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Botany 123 Exam 1

Terms in this set (107)

Phytophthora infestans
late blight of potato
Puccinia graminis
- obligate parasite
- decreases grain yield
- stem rust of wheat
Xanthomonas campestris
- Banana Xanthomonas Wilt
- plugs vascular system
- death of plant
Radopholus similis
- Burrowing Nematode Disease
- toppling banana disease
- obligate parasite--> feed on different plants
- ginseng
- tropical nematode-> lives in U.S. "stickler in hole", trade agreement in Taiwan
- soil borne disease
- pathogen (nematode, fungus, bacteria) lives in soil.
- infection occurs underground
- not likely to eliminate pathogen
- soil borne pathogens can interact to cause disease
enset
a relative of the banana grown in Ethiopia
Scientific Method Steps
A. observations
B. hypothesis
- should be general/ not too specific
- testable/ has to be some way we can do an experiment with it
C. Design/ data collection/ analysis --> experiment
D. peer review
Koch's Postulates
Observation: The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.

Isolation: The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Inoculation: The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

Re-isolation: The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
Fungi
1) bacteria --> bacteria
2) archaea --> archaea
3) eukarya --> Protista, plantae, Animalia, fungi
Properties of life include
1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and Development
4. Energy Processing
5. Response to the Environment
6. Regulation
7. Evolutionary Adaptation
wheat
- accounts for 44% of cereals used as food
- world trade for wheat is greater than the world trade of all other crops combined
- important source of calories in all parts of the world
Chitin
material that distinguishes fungi as fungi
Cellulose
Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.
Nutrition of Fungi
heterotroph
parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host
Saprophytes (decomposers)
feed on dead or decaying organisms
Filamentous fungi
molds
sexual reproduction
type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
Wheat is wind...
pollinated
asexual reproduction
Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
Gametes
sex cells
(reproductive cells)
Late Blight Disease
caused by fungi through asexual reproduction, they made copies of themselves and kept spreading the disease
Survival methods of fungi
when the environment is not conducive to growth...
- switch mode of nutrition (parasite to saprophyte)
- escape via spores
disease/ life cycle of puccinia gramminis
- 5 different spore types
- part of life cycle relies on asexual reproduction
- part of life cycle relies on sexual reproduction
- each spore serves a different purpose
Stem rust forming in Wisconsin
spores formed on barberry plant infect wheat in the spring
stem rust forming in Kenya
- live wheat in area when the new crop planted so infection starts with spore #2
- 2 wheat crops a year
3 steps to defeating stem rust
1) Barberry Eradication program

2) Norman Borlog and the Green Revolution: bred wheat in Mexico to be resistant to wheat stem rust

3) resistance: manipulated wheat to create a hypersensitive response and controlled the cell death
1950s wheat in U.S.
- eliminated barberry and resistance and fungicides --> problem solved!
- wheat stem rust no longer a problem in the U.S.
1950s wheat in East Africa
UG99- new virulent strain of fungus caused disease in resistant wheat
Ug99
- a highly resistant stem rust of wheat and a major threat to global food production
- predicting the spread of 13 countries as of 2019
- extreme weather can aid in dispersal
Disease Triangle
Virulent Pathogen, Susceptible Host, Conducive Environment
Genetic uniformity among crops
- locally, there's more diversity but small market share
- globally, fewer crops dominate
- 50% includes 4 types of crops (rice, wheat, soybeans, maize(corn))
- 50% is equivalent to 152 crops
Genetic uniformity within crops
- higher diversity where farmers save seeds
- diversity decreasing where farmers buy seed (decision made by commercial companies)
Where might a pathogen live outside of agriculture and nature?
landscaping, gardens, etc.
more reproduction means...
a higher probability of mutation
Panama wilt disease
re- emergence of a defeated disease
banana disease
deadliest in East Africa right now
True or False: Change in temperature and/or rain and cold affect Wisconsin crops
True
More conducive terms and/or moisture leads to...
- wilt leaves
- affects potatoes because the plant is reallocating its pathogens water and nutrients and plugs the vascular system in plants
Role of science in Botany
- improve crops
- management-detection
- Synthetic pesticides
- EPA
Biopesticides
naturally occurring substances, microorganisms, plant-incorporated-protectants (PiPs)
interaction between fungus and nematodes =
biopesticide
examples of cultural controls we've discussed
- intercropping banana and coffee beans
- sanitizing tools
- taking bud off of banana
- remove barberry for stem rust
Why do all organisms need nitrogen?
to make proteins and other molecules
Role of science in Botany: improve crops
- new traits can be introduced into crops
- Norman Borlog and the Green Revolution
Role of science in Botany: Management- detection
- reduce spread of pathogens by humans
- APHIS: regulates trade between plants, detects the movement of all plant materials
Role of science in Botany: synthetic pesticides
- chemicals made by humans
- structures may or may not be found in nature
ex; vitamin c manufactured from glucose in a factory would be considered synthetic
Role of science in Botany: EPA
agency of the United States federal government whose mission is to protect human and environmental health
- occurred during Nixon's tenure, now oversees everything, regulations have changed for the better
- shift from pesticides that kill everything to more specific chemistries
- improved delivery: less pesticide used when applied as seed coating
Host plant resistance
Breeding crop plant varieties that reduce the impact of pests on yield and quality.
emergent properties
a property that applies to the larger unit/population, the growth rate of anything is an emergent property!SY
Symbiosis
relationship in which two species live closely together
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
(ex: Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Legumes)
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
(ex: Nurse plants are larger plants that offer protection to seedlings from the weather and herbivores, giving them an opportunity to grow)
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
(ex: tapeworms, leeches, etc)
What distinguishes scientific knowledge from common knowledge?
A. it's reliable
B. it's open to revision
Robert Koch used the scientific ________ to define disease
method
Anthrax disease
Bacillus anthracis infects mostly farm animals and is usually spread to humans through breakage of the skin
Koch's Famous Experiment
experiment removed bacilli from blood (isolate variable)
breakthrough of bacilli
...
breakthrough of bacilli
growing bacilli in pure culture
Life cycles
stages a living cell goes through from birth to death
potato cells
cellulose, cell wall
potato: obtaining nutrients
sun: initial energy source
autotroph: synthesize own organic molecules
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
life cycle of a potato
- photosynthesis
- vegetation propagation: asexual reproduction
basically a potato is a clone
Protists
A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.
Phytophora infestans (fungi) cells
composition of cell wall- cellulose, has motile spores
p. infestans obtaining nutrients
heterotroph and parasite, digested food absorbed by heterotroph after excreting them
importance of potato in Ireland
social factors: penal laws
crop well-suited to Ireland and nutritious, easy to grow, high yields, stored in the ground
Irish Potato Famine
A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.
Wisconsin and Potatos
Wisconsin is ranked third in the nation for potato production (chips, seeds, etc...)
frequency and severity of potato late blight disease
- still exists, every state that grew potatoes from 2011- 2017 had it
Disease management: Late Blight
A. potato seed
- mandated by law for fields greater than 5 acres
- certified seed --> must pass inspection/ must meet certain inspections

