polysaccharide or protein on prokaryote

proteinaceous spines (attachment pili) on prokaryotes

actively moving toward or away from stimulus

on a prokaryote; in the front to pull in, in the back to push, or both

positive phototaxi

moves towards light

negative chemotaxi

moves away from a particular chemical

in asexual reproduction, can pick up DNA from environment

in asexual reproduction, viruses (phages) carry bacterial DNA

one-way transfer of DNA

"mating bridge"; connects donor & receiver in conjugation

the plasmid that is passed during conjugation; F+ passes to F-

F factor on chromosome; chromosome passed and recombined

feed on other organisms & absorb dissolved molecules (get organic Carbon)

use light energy to fix inorganic Carbon sources (CO2)

obligate aerobes

require aerobic respiration

obligate anaerobes

poisoned by oxygen

facultative anaerobes

use either method (aerobic or anaerobic respiration)

Most lineages of Bacteria (Domain Eukarya and Domain Archaea) are __________.

most diverse bacterial lineage; includes nitrogen fixers, pathogens, myxobacteria, etc.; gram-positive bacteria

intracellular parasites that lack peptidoglycan; gram-positive bacteria

heterotrophs that move by rotating internal flagella; includes taxa responsible for Syphilis & Lyme Disease; gram-positive bacteria

oxygen-generating photosynthesis; origin of the chloroplast; gram-positive bacteria

smallest genomes that lack cell walls

extremophiles that require high salt concentrations

extremophiles that require high temperatures

use CO2 and H2 to create methane; obligate aerobes

release Carbon & Nitrogen into the environment

nitrogen fixation

convert atmospheric N2 into NH3; performed by prokaryotes

drugs that target prokaryotic traits, won't harm us

have genes for enzymes that destroy antibiotics; R stands for resistance

using bacteria to breakdown sewage, chem spills, etc.

genetic engineering

use cellular machinery to make chemicals we can use

protists that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A heterotrophic archaea engulfed a heterotrophic prokaryote, acquiring a ___________ via phagocytosis. (endosymbiosis)

An early eukaryote with a mitochondrion "tamed" a cyanobacterium, acquiring ___________. (endosymbiosis)

secondary endosymbiosis

a process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell

remnant of eukaryote genome within 3rd membrane

excavates that have mitosomes because of reduced mitochondria

1 of the 6 main Protist lineages; flagellated parasites

excavates that have hydrogenosomes because of reduced mitochondria

have flagella with unique morphology (rod in flagellum); includes Euglenids and Kinetoplastids

mostly free-living mixotrophs

free-living predators and parasites, like Trypanosoma (causes sleeping sickness)

Chromoalveolata

1 of the 6 main Protist lineages; alveolates grouped together based upon shared presence of alveoli; beneath the cell membrane; Alveolates and Stramenopiles

alveolate; cells covered in many short cilia rather than few long flagella; generally free-living

alveolate; parasites with complex life cycles; ex. Plasmodium (Malaria)

Dinoflagellates

alveolate with cellulose plates with 2 flagella in grooves; can cause Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

other term for Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

clade of protists with "hairy" flagellum; diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes

1 of the 6 main Protist lineages; amoeboid pseudopodia

stramenopiles that are photosynthetic algae, with silica (glass) wall around cell

stramenopiles that are unicellular or colonial mixotrophs

stramenopiles that are multicellular "seaweeds" & kelp

stramenopile that lost their photosynthetic plastids; heterotrophs resembling fungi

rhizarian that secretes external shells of calcium carbonate

rhizarian protist with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body; plankton

rhizarian with cytoplasmic streaming for locomotion, prey capture, etc.

rhizarians ithat are amoeboid and flagellated; feed using thread-like psuedopodia

archaeplastida that is multicellular with accessory photopigment that makes them the color they are

1 of the 6 main Protist lineages; photosynthetic protists that use primary endosymbiosis

archaeplastida that are unicellular, colonial,& multicellular green algae

1 of the 6 main Protist lineages; composed of 2 major groups based upon general DNA & mysosin protein similarity

unikonts that include slime molds & other amoebas; generally unicellular but slime molds form large aggregations

unikonts that are uni- & multicellular flagellate heterotrophs (fungi & animals)

convergent evolution

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

glucan and chitin

The cell walls of fungi are made of ____________.

