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A&P Chapter 35

Terms in this set (51)

What are the three general functions of the respiratory system?
Air distribution, gas exchange, filters air
How do we define the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
Upper: respiratory organs that are not contained within the thorax; contains nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
Lower: region of the respiratory tract that consists of trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree, and lungs
What are some major parts of the upper respiratory tract? Of the lower respiratory tract?
Upper: nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx
Lower: trachea, all segments of bronchial tree, lungs
What are some accessory structures for the respiratory system?
Rib cage, respiratory muscles, oral cavity
What is cellular respiration? How does the respiratory system contribute to cellular respiration?
Converts oxygen into energy; produces carbon dioxide as a waste product, which must be removed before it accumulates to high levels
What cartilages and bones compose the outside and roof of the nose and nasal cavity?
Frontal bone, ala (flaring cartilaginous expansion forming/supporting outer side of each oval nostril opening), two nasal bones, cribiform plate
What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?
Maxilla and palatine bones
What is a cleft palate?
When palatine bones fail to unite completely. The mouth is only partially separated from the nasal cavity, which causes extreme difficulty in swallowing and speaking
What is the septum? Which cartilages are part of the septum?
Separates nasal cavity into right and left; vomernonasal cartilage and septal nasal cartilage
What are the functions (two) of the cribriform plate?
Separates roof of nose from cranial cavity, permits branches of olfactory nerve responsible for special sense of smell to enter cranial cavity and reach the brain
The nostrils are the holes leading into the nasal cavity. What is another name for the nostrils?
anterior (external) nares
In the nose, what is the vestibule?
Located inside nasal cavity below inferior meatus. Lined with skin; reflects from the wings (ala) of the nose; tiny space after nostrils
What are the nasal conchae?
Spirals (bones) that project into nasal cavity; give inside of nose more surface area
What are the meatuses?
Passageway below conchae
What are the posterior (internal) nares?
Openings that allow air to pass from the nasal cavity into the pharynx
Be able to identify the structures above (questions 6 to 14) on the drawings in your textbook.
Nasal bone, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, septal cartilage, vomer, vomeronasal cartilage, maxilla, palatine bone, cribriform plate
pg. 802
Be able to trace airflow from the external nares to the internal nares.
1. Anterior (external) nares
2. Vestibule
3. Inferior, middle, and superior meatuses, simultaneously
4. Posterior (internal) nares
What is the respiratory mucosa?
Epithelium that makes mucus; in all parts of respiratory system (except lungs); traps bacteria; rich in goblet cells (mucus cells) and blood supply
The respiratory mucosa has cilia. What are the cilia used for?
Hair on cells; sweeps mucus out of cells and body
What is the olfactory epithelium?
Membrane that contains many olfactory nerve cells to catch smell; located on cribriform plate
What are the paranasal sinuses? What is their function?
Cavities inside bones of skull; lighten weight of skull and open/drain into nasal cavity
What normally takes up most of the space in paranasal sinuses? What is a sinus infection?
Air; inflammation/swelling of tissue that lines the sinuses
What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity? Which of these functions makes breathing through the nose better than breathing through the mouth?
Help move air to lungs, modify speech, used for smell, filter air using mucus and cilia, warming and humidifying the air; functions of moving air to lungs and modifying speech make breathing through the nose better than mouth
What is the pharynx? What are the three parts of the pharynx? Where are the three parts located?
Tubelike structure extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus;
1. Nasopharynx - nose
2. Oropharynx - oral cavity
3. Laryngopharynx - larynx
In what part of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils? In what part of the pharynx are the palatine and lingual tonsils?
Nasopharynx; oropharynx
Remember that the pharynx (specifically, the oropharynx and laryngopharynx) are a common pathway for both the respiratory and digestive systems.
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are a common pathway for both the respiratory and digestive systems.
What is the more common name for the larynx?
Voice box
What is the vestibule of the larynx?
Cavity above the vestibular folds
What are the vestibular and vocal folds?
Help modify voice when you speak; vestibular: upper, vocal: lower
What is the epiglottis? What is its function?
