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ap psych motivation practice quizzes

Terms in this set (108)

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by
Carl Jung
Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be
Preconscious
Which instrument has been used for career counseling and work-team development to help identify individuals' personality types?
The MBTI
Mrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates
Projection
Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ________ principle
Pleasure
According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is
Repression
Humanistic theorists have been criticized for
Underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors
Which of the following is the most accurate metaphor for personality as described by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?
A continuum
Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the defense mechanism of
Repression
Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test.
Projective
Which of the following is the best definition of the defense mechanism sublimation?
The transformation of unaccepted impulses into socially valued motivations
Personality is best defined as an individual's
Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
According to Freud, the unconscious is
The thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
Characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives are called
Traits
Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called
Regression
Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as
Unstable -- introverted
Saeb is a high school senior. He impulsively and carelessly spends all his time and money on his girlfriend and his car. Freud would have suggested that Saeb shows signs of a(n)
Weak superego
Which of the following Freudian concepts has received some support from recent research?
Defense mechanisms
During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on
Erogenous zones
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
Carl Jung
Although Garth wants to interact sexually with his girlfriend, he also wants to avoid premarital sex. Freud would have suggested that both desires might be partially satisfied by Garth's
Ego
Free association is a method designed to
Explore the unconscious
According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by
The id
Although Eduardo has repressed his own homosexual desires, he is distressed by a false suspicion that many men frequently stare lustfully at his body. According to psychoanalytic theory, Eduardo's thinking best illustrates
Projection
While Mr. Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view Mr. Gomez's treatment of students as an example of
Displacement
When Taylor began tenth grade, all of his friends started "sagging," wearing their pants below the waist. Whether Taylor conforms and begins dressing like his friends may best be predicted by
His level of self esteem
Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a ________ personality description
Comprehensive
In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by the ________ perspective
Social-cognitive
Collectivism is most likely to be emphasized in
China
Mehdi wants to earn good grades in high school because he believes he is obligated to his family to do his best. Mehdi's attitude best exemplifies
Collectivism
The tendency to accept more personal responsibility for one's successes than for one's failures best illustrates
Self-serving bias
To assess how optimistic or pessimistic your classmates are, you would be best advised to discover
How they explain their academic failures and relationship difficulties
Which of the following research methods is most likely to be used by psychoanalytic psychologists?
Case study
If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to
Effectively surmount challenges and achieve success
A person who is helpful and trusting most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
Agreeableness
Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the local soda shop. According to Walter Mischel, Sheen's behavior should lead us to question the consistency of
Personality traits
People with high self-esteem are less likely than those with low self-esteem to
Succumb to conformity pressures
American students are more likely than Japanese students to describe themselves in terms of their
Personal traits
An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her supportive peer relationships, her calm temperament, and her perceived internal locus of control best illustrates
A biopsychosocial approach
According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the best ways to predict a person's future behavior is to
Observe that persons behavior in various relevant situations
Innovation and creativity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by
Individualism
The social-cognitive perspective is LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of
Environmental influences
Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, an external locus of control refers to a(n)
Cognitive factor
Dr. VanBrunt believes that individuals learn many of their behaviors by observing others and through conditioning. She also emphasizes that how people think about the situations they are involved in affects their behavior. Dr. VanBrunt is most likely a
Social-cognitive theorist
Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of
Reciprocal determinism
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates
Self-serving bias
Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to
Work persistently at difficult tasks
A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of
Individualism
Interdependence is to ________ as independence is to ________
Collectivism; individualism
The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic
Trait dimensions
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it
Describing; explaining
Freud believed that censored dream contents were
Repressed
According to Maslow, the desire to fulfill one's potential is the motivation for
Self-actualization
Which theory has been most severely criticized for offering after-the-fact explanations without advancing testable predictions?
Psychoanalytic theory
The pleasure principle is to the ________ as the reality principle is to the ________
Id; ego
According to Carl Rogers, people nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, and
Empathetic
Personality inventories are designed to assess several ________ at once
Traits
Morris is hostile, aggressive, and socially destructive. According to Carl Rogers, this behavior pattern results from
Cultural influences
Twelve-year-old Cawley demonstrates a strongly masculine sense of self-identity even though he was raised without a father or father substitute. This fact represents the most serious threat to ________ theory of personality
Sigmund Freud's
Which personality theorists have most clearly been credited with encouraging the popular belief that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success?
