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A&P 1 LECTURE EXAM 1

Terms in this set (43)

CELL
SMALLEST UNIT OF LIFE
EPITHELIAL, CONNECTIVE, MUSCULAR, NERVOUS
WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAJOR TISSUES
proximal/distal
_____ means closest to the point of attachment / farther away from the point of attachment
saggital - devides into right and left side
transverse - top from bottom
frontal - front from back
what are the three planes of the body-define
Dorsal: cranial - brain, vertebral - spinal cord
Ventral: diaphram, thoracic - pleural (lungs), pericardial (heart), abdominopelvic - stomach, large/small intestine, liver, gall bladder, urinary bladder, ovary, uterus, spleen
identify the body cavities and what is contained there
heart - visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium
lungs - visceral pleura, parietal pleura
abdominopelvic organs - visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
what are the 2 membranes that surround the heart? The abdominopelvic organs? the lungs?
protons - positive charge
neutrons - neutral charge
electrons - negative charge
what are the subatomic particles and their charges?
ionic - when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom
hydrogen - attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule
polar covalent - electrons are not shared equally
non polar covalent - electrons are shared equally
what are the 4 bond types? define
an electrically charged atom that has gained or lost an electron to become stable
what are ions? how are they formed?
carbohydrates - polar covalent
lipids - non polar covalent
proteins - polar covalent
nucleic acids - polar covalent
what are the four major organic compounds in the body and their primary bond types?
dehydration synthesis - water is removed, bond is formed, energy is stored
hydrolysis - adds water, breaks bonds, releases energy
what are the 2 major types of chemical reactions? know if they remove or add water, form or break bonds, and if energy is stored or released?
denaturation is the breaking down of protein structure from heat or extreme levels of pH
what is denaturation and what 2 variables cause denaturing?
hydrogen ion concentration
pH is a measure of ___?
pH is 1-14
below 7 is acidic
7 is neutral
above 7 is basic (alkaline)
what is the pH scale, what values are acidic or basic?
osmosis - transport of water thru protein channels in the plasma membrane
diffusion - movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
know the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
hypotonic - more solutes inside cell, water enters cell, cell swells
hypertonic - more solutes outside cell, water leaves cell, cell shrinks
isotonic - equal solutes inside and outside, water enters and leaves cell at the same rate, cell stays normal size
what effect does hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solution have on cells?
hydrostatic - pressure of water inside cell pushing outward
osmotic - pressure of water outside cell pushing inward
what is hyrdostatic and osmostic pressure?
epidermis - stratified squamous epithelial
dermis - dense irregular connective, simple cuboidal epithelial
hypodermis - adipose/areolar connective tissue
what are the three layers of the skin and the major tissues found there?
smooth, skeletal, cardiac
what are the 3 muscle tissue types?
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
free nerve endings - pain/xtreme temps
meissners (tactile) corpuscle - light touch
pacinian (lamellated) corpuscle - deep pressure
what receptors can be found in the skin?
seperates epidermis from dermis
area of high mitotic division
what is the function of the stratum basale?
exocrine glands
sudoriferous (sweat to cool body, slightly acidic to kill bacteria) and sebaceous (oil to lubricate, contains bactericide to kill bacteria)
what glands are found in the skin?
high body temp - dermal blood vessels dilate, bringing more blood to surface to release heat while sweat glands secrete sweat which evaporates dissipating heat
low body temp - dermal blood vessels contrict, blood moves inward retaining heat for internal systems while adipose (fat) tissue stores fat to retain heat and hair follicles act as an insulator
what are the two mechanisms pf thermoregulation and how do they work?
vitamin D
the kidneys convert it to calcitriol
what vitamin is produced in the skin? what converts it to calcitriol?
stratified squamous epithelial tissue: protects underlying tissues, prevents dehydration, prevents infection, uv ray protection, produces vitamin D
what tissue is found in the epidermis? what are its functions?
simple cuboidal epithelial tissue:forms glands
dense irregular connective tissue: provides strength with elasticity
what tissues are found in the dermis? what are their functions?
adipose connective tissue: energy storage, cushions, insulates
areolar connective tissue: binds skin layers to underlying muscles
what tissues are found in the hypodermis? what are their functions?
chemical level, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism
what is the structural organization of life?
atoms (elements) - matter that makes up all substances
molecules/compounds - substances made of two or more atoms (most common is h2o)
what makes up the chemical level?
smallest unit of life, made of organelles that perform unique functions for cells ex:nucleus
what are cells? what are they made of?
CMEN
connective - connects one tissue to another
muscle - contracts or shortens
epithelial - lines hollow organs, covers organs
nervous - conducts impulses
what are the 4 major tissue types? define each
body parts made of 2 or more tissues that perform a specific function in the body together
what are organs?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, reproductive, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, endocrine, urinary
what are the 11 major bodily systems
directional terms, regional terms, body planes, body cavities
what are the different types of anatomical terms?
positive - change in opposite direction (heart rate, blood pressure)
negative - causes change in same direction (labor contractions, urination)
positive vs. negative feeback
function - makes hair, nails, muscle, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies, albumin (maintains osmotic gradient)
polar covalently bonded = water soluble
susceptible to denaturation
organic substance: protein, what it does, general info
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
what are the four levels of protein structure?
occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken among atoms, ions, or molecules
catabolism - large molecules to smaller
anabolism - small molecules to large
when do chemical reactions occur? what terms can be used?
reactants - starting material of a reaction
product - substances formed at the end of the reaction
reactants/products
enzymes - protein catalyst increase reaction rate
concentration - increased concentration, increased rate
size - smaller molecule, faster rate
temperature - increased temp, increased rate
pH - low pH denatures enzymes
what factors effect reaction rates?
inorganic - usually dissociate in water, forming ions (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inorganic salts)
organic - contain C and H (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)
inorganic VS organic molecules
stomach, small/large intestine, spleen, liver, uterus, ovary, gall bladder, urinary bladder
organs found in abdominopelvic cavity
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