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Psych 102 Midterm 1

Terms in this set (79)

What is Social Psychology?
the study of how peoples, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the situation(mainly the social situation)
Lewin's Magic Formula
Behavior is a function of a person and their environment
Downey & Feldman 1996: Rejection Sensitivity
matches with a confederate, says there's 2 sessions, only does one either because one person doesn't want to finish, or because they ran out of time
hindsight bias
people exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after it happened
What are theories?
explain and predict observed events
Hypothesis?
testable predictions
Empirical studies
examine hypothesis
What are two types of research designs?
Correlation and Experimental
Correlational Method
assesses strength and direction of relationship between variables
random assignment
process of exposing participants to the different conditions of an experiment such that all personas have the same chance of being in a given condition
True experiments
examine cause and effect relationships
what are the 2 characteristics of a true experiment?
-control over the experimental procedure and participants randomly assigned to different treatment conditions
Independent variable
you manipulate, to test the effects of the dependent variable
dependent variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
subject variable
variables that characterize pre-existing differences among participants
experimental study
examine cause and effect relationships
-infer causality
quasi-experiment
An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. Also called a mixed design.
one or more manipulates variable, one or more measured variable
mundane realism
does experiment resemble real world?
experimental realism
does participant treat experiment as real?
Archival Measurement
trace measure, live outcome data, weren't collected from anyone's study (ex: tweets)
behavioral measurements
looking at someones outward behavior, know hteyre getting observed
self report measurements
asking persons what they think/feel, introspect, most commonly used
physiological measurements
measures of the body, no conscious control(ex: heart rate, blood pressure)
correlational- longitudinal study
groups of people measures over a period of time
descriptive statistics
mean, standard deviation, mode ect. summary to describe what you see in data
inferential statistics
is the difference between 2 groups reliable and significant enough to apply to the population
schema
mental structures that organize knowledge of the social world around themes or subjects
self-schemas
mental structures about the self, derived from the past experience, beliefs and feelings about self in various domains
self concept
sum total of self schemas, all the knowledge you have about the self
working self concept
subset of self knowledge/ schemas brought to mind in any given context
activated self schemas
Context and situation activate different aspects of the self, some easily activated
self-reference effect
information relevant to the self is processed quicker and remembered better
autobiographical memories
we may distort the past in ways that are consistent with self schemas, influence what you remember about the past
independent view of self
emphasis on own internal, thoughts, feelings, and actions. individualism
interdependent view of self
emphasis on ones relationships with other people; recognition that thoughts, actions, feelings are often dependent on other people. collectivism
self regulation
initiation, altering, and controlling ones behavior in pursuit of goals
ego depletion
The idea that self-control is a limited resource. If you use a lot of it, it can get used up and you'll have less to use in the future
introspection
people do not think about themselves as often as you might think
self-awareness theory
we become self-conscious, objective, judgmental observers of ourselves
what are some limits on introspection?
people sometimes think something affects their behavior when it doesn't, overlooks something that does affect their behavior
affective forecasting
people have difficulty predicting the duration and intensity of their future emotions
self perception theory
when a feeling or thought is ambiguous we infer it by observing our behavior in the situation in which it occurs
intrinsic motivation
desire to engage in activity because it is enjoyed
extrinsic motivation
desire to engage in activity for rewards or pressures
over justification effect
when there are compelling extrinsic reasons for a behavior, people underestimate intrinsic reasons
reflected self-appraisals
a belief about what others think of ones self, our perception of how others interact and react to us
social comparison theory
we learn about our abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to others( automatically)
upward social comparison
compare ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait and ability
downward social comparison
comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait and ability
self enhancement motive
we want to see ourselves and others to see us in a positive light
self esteem
our overall feeling of self worth, can fluctuate with life experiences
self-serving bias
attribute success to out efforts and traits, failure to circumstance(better-than average effect)
unrealistic optimism
we underestimate future risks/ overestimate likelihood of positive events happening
false consensus
tend to think other believe what we believe
self efficacy
the sense that one is competent
Internal Locus of control
perceive that outcomes are controlled by your own actions
external locus of control
perceive that outcomes are controlled by chance or forces outside of your control
learned helplessness
repeated uncontrollable negative events leads to registration and hopelessness
self verification motives
people have a need to confirm their self concept, positive or negative
self consistency theory
people have a preference for consistency(ex: want our thoughts to be consistence with one another etc.)
cognitive dissonance theory
when we are aware of inconsistencies in out behavior and cognitions we experience arousal(ex: stress)
insufficient justification effect
reduction of dissonance by internally justifying ones behavior when external justification is insufficient
post-decision dissonance
dissonance aroused after making a decision, exaggerate positive features of the chosen alternative and the negative features of the other alternative
justification of effort
tendency to increase liking for something once you have worked hard for it
automatic processes
thinking that is unintentional, involuntary, and effortless
controlled processes
thinking that is intentional and effortful
schema accessibility
extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of the mind and thus likely to be used in making judgements
confirmation bias
tendency to search for interpret info that verifies your existing beliefs
attribution theory
the way in which people explain the causes of their own and others behavior
internal attribution
inference that behavior is because of something within the person, such as mood, attitude, character or personality
external attribution
inference that the behavior is because of something about the situation, environment or context
consensus information
the extent that other people behave the same way in this situation
distinctiveness information
the extent to which one particular person behaves differently across various situations(can be low or high)
actor observer bias
tendency to see other peoples behavior as internally caused while we are more likely to attribute external causes for out own behavior(benefit of the doubt)
fundamentally attribution error/ correspondence bias
tendency to infer that people behavior matches their internal disposition( personality/attitude) (that just their personality)
when are we less likely to correct fundamental attribution error
when we are busy because we dont focus
what is a reason for fundamental attribution error
automatic processing/ heuristics/ shortcuts in our thinking
role of perceptual salience
people are often the focus, not the situation, we pay attention to them more than the situation
self fulfilling prophecy
eliciting behavior that is consistent with expectations
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