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Nutrition Chapters: 1, 5, 6, 11& 12

Terms in this set (86)

What are the ten leading causes of death?
Heart disease, Cancer, Chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, nephritis and suicide
For more than 25 years, more than half of the adults population has been ____ or obese
overweight
____ obesity has been present about half of U.S. adults of all ages.
abdominal
In 2009-2012, _____ of adult females and ____ of adult males were overweight or obese
65%, 73%
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affected about ____ million men and women ages 20 and <
84
___% of adults smoke cigarettes
20
Smoking is the leading cause of ____ death
preventable
Smoking shortens lifespan by an average of ____ years
10
____ of U.S. adults are obese
1/3
Obesity is the leading risk factor for several _____ conditions such as heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and osteoarthritis
preventable
Physical inactivity is responsible for ____% if deaths annually
10
Only __1__% if adults meet the US Dept of Health and Human Services's recommendation of at least __2__ minutes of physical activity weekly
1. 21
2. 150
To promote health and reduce chronic disease risk through consumption of __1__ diets and healthy __2__
-__3__physical activity
-__4__ adult, adolescent and childhood obesity
-__5__ daily vegetable and fruit intake
-__6__ intake of saturated/ solid fat and added sugar
1. healthful
2. body weights
3.increase
4. decrease
5.increase
6.decrease
CHOs--saccharides, proteins-- amino acids, lipids- fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, water are what type of _____ nutrients
essential
Phytonutrients, functional foods, neutraceuticals are _____ components
Nonessential
It is not a diet, but a ______
healthy eating pattern
tool used to compare actual intake with suggested intake
healthy diet index
This type of eating pattern is rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low fat milk/dairy, a variety of proteins, low processed foods/added sugar, coffee/tea/ moderate alcohol, and EVERYTHING in moderation
healthy eating pattern
Households whose access to adequate food is limited by a lack of money and other rescource
food insecurity
Predominately in low-income areas where a substantial proportion of the residents experience a lack of access to a supermarket
food desert
Creating a culture that values nutrition, recognizing at-risk patients, implementing nutrition interventions, monitoring, communicating, and educate are responsibilities of who?
the nurse
Screening every patient for malnutrition, communicating screening results and rescreening patients within established time frame are things we do to recognize what type of patients?
at- risk patients
-do nutrition screen on time
-implementing dietitian-prescribed intervention
-if there is a delay in intervention, facilitate automated nutrition intervention
-maximize food and oral supplement intake
are ways to help implement ________
nutrition intervention
-Avoiding disconnecting __1__ or parenteral nutrition
-Advocate discontinuation of __3__ therapy ASAP
-Be aggressive about diet progression
-replace meals withheld
-promote dining together
-Question diet orders that appear inappropriate
-Display a positive attitude when serving food or discussing _4__
-Help the patient select __5__
1. enteral
3.IV
4.nutrition
5. food
-Gently motivating the patient to eat
-request assistance with feeding or meal set up
-remove unpleasant odor
-encouraging patients to eat the most nutrient dense foods first
-get the patient out of bed to eat
-change diet consistency if patient has swallowing difficulties
-order snacks and oral nutrition supplements
-encouraging good oral hygeine
are ways to help maximize food& ____ intake
oral supplement
-Observing intake
-documenting appetite and taking action
-ordering supplements if intake is low
-initiating calorie counts
-requesting nutrition consults
-monitoring weight
-monitoring progression of NPO status and restrictive diets
-monitoring client's grasp of nutrition info and motivation to change are all part if the ___' s role in monitoring nutrition
nurse
what is the #1 tool for identifying nutrition risk?
