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A&P 2 Chapter 16

Terms in this set (114)

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________.
T lymphocytes
Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast?
Estrogens
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentrations by causing the kidneys to
retain sodium and excrete potassium.
Renin is produced by the ____.
kidneys
Aldosterone ___.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which hormone is not matched correctly with its action?
Erythropoietin - increases white blood cell formation
Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?
cortisol
Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect?
Cortisol
Which of the following hormones is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
Epinephrine
______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
insulin
The _____ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
heart
Insulin operates under __________.
humoral stimulation
Insulin stimulates all of the following actions except
an increase in blood glucose
What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?
thyroid hormones
Which of the following statements is false?
Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion.
What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?
insulin
Aldosterone regulates __________.
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels
Cortisol acts to
stimulate gluconeogenesis.
What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol?
nervous tissue
Because of the body's general response to stress, the blood concentration of
epinephrine and cortisol rise
Thyroxine (T4) functions to
increase the general rate of metabolism
Leptin is a hormone produced by the ____.
adipose tissue
Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?
Zona glomerulus
Melatonin is secreted by the ____ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle
pineal gland
Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?
Glucagon
Testosterone is produced by the __________.
testes
Which of the following hormones play key roles in the body's long-term response to stress?
Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon
_____ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system
type 1 diabetes
Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreas
Alpha cells of the pancreas produce ____.
glucagon
The ____ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin.
Beta
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all the following factors except
increased plasma volume.
Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)
Aldosterone
Which of the following hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth?
Oxytocin
_______________is required for thyroid synthesis.
Iodine
Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Hormonal stimulation
Endocrine glands secrete ____________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called _____________.
hormones, target tissues
All the following tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary except
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A second messenger for hormone response is _______________.
cAMP
Paracrine signals:
act on neighboring cells
The endocrine system secretes _____________ into the blood to be transported to their target cells.
Hormones
Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based?
Epinephrine
What is a major function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.
Thermoregulation is a function of which of the following hormones?
Thyroid hormones
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ?
Thyroid gland
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except
increasing the rate of glycogen formation
___________ are the major targets of growth hormone
Bone and skeletal muscle
Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble?
Steroids
Which of the following effects is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increased osteoblast activity
All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the _______________
Hypothalamus
What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?
Hydrophobic hormones
What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Hypocalcemia
A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is _____________.
calcitriol
The cells of the nervous system communicate via _____________, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via ________________.
neurotransmitters, hormones
What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?
Glandular epithelium
What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Increasing solute concentration of the blood
What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?
Thyroid gland
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
concentration of serum calcium
__________________ are hormones that act on the same target cells but have opposite effects.
Antagonists
____________ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.
Autocrine
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because
the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary
by the portal veins
What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
The _____________ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?
Pituitary gland
Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones:
can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effects
Most hormone secretion is regulated as a part of a _______________.
negative feedback loop
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium by
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium
Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the endocrine system?
controls memory and learning
Compared to the effects of nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________.
last longer
Chemical messengers that reach their target cells travelling in blood are called ____________.
hormones
A tumor in the hypothalamus, which results in hypersecretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) will ultimately affect the __________.
ovaries and testes
The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is ____________.
ACTH
Hypothyroidism will result in
elevated TSH
Which of the following is an effect of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4?
increase in the metabolic rate
Increased levels of T3 and T4 will result in
decreased TRH secretion
A patient presents with buffalo hump, weight gain, increased blood pressure, suppression of the immune response, and osteoporosis. The most likely diagnosis will be _____________.
cortisol hypersecretion
The outer region of the adrenal gland is called the ______________.
cortex
Which of the following effects occurs when epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla?
Decreased digestive and urinary functions
Insulin administered by injection is the main treatment for _______________.
type 1 diabetes mellitus
Insulin is produced by the ___________ cells of the pancreas.
beta
Which of the following hormones is important for T lymphocyte maturation?
Thymosin
What is the function of leptin?
Induces satiety
The pineal gland produces the hormone _____________.
melatonin
Which of the following hormones is not important for fluid homeostasis?
epinephrine
Hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) that occurs before epiphyseal plates close results in a condition known as acromegaly.
False
Place the following hormones in the correct order of the control, from first tier to third tier.
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), productionof T3 and T4
Thermoregulation is the responsibility of
thyroid hormones
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, made?
hypothalamus
What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What is NOT a primary target tissue of cortisol?
nervous tissue
Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate some functions of other cells are known as
hormones
Which of the following is a gonadotropin?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormones that control hormone secretion from other glands are known as __________.
tropic hormones
Testosterone is primarily produced by the:
testes
Some potassium-sparing diuretics increase urination without the loss of potassium by working against receptors for:
aldosterone
Endocrine cells that release hormones in response to the concentration of a certain ion or molecule in the blood or extracellular fluids are stimulated by humoral stimuli.
True
What hormone(S) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?
thyroid hormones
What might accompany an overdose of insulin?
hypoglycemia
Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?
cortisol
Aldosterone regulates:
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels
Which of the following is a primary endocrine organ?
Thyroid gland
Which of the following accompanies Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
weight gain
Which hormone promotes glucogenesis as a way to increase blood glucose levels?
cortisol
Calcitonin mainly targets and inhibits the activity of osteoclasts in bone.
True
Cushing's disease results from:
hypersecretion of cortisol
What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin) target?
Thyroid gland
Which of the following is NOT a main effect of the thyroid hormones?
regulation of blood calcium levels
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