Lidlike cartilage overhanging the entrance to the larynx; its free superior border flexes to move up and down during swallowing to prevent food or liquids from entering the trachea
Name the cartilages the make a framework for the larynx. Of the cartilages, which is the largest and produces the Adam's apple in men?
Thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoid cartilage; thyroid cartilage is large and produces Adam's apple
What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx do?
Open and close the glottis, control vocal fold length and tension
What is the glottis?
Composed of the true vocal cords and the space between them
What are the functions of the larynx?
Forms part of the airway to the lungs and protects that airway, produces the voice
Know that all of the structures asked about above this question are part of the upper respiratory tract.
Nose, nasal cavity, respiratory mucosa, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx
What is the common name for the trachea?
Windpipe
The trachea has smooth muscle, respiratory mucosa and C-shaped cartilages. Why are the cartilages C-shaped?
C-shaped cartilages do not close all the way around; therefore, they allow swallowing to push back into the trachea
What causes "smoker's cough"?
Material in smoke coats cilia, which makes it hard for the cilia to move, therefore it can't sweep out any mucus
What is an endotracheal intubation? What is a tracheostomy?
Endotracheal intubation - placing a tube in the trachea to ensure an open airway
Tracheostomy - surgical procedure in which an opening is cut into the trachea (hole in neck, tube through hole into trachea)
What are the primary bronchi? How do bronchi branch out after the primary bronchi enter the lungs?
Lower end of the trachea that divides into two: one on the right, one on the left.
1. Primary bronchi branch into two, creates secondary bronchi
2. Secondary bronchi branches into tertiary bronchi
3. Tertiary bronchi branches into bronchioles
4. Bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
5. Alveolar ducts branch into alveoli
What are alveoli? What is their function?
Microscopic air spaces at terminals of bronchial tree, lined with simple squamous epithelium that joins with pulmonary capillary endothelium to form respiratory membrane; exchanges gases between air and pulmonary blood, surfactant lining alveoli prevents collapse of air spaces
The inner surface of alveoli has water. The surface tension of water, left alone, may cause alveoli to collapse. What substance decreases surface tension so alveoli don't collapse?
Surfactant
Be able to trace the flow of air, starting with external nares and ending at alveoli.
1. Nose
2. Pharynx (Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Primary bronchi
6. Secondary bronchi
7. Tertiary bronchi
8. Bronchioles
9. Alveolar ducts
10. Alveoli
For the lungs, what is the hilum? The base? The apex?
Hilum: Slit on the lung's medial surface where the primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels enter
Base: The inferior surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
Apex: Pointed upper margin
How many lobes does the left lung have? How many does the right lung have?
Two: Superior and inferior
Three: Superior, middle, inferior
Why does the left lung have fewer lobes?
The left lung is smaller due to the space that is taken up by the heart in that area
What are the visceral and parietal pleura? What is in the space between the pleura? What is the purpose of the substance between the pleura?
Visceral: covers the outer surfaces of the lungs and adheres to them, parietal: lines entire thoracic cavity, adheres to internal surface of ribs and superior surface of diaphragm
Pleura fluid
Reduces friction so there is no damage when the lungs change size
What is the mediastinum? What major respiratory structure is in the mediastinum?
Portion of thoracic cavity in the middle of the thorax; heart
Define the following disorders: rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and tonsillitis.
Rhinitis - inflammation of nasal mucosa often caused by nasal infections
Pharyngitis - sore throat; inflammation or infection of the pharynx
Laryngitis - inflammation of the mucous tissues of the larynx
Tonsillitis - inflammation of tonsils, usually because of infection
\What is a deviated septum? What is sleep apnea? What is epistaxis?
Deviated septum - abnormal condition in which the nasal septum is far from its normal position, possibly obstructing normal breathing
Sleep apnea - transitional period of sleep characterized by loud snoring to variable periods of complete cessation of breath
Epistaxis - clinical term referring to a bloody nose
What is bronchitis? Pneumonia? Tuberculosis?
Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs, characterized by edema and excessive mucus production that causes coughing and difficulty in breathing (especially expiration)
Pneumonia - abnormal condition characterized by acute inflammation of the lungs in which alveoli and bronchial passages become plugged with thick fluid
Tuberculosis - chronic bacterial (bacillus) infection of the lungs or other tissues caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms
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