nutritional screening
nutritional screening must be done within __ hours of admission
24
-Consulting with __1__ about nutrition concerns
-__2__ changes in the patient's condition that may alter nutrition risk
-including nutrition discussions into handoff of __3__ and __4__ care plans
dietician, communicating, care, nursing
__1__ the importance of obtaining adequate nutrition
Review basic principles of the __2__
Avoid using the term __3__
__4__ the client on any drug-nurtient interactions
Emphasize things __5__ instead of things __6__
keep the message __7__
Review __8__ with the client
Advise the client to avoid foods that are not __9__
reinforce, eating plan, diet, counsel, "to do", "not to do", simple, written handouts, tolerated
Nutritional screening is to be completed in admission by _____
nursing staff
If a patient is identified as _____ nutrition risk at screening
-this results in automatic referral to dietitian for further assessment/nutrition consult
moderate to high
Comprehensive nutrition assessment=
nutrition consult
Dietitians:
Calculate estimated __1__ and __2__ requirements based in the assessment data (disease, age, gender)
Determine __3__ that define the nutritional problem, etiology, and signs and symptoms
They may also determine the appropriate __4__ diagnosis
Formulate nutrition __5__ interventions
calorie, protein, nutrition diagnoses, malnutrition, nutrition
"vital- amine" is what branches together to create what word
vitamin
Antioxidant, metabolism, growth, repair, medicine and coenzymes are all vital roles of ____
Vitamins
foods with nutrients added that are not naturally found in the food
fortified foods
foods that have nutrients replaced that may have been lost in processing
enriched foods
what is another name for a vitamin deficiency
hypovitaminosis
-Decreased intake of vitamin
-altered absorption or metabolism
-unment increased need for the vitamin
are 3 primary reasons for what
hypovitaminosis
Decreased intake of vitamins leads to long term ___ intake
poor
altered absorption or metabolism of vitamins leads to ______ (fat soluble vitamins)
malabsorption
Unmet increased need for vitamin an example of this is ____ which causes someone a Vitamin C deficiency
smoking
usually occurs due to overuse of supplemental vitamins
hypervitaminosis
excessive vitamin storage normally occurs with ___ vitamins
fat-soluble
an excess of fat soluble vitamins can lead to
liver toxicity
A,D,E& K are what type of vitamins
fat soluble
what vitamin is:
-acquired from milk, dark-colored fruits, and vegetables
-helps with vision, antioxidants, and growth
-a deficiency can cause night blindness& stunted growth
Vitamin A
what vitamin is:
-acquired from sunlight, milk& fatty fish
- helps body with calcium regulation& immunity
-a deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D
-Use of sunscreen
-increased time spent indoors
-Northern cities have more clouds
-smog
-individuals who cover their entire bodies when outside
these are things that can lead to a _____ deficiency
vitamin D
What vitamins is:
-acquired from vegetable oils, nuts/seeds& dark green vegetables
-it helps with giving the body antioxidants& protecting cell membranes
-deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia
Vitamin E
What vitamin is:
-acquired from bacterial synthesis, brussel sprouts, broccoli, spinach
-it helps with blood clotting and regulating blood calcium
-a deficiency can lead to increase in hemmorahage
Vitamin K
vitamin c, b vitamins, pantothenic acid, and biotin are all what type of vitamins
water soluble
water soluble vitamins are ____ for coenzyme actions
essential
this vitamin is:
-obtained from whole-grain, enriched breads, liver and nuts
-coenzyme in energy metabolism, promotes normal appetite
-deficiency can cause profound muscle weakness and mental confusion (beriberi)
thiamine
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is normally seen in ____ and is caused by a deficiency in ___
alcoholics, thiamine
This vitamin is acquired from milk, eggs, liver and meat
-coenzyme in energy metabolism, conversion of tryptophan into niacin
-deficiency can cause dermatitis, cheilosis, glottis
riboflavin
This vitamin is acquired from all protein foods, whole-grain breads and cereals
-promotes normal nervous system functioning
-deficiency can cause pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death (DDDD))
niacin
This vitamin is acquired from meats, poultry, fruits, and green leafy vegetables
-coenzyme in amino acids and fatty acid metabolism