hyphae may be divided by a _______.

multi-celled filaments in fungi

filaments in fungi specialized for absorption of nutrients (form masses)

single-celled fungi

one giant cell with many nuclei (no septa)

Fungi reproduce by producing __________.

sexual reproduction in fungi- fusion of cytoplasm of 2 different mating types

heterokaryon/dikaryon

sexual reproduction in fungi- 2 parental nuclei in 1 cytoplasm (n+n)

sexual reproduction in fungi- fusion of nuclei (2n)

Spores are produced by __________ in sexual reproduction.

Spores are produced by ____________ in asexual reproduction.

Mycorrhizal fungi

has a mutualism with plant roots where the it provides phosphorus and other nutrients while the plant provides carbohydrates

earliest branch of fungi (sister to rest of fungi); flagellated zoospores for reproduction

branch of fungi; form sexual spores in zygosporangium; decomposers, also parasites/commensals on animals

branch of fungi similar to zygomycetes, but have arbuscular mycorrhizal; 90% of plant species

branch of fungi; sexual spores formed in asci, with ascocarps; 40% of species lichens with green algae or cyanobacteria

branch of fungi; sexual spores formed in basidia, with basidiocarps

fruiting bodies

ascocarps and basidiocarps

asexual spores of ascomycetes that form at hyphal tips

Cell walls of plants are made of _________.

single-celled, aquatic green algae

tough outer coating of charophyte zygotes and plant spores; walled spores made in sporangia

multicellular gametangia

structures where gametes are found

apical meristems

areas of growth on shoot and root tips

secondary compounds

various compounds that protect plants from UV light, herbivores, pathogens, etc.

vascular tissue

specialized cells that transport water, nutrients, etc.

non-vascular land plants (moss)

In plants, sporophytes (2n) produce __________ by meiosis.

gametophytes (n)

In plants, spores (n) develop into ___________.

Gametophytes (n) produce ___________ by mitosis.

sporophytes (2n)

Gametes (n) fuse to produce ____________.

In Bryophytes, spores germinate to formed branched _________.

In Bryophytes, each protonemata produces 1+ ____________.

anchors moss, NOT roots

Gametophytes (n) have either female or male ________.

gametangia that produce eggs

gametangia that produce flagellated sperm

spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis; on a stalk

Sporophytes (2n) grow from __________ in archegonia.

sporangium opens via this

Haploid spores (n) lead to __________.

Diploid embyros (2n) lead to __________.

If this algae (something) paramecium, how many plasma membrane layers would you see in the chloroplast?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

Imagine two species with a recent common ancestor. If this idea is correct, these two species most likely have...
a. no morphological similarities
b. few biochemical similarities
c. several homologous structures
d. few behavioral or ecological similarities

Hair on mammals when compared to other vertebrates is an example of a...
a. shared derived character
b. shared ancestral character
c. paraphyletic character
d. polyphyletic character

Animals that possess homologous structures probably ____________.
a. evolved from the same ancestor
b. are headed for extinction
c. by chance had similar mutations in the past
d. are not related
e. have increased genetic diversity

What type of clade are prokaryotes?
a. monophyletic
b. paraphyletic
c. polyphyletic
d. homologous

Prokaryotes lack the nucleus found in eukaryotic cells. As a result, prokaryotic cells do not contain which of the following?
a. a nuclear membrane
b. DNA
c. one or more chromosomes
d. all of the above

Which of the following is not a monophyletic grouping?
a. eukaryotes
b. animals
c. plants
d. protists
e. fungi

Dinoflagellates gained a plastid through secondary endosymbiosis. How many nuclear membranes does that plastid have?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

Photosynthetic eukaryotes contain both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Which sequence most likely describes the evolution of this group?
a. ancestral anaerobic prokaryote engulfs heterotrophic prokaryote, then engulfs photosynthetic prokaryote
b. ancestral anaerobic prokaryote engulfs photosynthetic prokaryote, then engulfs heterotrophic prokaryote
c. both sequences are equally likely