B. 1. Conventional Farms
- grow in rows

2. Organic Farms
- copper fungicides, microbial products, compost tea, all options are approved for organic growers

C. Destroying diseased potatoes (culling diseased potatoes)
- growers have 24 hours to treat plants with late blight or 72 hours to destroy the crop after recreating it from the state department of agriculture, trade and consumer protection

- commercial potato farmers in Wisconsin must use certified seed ands manage for light blight, including crop destruction once disease is established
Kenya today: importance of potato
- 2nd most important food crop- consumed locally
- certified seed use glow but only consumer locally
- most farms use fungicides
- more disease tolerant varieties
- small seeds are a problem
Kenya vs. Wisconsin
- Kenya consumes potatoes locally only, we export them
Why wasn't late blight a problem in the 1850s?
the weather changed, it's VERY dependent on weather
Late Blight disease prediction and warning systems for farms
- use info. about: population, weather, potato variety, fungicide use records
- to predict disease progress, use fungicides weathering (efficacy remaining)
Fungi
An organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment.
Fungal cells
Typically has the same organelles as an animal cell, eukaryotic
Nematodes position in tree of life
eukaryote
nematode cells
nematodes that live In soil and infect plants are microscopic
transparent, can look at external features and also see insides
Nematode Nutrition
- plant-feeding/ have needle-like sucking mouth parts
- plant-feeding, bacteria-feeding, fungi-feeding, animal-feeding
- heterotroph, obligate parasite
- have all the same systems as us except for the skeletal and the circulatory system because they don't need a formal circulatory system and are vertebrae
Nematode growth
start as an egg and go through 4 juvenile stages, eventually they moult
a mature reproduction system distinguishes an adult nematode from a juvenile nematode
reproduction: sexual for most species
Nematode survival strategies
cryptobiosis, a state of being in which the nematode desiccates and suspends its' life functions
obligate parasites
unable to grow outside of a living host
Toppling disease of banana
Radopholus similis
managing toppling banana disease
- "clean" planting stock
- nematicides- pesticides that kill nematodes
- fumigants- biocides
- cultural controls= nematodes do not get into the fruit, so if the plant can stay alive for long enough then its okay
- small holder farmer- interplant with crop that discourages nematodes
- plantation farmers can move to new fields
Tissue culture
Using small groups of cells from a plant to make new plants, used with bananas
- it's an advantage because they just can use the same clean bacteria and do transfers because it's vegetatively propagated and grown in the test tube
Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote
Eukaryotes have a DNA containing nucleus, prokaryotes do not
Symptoms of plant disease
wilt, stem lesion/ canker, rotting
food products contain xanthomonas campestris
xanthin gum, it's yellow pigmented and rod shaped
What is a capsule of glycocalyx like?
slime
how does xanthomonas wilt spread?
thru infected plants, plant debris, infested soil
- 2 vectors spread within and between fields, insects carry bacteria when they visit male flowers and the bacteria can enter through natural openings or wounds and increase and spread the disease in the plant
How to manage xanthamonas campetris/ long term solution
- farmers are encouraged to remove male buds to stop the spread of the bacteria
xanthomonas campetris (banana wilt) vs. a fungus disease
- communication is key for banana wilt
- when they start wilting or dying, farmers need to be in communication with one another
conmsensing
chemical communication between cells
- bacteria cells communicate with each other and can collectively behave as a multicellular organism
biofilm
community or clumping of cells that create survival advantages for the bacteria because it's safer in a clump of cells
Corm
trunk of a tree or body that a banana sprouts from
Banana - place of origin
Propagated in Africa
Do bananas that we eat contain seeds?
No
importance of bananas
avg American eats 27 pounds of bananas per year, mostly dessert bananas
avg East African eats 400 pounds of bananas each year
Types of Bananas
Cavendish --> dessert banana
Plantain --> cooking banana
Why is a banana considered a perennial ?
it propagates itself
What are farms measured in?
hectares
reasons why bananas are important
- alcohol, medicine, leaves for animals, food storage, wrappings
- fiber, rope, mats, paper
- fuel- compost leaves, peel, sawdust
Structure of a bacterial cell
biofilm
...
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