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Bones and joints

Terms in this set (68)

What are long bones?
Bones that provide the framework for the body and that make movement possible
What do long bones serve as?
Levers
What does a long bone look like?
Long cylindrical shaft with wide protruding ends
What are the different parts of a long bone?
Diaphysis, periosteum, epiphyses, articular cartilage
What is the diaphysis?
long cylindrical portion of the bone
What is the periosteum?
Dense fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of the diaphysis
What is produced in the periosteum?
Bone cells
What is the epiphyses?
At each end of a long bone
Usually enlarged and specifically shaped to join with the epiphysis if an adjacent bone at a joint
What is the epiphyses formed from?
Spongy bone
What is the articular cartilage?
covers the bone's epiphysis to provide smooth movement between bones that make up a joint and protects ends of bones from wear and tear
What happens early in life to the epiphysis?
separated from the diaphysis by a cartilaginous structure known as the epiphyseal plate
What happens at maturity to the epiphysis?
epiphyseal plate closes
What are examples of long bones?
Phalanges, metatarsales, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna and humerus
What are short bones?
Small, cube-shaped, solid bones
Have proportionally large articular surface
What do short bones provide?
Shock absorption
What is important to know about short bones?
Possess no diaphysis and are fairly symmetrical
What are examples of short bones?
carpals and tarsals
What are flat bones?
Flat shape, curved surface
Where are flat bones thick?
Where the tendons attach
What do flat bones provide?
Protection
Wheat are examples of flat bones?
Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula
What are irregular bones?
Can't be classified as long, short or flat
What are examples of irregular bones?
vertebra of the spinal column, ischium, pubis and maxilla
What are sesamoid bones?
oval bones, free-floating, usually found within tendons of muscles
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Kneecap
What is important to know about bone shape?
plays an essential role in determining how much movement is allowed at a given joint
When do bones stop growing?
Bones continue to grow longitudinally as long as epiphyseal plates are open
When do epiphyseal plates begin closing?
By 18
Does bone growth in diameter stop?
No, continues throughout life
What does the periosteum do throughout life?
New layers of periosteum building while bones around sides of medullary cavity is resorbed
What are osteoblasts?
specialized cells that form new bone
What are osteoclasts?
cells that resorb old bone
What is the properties of bones?
Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen and water
What is 60-70% of bone weight made up of?
Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
What is 25-30% of bones made up of?
Water
What does collagen provide?
flexibility and strength in resisting tension
What happens with aging and collagen?
causes loss of collagen ad increase bone brittleness
What are structure classifications of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are function classifications of joints?
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial
What are examples of synarthrodial joints?
Sutures of cranial bones
Sockets of teeth
What are examples of amphiarthrodial joints?
- Syndesmosis
- Symphysis (symphysis pubis and intervertebral disks)
- Synchondrosis (costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum)
What are diarthrodial joints?
Freely moveable
What is the plane, joint, lever (class and fulcrum) and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of a bicep curl?
Sagittal
Hinge
3rd class
Elbow
A: Bicep
An: Tricep
What is the plane, joint and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of a side lunge?
Frontal
Ball and socket
A: Glute
An: Hip flexor
What is the plane of a Russian twist?
Transverse
What is the plane, joint, lever (class and fulcrum) and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of tricep dips?
Sagittal
Hinge
1st class
Elbow
A: Tricep
An: Bicep
What is the plane, joint, lever (class and fulcrum) and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of calf raises?
Sagittal
Hinge
2nd class
Ankle
A: Calf
An: Hamstring
What is the plane, joint, lever (class and fulcrum) and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of lat raises?
Frontal
Ball and socket
3rd class
Shoulder
A: Deltoid
An: Lats
What is the plane, joint and lever (class and fulcrum) of a RDL?
Sagittal
Ball and socket
1st class
Hip
What is the plane, joint and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of a squat?
Sagittal
Hinge
A: Quads
An: Hamstring and glutes
What is the plane, joint, lever (class and fulcrum) and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of a shoulder press?
Frontal
Ball and socket
2nd class
Shoulder
A: Deltoids and triceps
An: Bicep
What is the plane, joint, lever (class and fulcrum) and muscle roles (agonist and antagonist) of a pushup?
Sagittal
Hinge
2nd class
Feet
A: Pecs, triceps, deltoids
An: Back, biceps
How does the cross section diameter affect exertion of force?
- Ability for muscle to move a joint through large range of motion is its ability to shorten
- Longer muscles can shorten through greater range so more effective in moving joints through large ranges of motion
What happens with shorter length of muscle?
Less amount of tension
What are two different isotonic contractions?
Concentric
Eccentric
What happens with a concentric contraction?
- Shortens
- Developing tensions as it shortens and occurs when the muscle develops enough force to overcome the applied resistance
- Causing movement against gravity or resistance
- Positive contraction
What happens with eccentric contraction?
- Lengthens
- Muscle lengthening under tension and occurs when the muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of the resistance
- Negative contractions
What is an isometric contraction?
No movement
Static in nature
Holding something still
Wall sit
What is an agonist muscle and an example?
- Muscles that are generally as the muscles that (when contracting concentrically) cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion
- Bicep or quad
What is an antagonist muscle and an example?
- Muscles that are usually located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist and have the opposite concentric action
- Tricep or hamstring
How does the cross-cross-sectional area affect strength?
a larger cross section means more muscle fibers and therefore greater strength.
How does length affect strength?
Longer fibers typically generate a force creating more motion since they shorten over a greater distance.
How does texture affect strength?
A muscle with less noncontractile tissue will have more muscle fibers per area and, therefore, is capable of generating a greater force
How does tension affect strength?
A muscle generates more force when it is placed on stretch, or under tension.
How does coordination affect strength?
Poor coordination between muscles can create friction
What is a first class lever and an example?
- muscular force and resistive force act on opposite side
- tricep dips
What is a second class lever and an example?
- muscular force and resistive force act on same side of fulcrum with resistance in the middle
- calf raise
What is a third class lever and an example?
- muscular force and resistive force act on same side of fulcrum with resistance on outside
- bicep curl
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