Which of these clades has NO multicellular taxa?
a. opisthokonts
b. archaeplastida
c. alveolates
d. none of these

Plasmogamy is...
a. fusion of nuclei from two different fungal mating types
b. fusion of cytoplasm of two different fungal mating types
c. having one giant cell with many nuclei
d. the filamentous part of a fungus

Which fungal group produces asexual spores from conidia that form at hyphal tips?
a. chytrids
b. charophytes
c. basidiomycetes
d. ascomycotes

What is part of the vascular tissue of plants?

What is not a mechanism of bacterial recombination?
transduction
transformation
conformation
conjugation

Extreme halophiles and thermophiles are best known from which taxon?

Among seed plants, the male gametophyte phase is represented by ________.

What is not a part of vegetative growth in plants?

common ancestors

The branch points in a phylogenetic tree represent _________.

chemoautotrophs

What metabolic type is found only among the prokaryotic domains?

dinoflagellates

Crimson Tide (neurotoxic fish poisoning) is caused by __________.

Which one of the following taxa is not one of the three domains of life?
bacteria
prokarya
archaea
eukarya

A gametophyte is ___________.
a. haploid generation that produces haploid gametes
b. diploid generation that produces haploid gametes
c. diploid generation that produces diploid gametes
d. haploid generation that produces diploid gametes

A mold fungus is a fungus that _________.
a. produces sporophytes
b. produces gametophytes
c. produces sexual spores
d. produces asexual spores

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
a. prokaryotes lack ribosomes
b. prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles
c. prokaryotes lack a nucleus
d. prokaryotes contain peptidoglycan

Which of the following is not an advantage of seeds over spores?
a. hard outer shells
b. protected from damage
c. single-celled
d. have endosperms

The cell wall of bacteria is composed of _________.

Eukaryotes are thought to have arisen no less than ________.

Most protists are _________.

Which trait arose earliest in vascular plant evolution?
a. 3n endosperm
b. dominance of the gametophyte stage
c. flowers
d. reduction of the microgametophyte to a pollen again

The meristems responsible for secondary growth are __________.
a. vascular cambium
b. cork cambium
c. vascular cambium and cork cambium

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with _________.
a. multicellular haploid forms
b. multicellular diploid forms
c. unicellular haploid forms
d. unicellular diploid forms

Which group of algae is most closely related to land plants?

A monophyletic taxon is one that _______________.
a. includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
b. includes an ancestral species and some of its descendants
c. includes no descendants
d. includes no ancestral species

Secondary growth refers to....
a. growth in medial meristems
b. growth in lateral meristems

secondary endosymbiosis

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of _____________.

In plants, the primary organs of photosynthesis are _________.

suppression of axillary bud growth

Apical dominance refers to....

Which taxa represents the flowering plants?

fertilization depends on flagellated sperm

Which of the characteristics of both bryophytes and seedless vascular plants limits them to moist environments?

Which taxa represents the seedless vascular plants?

structures that had one function originally, and later evolved other, or different, functions

The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is __________.
a. Paleozoic, Cenozoic, and Mesozoic
b. Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic
c. Mesozoic, Cenozoic, and Paleozoic
d. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

What does not typically contribute to adaptive radiations?

About how far back can carbon-dating go?

Which of the following is the correct ordering of divisions of the geologic record from largest to smallest?
a. eon, era, period, epoch
b. epoch, era, period, eon
c. period, epoch, era, eon
d. eon, period, epoch, era

cooperative colonies of bacteria

Land plants have sporopollenin. What other group does as well?
a. excavates
b. charophytes
c. chlorophytes
d. fungi

A key distinction between vascular and non-vascular plants is...
a. alternation of generations
b. whether spores are n or 2n
c. the relative size of the gametophyte stage
d. none of these

Four adaptations- cuticle, vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers- are key characters defining four major modern plant groups. Which group first evolved seeds?
a. ferns
b. bryophytes
c. flowering plants
d. gymnosperms

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