-deficiency can cause dermatits, cheilosis, glottis
vitamin B6
This is acquired from liver, okra, spinach, beans, seeds, and OJ
-coenzyme in DNA synthesis
-deficiency can cause glottis, diarrhea, depression, fainting and neural tube defects
folate
this vitamin is acquired from meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, dairy, products, and eggs
-activated folate, maintains nerve cells
deficiency can cause glottis, anorexia, indigestion and weight loss
vitamin b12
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
pernicious anemia
Salivary -R binder deficiency—rare and benign
Older age-decreased intake or decrease gastric acid Gastrectomy results in low production of IF
Protease deficiency (pancreatic disease)
Terminal ileal resection (>100 cm), decreases the site of absorption of B12-IF complex
any interruption in this path can result in a ____ deficiency
cobalamin
elderly population, those on a vegan diet, and gastric or ileal resection are the people who are most at risk for a vitamin ___ deficiency
b12
Pernicious anemia:
Most common cause of ____ deficiency
Caused by the absence of IF Atrophy of the mucosa Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
Seen in individuals of northern European descent and ____
Men and women are equally affected
Disease of the elderly, the average patient presenting near age __
cobalamin, african americans, 60
blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal
megaloblastic anemia
large RBC usually indicate vitamin B12 deficiency
macrocytic RBC
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
hypersegmented neutrophil
This vitamin is acquired from meat, fish, dried peas, and beans
-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism
-deficiency is rare but can cause general failure of all body systems
pantothenic acid
this vitamin is acquired from eggs, liver, milk, and dark green vegs
-helps with fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen formation
-deficiency can cause anorexia, fatigue, depression, and dry skin
biotin
B vitamins:
They do ___ give people energy
Facilitate ____ of fuel from energy-yielding nutrients
No ____, no energy
___ B vitamins is part of a coenzyme
Must be present in every cell for cellular function
not, burning, calories, 8
This vitamin is acquired through citrus fruits, juices, red& green peppers, strawberries, and kiwis
-assists in collagen synthesis antioxidant, promotes iron absorption
-deficiency bleeding gums, scurvy
vitamin C
_____ contain inorganic compounds and micronutrients
minerals
sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium are all ____ minerals
major
_____ elements originate from the earth's crust, not from plants or animals
-they do not undergo ____
they are not destroyed by
-light
-air
-heat
-acids during food prep
inorganic, digestion
the general function of ___ is to:
-provide structure
-assist in fluid balance
-acid-base balance
-nerve cell transmission and muscle contraction
-vitamin, enzyme, and hormone activity
minerals
______:
-major extracellular cation
-regulates fluid balance
-98% of this mineral that is consumed is absorbed
-2300 mg/ day is all we need
-95% of americans get more than necessary amount
sodium
the most sodium comes from ___ and ____ foods
processed, restaurant
dried apricots, white beans, leafy greens, potatoes, acorn squash, and bananas are the 5 best sources of _____
potassium
Functions of this mineral are:
-regulating intracellular osmolality
-maintain intracellular neutrality in response to H and Na
-Helps for glycogen deposit in liver and skeletal muscles
-maintain normal cardiac rhythm
-maintain smooth muscles and skeletal contraction
potassium
low potassium
hypokalemia
if excretion of this mineral is impaired it can cause:
diabetes
chronic renal insufficiency
end-stage renal disease
severe heart failure
adrenal insufficiency
potassium
high intake of this mineral can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias and death
potassium
This mineral is a:
-major anion extracellular fluid
-AI for younger adults is 2.3g/day
-deficiency is rare
-excess can contribute to high BP
chloride
This mineral is:
-most plentiful in body
-protects against colorectal cancer
-balance regulated by vit D and hormones
-need 3 daily servings to ensure adequate intake
-adequate intake throughout the first 3 decades is needed to attain peak bone mass
-helps with heart and nervous system
calcium
what is the RDA of Ca?
1000-1200mg/day
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