microbiology chapter 1

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what are the two parts of the Cardiovascular System?
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what are the two parts of the Cardiovascular System?
-located in medulla oblongata and is composed of 2 parts.
1. cardiac center-the external control center for heart rate via the SA node.
2. vasomotor center- contols arteriole vessel diameter and regulates blood pressure.
How does the cardiovascular center transmit impulses?
-transmits impulses along the sympathetic pathways to BOTH the heart and vessels.
-this sympathetic nervous response causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
what is is difference in how the sympathetic nervous system effects the hear and vessels compared to how the parasympathetic nervous system effects them?
-the sympathetic nervous system causes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine and effects both the heart and blood vessels.
-parasympathetic only travels to the heart (not vessels) and only does so through the vagus nerve.
what receptors can modify the cardiovascular center control?
-Higher brain centers- your emotional state can override the vasomotor center.
-baroreceptors-detect blood pressure changes. located in the aorta and common carotid arteries.
-Chemoreceptors- located in the aorta and the common carotid arteries. They detect blood chemistry changes (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion levels)
what is hypercapnia and hypoxia
-hypercapnia- high carbon dioxide levels
-hypoxia-low oxygen levels.
what do chemoreceptors in the cardiovascular center detect?
-low/high O2
-low/high CO2
-Alkalosis (causes decrease in sympathetic stimulation)
-Acidosis (causes increase in sympathetic stimulation to heart and vessels.
What are some chemicals that cause short term control of blood pressure?
-Histamine- vasodilator (produced during inflammatory response which causes BP to decrease)
-nitrous oxide- vasodilator (produced by lining of blood vessels
-Nicotine- vasoconstrictor.
what are some hormones that control blood pressure?
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
-ADH
-Angiotensin II
-Atrial natriuretic peptide
How does epinephrine effect blood pressure and blood gases? What drugs can stop the effect of epinephrine and what do these drugs do precisely?
-epinephrine increases blood pressure, increases carbon dioxide, and causes vascocontriction of all vessels.
-beta blockers can block the action of epinephrine. some of these beta receptors target receptors on heart some target receptors on blood vessels ( this causes the heart rate and blood pressure to drop)
what are some of the effects of ADH pertaining to blood pressure and vasco_______
increase bp
- constrict systemic vessels (if there is severe blood loss- hemorrage)
How does angiotensin II effect the cardiovascular system? and what drugs can be used to stop the effect of angiotensin II?-angiotensin II causes -vascoconstriction -increased blood pressure -stimulates the release of aldosterone ANE inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) prevent the formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I (BP medication). In turn, aldosterone is not made. ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure.where is atrial natriuretic peptide produced and what hormone does it antagonize? What does ANP do?-produced in the right atrium of the heart -It is an antagonist to aldosterone -Causes decrease in blood pressure and blood volume. -causes vasodilation.describe how fluid is pushed out of capillaries than reabsorbed-at the arterial end it is pushed out by Hydrostatic pressure (filtration). there is blood blood hydrostatic pressure (aka capillary hydrostatic pressure) and hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. (pressure 10 mm Hg) -at the venous end fluid is taken back up by the capillaries by blood osmotic pressure. it pulls fluid into capillary. two types are capillary osmotic pressure and osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid. (pressure -8mm Hg)what are the causes of edema?-a decrease in plasma proteins due to liver disease, malnutrition, or kidney disease. this lowers the blood osmotice pressure. -obstructed venous return (due to blood clots or cardiac failure) this raises hydrostatic pressure. -increased permeability of capillaries due to infection, inflammation or chemicals. this raises the OP as more proteins leak out into the tissues.describe shock and the symptoms of shock-failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver O2 and nutrients. -symptoms of shock are--- 1.weak, thready pulse 2. cold, clammy, cyanotic 3. increased rate and depth of breathing 4. increased thirst 5. decreased urine output 6. restlessness 7. comahow to repair an aneurysm?clamp artery above and below, excise aneurysm, and suture in a graft.hypotension is systolic pressure below_________100 mm Hghypertension is blood pressure above______________ cause danger and control of hypertension140/90