Humanistic theories
Of the following, who would be most interested in the fact that many cultures share stories containing a "hero" character, such as King Arthur of Great Britain, Quetzlcoatl of the Aztecs, and Hercules of the ancient Greeks?
Carl Jung
Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of
Self-actualization
Which of the following tests was empirically derived?
MMPI
Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of
Social obligation
In convincing people that they can accurately assess their personalities, astrologers, palm readers, and graphologists take advantage of
The Barnum effect
Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by
Unconditional positive regard
Which personality theorists have been criticized the most for encouraging individual selfishness and self-indulgence?
Humanistic theories
Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development
Anal
Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization?
Humanistic
An interest in describing and classifying the many ways in which individuals may differ from one another is most characteristic of the ________ perspective
Trait
Carl Rogers suggested that when the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then
The self-concept is positive
Projection refers to the process by which people
Disguise unacceptable, unconscious impulses by attributing them to others
For several months after he lost the job he had held for nearly 20 years, Mr. Ullomi frequently lost his temper and suffered periodic crying spells. His behavior is most clearly an example of
Regression
According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of
Motivational conflict
Exaggerated feelings of self-importance are most closely linked with
Narcissism
During adulthood, people's level of openness tends to ________ slightly and their level of agreeableness tends to ______.
Decrease; increase
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among
Behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
Elizabeth Barrett believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of
Individualism
Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism?
Social-cognitive
Jeremiah accepts himself as he is without being strongly affected by how others evaluate him. Jeremiah most clearly demonstrates
Secure self esteem
Although Felix is outgoing at school and in class, asking lots of questions, he tends to be quiet around his parents and other older relatives. This inconsistency in Felix's behavior suggests that personality test scores make weak predictors of behaviors. However, over many situations, Felix's ________ behavior is predictable.
Average
When John McKay nervously began teaching his first class, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates
The spotlight effect
Erik Erikson's theory predicted that adolescents are focused on forming a stable identity. This focus may explain why adolescents are especially prone to
The spotlight effect
People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing
Family loyalty
Which of the following are the "Big Five" personality factors?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Which new movement has criticized psychology for placing too much emphasis on the negative aspects of human behavior?
Positive psychology
The stability of personality traits is best illustrated by the consistency of
Expressive styles
One would NOT be likely to observe unusually high rates of divorce in cultures that promote
Collectivism
Which of the following perspectives builds its personality theory from psychological research on learning and cognition?
Social-cognitive
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of
Conscienciousness
The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior
Environment; traits
The trait of optimism is most closely related to a strong sense of
Personal control
Analena's refusal to purchase fattening snacks at the grocery store is both a cause and a consequence of her superior dietary self-control. This best illustrates the importance of
Reciprocal determinism
People's scores on an extraversion test do not neatly predict how sociable they will be on any given occasion. This finding questions the __________ of personality test scores.A criticism of the social-cognitive perspective has been that it
Validity
A criticism of the social-cognitive perspective has been that it
Underestimates the importance of enduring personality traits
Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as
Fixation
The parallel processing of distinctive dimensions of a visual scene such as movement, color, and shape best illustrates the importance of
Unconscious thought
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage
Phallic
When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of
Repression
Free association is central to the process of
Psychoanalysis
The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that
Only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity
According to Maslow, the top-level needs that arise after all other needs have been met include the needs for self-actualization and
Self-transcendence
Freud's concept of projection is most similar to what today's researchers call the
False consensus effect
Which of the following is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of personality, such as outgoingness, talkativeness, and sociability that reflect extraversion?
Factor analysis
According to Freud, our gender identity develops most rapidly during the ________ stage
Phallic
The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n)
Projective test
Which defense mechanism involves the conscious expression of feelings that are the opposite of unconscious feelings?
Reaction formula
Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality?
Humanistic theorists
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