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Chapter 4- Prokaryotic Diversity

Terms in this set (54)

transient microbiota
microorganism that are only temporarily(days, weeks, months) found in the human body, possible containing pathogens
normal microbiota
permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions
Human Microbe Project
analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health
When are we colonized with microbes and bacteria?
before birth by mothers microflora in vagina. rapid increase of Lactobacillus app which serves as first colonization. Colonized more after er are born and acquired by people we interact with immediately after birth
why do infants born by a c-section have different microbial flora than those born with vaginal birth?
babies born by c-sections miss out on helpful microbes and are exposed to an increase number of pathogens linked to the hospital environment
gut microflora
refers to the billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system
gut microflora in breast milk vs. feeding
difference because it is very subject to change. breast milk microflora increases immune system while formula feeding may lower immune system
what group of organisms is found in high numbers in probiotics and is one of the first groups of organisms that a newborn is exposed to if that newborn is birthed vaginally
bacteria.
vaginally- lactobacillus
how do the number of microbial cells compare to the number of eukaryotic cells in humans
microbial cells have a higher number than eukaryotic cells. ratio is 1.5:1
How does microbial population compare in different regions of body
different based on environmental factors. colon has highest microbial density
are there detectable differences in the gut microflora of a diseases patient vs a healthy patient
yes
what factors affect the composition of microbial communities
-nutrients
-physical health
-host defenses
-mechanical factors
How does normal microbiota protect the host?
-Competing for nutrients
-Producing substances harmful to invading microbes
-Affecting pH and available oxygen
Symbiosis
the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Paratisim
a relationship between two organsisms: one species benifits and the other is harmed
opportunist pathogen
Microorganisms that cause disease when the immune system is suppressed, when microbial antagonism is reduced, or when introduced into an abnormal area of the body.
microbial ecology
the study of the relationship between microorganisms and how they interact with their environment
nitrogen fixation with cyanobacteria
enables us to get access to the nutrients in a form we can consume
ex: ammonia (NH3)
what type of relationship is there between rhizobium and plant roots
mutualism. the plant gets useable nitrogen in the form of ammonia from the bacteria and the bacteria receives organic acids from the plant to use as a food source
The term prokaryotes refers to which of the following?
a. very small organisms
b. unicellular organisms that have no nucleus
c. multicellular organisms
d. cells that resemble animal cells more than plant cells
B
The term microbiota refers to which of the following?
a. all microorganisms of the same species
b. all of the microorganisms involved in a symbiotic relationship
C. all microorganisms in a certain region of the human body
D. all microorganisms in a certain geographic region
C
Which of the following refers to the type of interaction between two prokaryotic populations in which one population benefits and the other is not affected?
A. mutualism
B. commensalism
C. parasitism
D. neutralism
B
Which of the following describes Proteobacteria in domain Bacteria?
A. phylum
B. class
C. species
D. genus
A
All Alphaproteobacteria are which of the following?
A. oligotrophs
B. intracellular
C. pathogenic
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
A
Class Betaproteobacteria includes all but which of the following genera?
A. Neisseria.
B. Bordetella.
C. Leptothrix.
D. Campylobacter.
D
Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of which of the following?
A. Influenza
B. dysentery
C. upper respiratory tract infections
D. hemophilia
C
Which of the following is the organelle that spirochetes use to propel themselves?
A. plasma membrane
B. axial filament
C. pilum
D. fimbria
B
Which of the following bacteria are the most prevalent in the human gut?
A. Cyanobacteria
B. Staphylococci
C. Borrelia
D. Bacteroides
D
Which of the following refers to photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons?
A. oxygenic
B. anoxygenic
C. heterotrophic
D. phototrophic
A
Which of the following bacterial species is classified as high G+C gram-positive?
A. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Bacillus anthracis
D. Streptococcus pneumonia
A
The term "deeply branching" refers to which of the following?
A. the cellular shape of deeply branching bacteria
B. the position in the evolutionary tree of deeply branching bacteria
C. the ability of deeply branching bacteria to live in deep ocean waters
D. the pattern of growth in culture of deeply branching bacteria
B
Which of these deeply branching bacteria is considered a polyextremophile?
A. Aquifex pyrophilus
B. Deinococcus radiodurans
C. Staphylococcus aureus
D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B
Archaea and Bacteria are most similar in terms of their ________.
A. genetics
B. cell wall structure
C. ecology
D. unicellular structure
D
Which of the following is true of archaea that produce methane?
A. They reduce carbon dioxide in the presence of nitrogen.
B. They live in the most extreme environments.
C. They are always anaerobes.
D. They have been discovered on Mars.
B
When prokaryotes live as interacting communities in which one population benefits to the harm of the other, the type of symbiosis is called ________.
parasitism
The domain ________ does not include prokaryotes.
eukarya
Pathogenic bacteria that are part of the transient microbiota can sometimes be eliminated by ________ therapy.
antibiotic
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide other organisms with usable nitrogen in the form of ________.
ammonia
Rickettsias are ________ intracellular bacteria.
obligate
The species ________, which belongs to Epsilonproteobacteria, causes peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.
helicobacter pylori
The genus Salmonella belongs to the class ________ and includes pathogens that cause salmonellosis and typhoid fever.
Gammaproteobacteria
The bacterium that causes syphilis is called ________.
Treponema pallidum pallidum
Bacteria in the genus Rhodospirillum that use hydrogen for oxidation and fix nitrogen are ________ bacteria.
purple nonsulfur
Streptococcus is the ________ of bacteria that is responsible for many human diseases.
genus
One species of Streptococcus, S. pyogenes, is a classified as a ________ pathogen due to the characteristic production of pus in infections it causes.
pyogenic
Propionibacterium belongs to ________ G+C gram-positive bacteria. One of its species is used in the food industry and another causes acne.
high
The length of the branches of the evolutionary tree characterizes the evolutionary ________ between organisms.
distance
The deeply branching bacteria are thought to be the form of life closest to the last universal ________ ________.
common ancestor
Many of the deeply branching bacteria are aquatic and hyperthermophilic, found near underwater volcanoes and thermal ocean ________.
vents
The deeply branching bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is able to survive exposure to high doses of ________.
ionizing radiation
________ is a genus of Archaea. Its optimal environmental temperature ranges from 70 °C to 80 °C, and its optimal pH is 2-3. It oxidizes sulfur and produces sulfuric acid.
sulfolobus
________ was once thought to be the cause of periodontal disease, but, more recently, the causal relationship between this archaean and the disease was not confirmed.
Methanobrevibacter oralis
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