-CD14 signalinga family of 10 receptors with variable specificity for a range of pathogensTLR ligands and target pathogens-TLR phagocytosis+TLR signalingoponizationtargeted or enhanced phagocytosisFabOpsonins bind to antigens via paratopes on ___________ portion of antibodyphagocytes, Fc__________ then bind to the antigen complexes via ________ receptors on the phagocyte membraneCD16Fc receptor on phagocyte membraneCD16 for IgGFc receptors:CD11b/CD18; (CR3)complement C3b receptors:complementis a family of circulating globular plasma glycoproteins that serve important INNATE immune functionsNeutrophils (PNLS)Pyogenic (pus-forming response)macrophagesderived from circulating monocytesCD14mannose receptorCR3 (CD11b:CD18)complement receptor 3CR4 (CD11c/CD18)complement receptor 4bone marrowhistiocytesCNSmicroglial cellsconnective tissuehistocytesinflammatory reactionsmacrophages
giant cells
epithelioid cellsliverkupffer cellslungsalveolar macrophagesspleen, thymus, lymph nodemacrophagesperitoneumperitoneal macrophagesmacrophagesproduce IL-1 and TNFα to regulate lymphocyte adhesion molecules and chemokines to attract antigen-specific lymphocytes.interstitial DCsproducers of IL-12 and IL-10langerhans DCsproducers of IL-12T and B cellsInterstitial DCs present pathogens to _________________Neutrophilsproduce nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide, which inhibit apoptosis in lymphocytes and can prolong adaptive immune responsesEosinophilskill invading parasitesEosinophilsproduce IL-5, which recruits Ig-specific antibody responsesmast cells and basophilsrelease TNFα , IL-6 , IFN-γmast cells and basophilsproduce IL-4 which recruits TH2 helper t cell responses and recruit IgG1 and IgE specific antibody responsesnatural killer cells (NK cells)produce TNFα and IFN-γ which recruit TH1 helper T cell responsesepithelial cellsproduces TGF-β, which triggers IgA- specific antibody responsesType 1 interferonswhat type of interferon greatly affects NK cell functiongammaNK cells synthesize and secrete interferon _______IL-12 and TNFαinterferon gamma producesFc receptors (CD16)
NK cells
CytotoxinsIgG antibodies may bind to specific ________________ on the surface of ____________ and enable NK cells to bind to antigen cells and release _____________Histamineanaphylaxisantigen-induced allergic reaction with IgE antibodies adhering to specific receptors on the surface of mast cellsanaphylatoxinsC3a and C5a areserotoninSerotonintypically causes vasoconstriction5HT1 receptorsserotonin causes vasoconstriction via _____________5HT1 agonists_____________ are powerful and effective drugs for the treatment of migraine headachesSumatriptan (Imitrex)
zolmitriptan (zomig)drugs that are 5HT1 agonistscentrally-mediated nausea and vomiting
activation of the GI mucosa to stimulate GI motility
pain via 5Ht3 receptorsworking a different receptors (5HT3 receptors) serotonin produces:Odansetron (Zofran)5HT3 antagonists drugs:Alosetron (Lotronex)drug approved for the treatment of irritable bowel syndromeC3aanaphylatoxin and chemotactic agentC3bopsonizationC5apowerful chemotactic agent and anaphylatoxinbradyskinexample of kininsLTC4, LTD4, LTE4Vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased permeabilityLXA4
LXB4vasodilation inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis stimulate monocyte adhesionPGD2
PGE2
PGF2αvasodilation potentiate edema5-HETE and LTB4 (leukotriene B4)chemotaxisTXA2causes vasoconstriction, promotes platelet aggregationPGI2causes vasodilation inhibits platelet aggregationPhosolipidssteroids inhibitCyclooxygenaseCOX-1 and COX-2 inhibitorsCRPa pattern recognition receptor molecule (pentraxin) that binds to phosphocholine moietiesAnakinraIL-1 receptor drug:SiltuximabIl-6 antagonists drug:Tocilizumab
SarilumabIL-6 receptor antagonist drugs:UstekinumabIL-12 drug:infliximab (Remicade)
adalimumab (Humia)TNF-α drugsetanercept (Enbrel)
certolizumab pegolModified monoclonal antibody that binds to TNF-αAPCs: Macrophages
required for activation of antigen specific anti-pathogen T cells.CD80 and CD86 are found on which type of cells?MacrophagesProduce Il-12 to recruit TH1 T helper cell responses; regulate costimulatory and MHC molecules to facilitate T and B lymphocyte recognition and activationcytokine secretionactivated NK cells synthesize and secrete interferon gamma and powerful activator of macrophages, which in turn produce IL-12 and TNF-alpha that further stimulate NK cell activation and proliferationIL-1 beta and TNF-alphainduce blood vessels to become more permeable, enabling, effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules to enter the infected tissueIl-6induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, make heart and raise the temperature in the infected tissueCXCL8Recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the infected tissueIL-12recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secrete cytokines that strengthen the macrophages response to infectionTrueT/F CRP is an opsonincomplementCRP activates the ______________ cascade by serving as an alternate "receptor site" for C1qMBLcirculates as a complex with 2 serine protease zymogens (MASP-1 and MASP-2)MASP-1 and MASP-2-opsonin
-complement activation
-activates the complement cascade by serving as a proteolytic "C4 convertase" and "C2 converase"IL-1betacanakinumab
monoclonal antibodyIL-1betarilonacept
modified monoclonal antibodyAnakirarecombinant, non-glycosylated synthetic form of the human IL-1 receptor antagonist that inhibits IL-1 bindingrheumatoid arthritis (RA)anakira indication:chimeric monoclonal antibody (IgG1K)
binds to IL-6
castleman diseasesiltuximab indication:rheumatoid arthritistocilizumab and sarilumab indication:moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's diseaseustekinumab indication:p40 protein subunit used by both the Il-12 and IL-23 cytokinesUstekinumab binds to:IL-12 and Il-23which interleukins are naturally occurring cytokines that are involved in inflammatory and immune responses, such as NK cell activation and CD4+ T-cell differentiation and activation.T-alpha antagoniststhese indications involve:
-RA
-crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
-ankylosing spondylitis
-plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
-hidradenitis suppurativa
-poly articular-course juvenile RA
