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Hist 2620

Terms in this set (1789)

Chapter 16: Industrial America, 1877â1900

Topic: America Industrializes
books:
The New Industrial Economy
Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations

What was the impact of industrialization on the U.S. economy in the late 1800s?

A. Industrialization expanded the U.S. gross domestic product but had little effect on how people lived. Industrialization expanded the U.S. gross domestic product but also transformed how people lived.

B. Industrialization had a negative impact on the gross domestic product because of frequent recessions. Industrialization helped the gross domestic product grow.

*C. Industrialization quadrupled the U.S. gross domestic product and spurred an urban boom. Industrialization quadrupled the U.S. gross domestic product and cities grew as a result of a massive migration of American workers from farms to cities and immigrants flooding in from overseas to fill newly created industrial jobs.

D. Industrialization only impacted people on the east coast; those in the Midwest and South were unaffected. Building on advantages developed over the course of the nineteenth century, the Northeast and Midwest led the way in the new economy.

How did industrialization in the late 1800s transform the nature of American industry?

*A. Small factories were replaced by large-scale firms. Industrialization transformed American industry as small factories catering to local markets were replaced by large-scale firms catering to the national and international markets.

B. More Americans moved to farms to find jobs in newly invented industrial farming. Industrialization encouraged movement to cities to work in factories.

C. Small factories catering to local markets spread across the country. Small factories catering to local markets did not grow because of industrialization.

D. The number of American industrial workers fell as machines replaced human labor. The number of industrial workers grew because of industrialization.

How did the rate of industrialization in the United States compare to the rate in northern Europe in the late 1800s?

A. America industrialized faster at first but then northern Europe caught up. Industrialization began in northern Europe.

B. Northern Europe industrialized much faster than America. Industrialization in northern Europe lagged in the late 1800s.

*C. America industrialized much faster than northern Europe. America industrialized much faster than northern Europe and surged ahead of that region to become the world's manufacturing center.

D. America and northern Europe industrialized at about the same pace. Industrial growth varied across the two regions.

What was the role of the railroads in American industrialization in the late 1800s?

*A. The railroads made industrialization possible by creating national markets. The railroads were at the heart of American industrialization because they created a national market for raw materials and finished products.

B. The railroads played a fundamental part in industrialization by decreasing shipping costs. The railroads played a more central role in American industrialization.

C. The railroads were central to industrialization because they were the chief growth industry. The railroads played a significant role in industrialization by affecting fundamental conditions.

D. The railroads' only contribution to industrialization was to make it easier for workers to reach cities. The railroads played a major role in American industrialization.

What obstacles impeded the creation of a national railroad system in the late 1800s?

*A. The fragmented early rail system The creation of a national railroad system was impeded by the fact that local railroads had different track gauges and the lack of standardized time made scheduling difficult.

B. Unwillingness of the government to direct the effort The national rail system developed without the government directing the effort.

C. Lack of cooperation among railroad companies Railroad companies saw the benefit in the creation of a national railroad system.

D. Inability of trains to reach major cities Major cities were most likely to have train lines, as they would produce the most traffic and thus generate revenue.

Which of the following explains why American gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 9 billion in 1860 to 37 billion in 1890?

*A. The settlement of the West over this period was driven by industrialization, which favored large producers over small businesses. The growth in GDP is directly tied to industrialization, as the number of Americans employed in the industry doubled over the same period, most of whom were employed by large corporations.

B. The growth in GDP was tied to the sale of Native American lands, which brought in tremendous revenue. Lands obtained from Native American tribes were not a major source of revenue; many were granted to large corporations as subsidies.

C. GDP growth came largely from expanded trade with Mexico, which was made possible by the settlement of the West. While America traded with Mexico, the growth in GDP was tied to national and overseas markets.

D. The growth in GDP reflected changes in government tax policy. The late nineteenth century was characterized by few regulatory policies at the federal level.

What is the connection between industrialization and the creation of four standard time zones?

A. Industrialization increased the mobility of workers, creating a demand for standardized time zones. While workers were able to move to find industrial work, this had no impact on the decision to create standard time zones.

*B. Industrialization led to the creation of transcontinental railroads, which created a demand for a standardized time zone for cargo and trains moving across the country. Standardized time zones eliminated confusion in train schedules as trains with different origin points converged on the same location.

C. The standardized time zones were a product of the Plains wars as soldiers needed to develop more efficient systems of communication. The time zones were not created during the Plains wars, and the answer does not make a connection to industrialization.

D. Industrialization meant that workers in different states needed to be able to communicate in real time with one another, making standard time zones necessary. While telephones and telegraphs were important components of industrialization, they were not the cause for standardized time zones.

How was the United States able to catch up to and compete with European manufacturing?

*A. By conquering the West, the United States tapped into a vast array of new resources that allowed for rapid industrialization. As Europeans tapped resources in Africa and Asia, the U.S. government facilitated the acquisition of new resources by confining Indians to small reservations.

B. The rise of industrial unions created better working conditions, which led to higher productivity. Labor unions did not fare well in the nineteenth century, as large corporations used their political influence to stifle union development and crack down on strikers.

C. By successfully assimilating more Native Americans, the U.S. labor force increased to produce goods on the same scale as Europeans. While assimilation programs for native people were ongoing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they were hardly successful and were not aimed at increasing the industrial labor force.

D. By covertly attacking European trade vessels, Americans were able to undermine the competitors. The United States was still a largely isolationist nation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and had a long history of avoiding trade wars.

What was the importance of the telephone in the late 1800s?

A. Improving emergency communications The telephone made other important contributions in this period.

B. Allowing families to live at a greater distance from one another In the late 1800s, the chief contribution of the telephone did not involve people's personal lives.

*C. Allowing businesses to communicate more efficiently The telephone allowed business customers to communicate more efficiently.

D. Helping housewives talk to each other more easily In the late 1800s, the chief contribution of the telephone did not involve people's personal lives.

What was the significance of the "open hearth" process?"

A. Cutting the cost of brickmaking The "open hearth" process had an impact on an industry other than brickmaking.

B. Made fueling locomotives safer The "open hearth" method did not have to do with operating locomotives.

C. Automating iron production The "open hearth" process had an effect on production of a different material.

*D. Improving the quality of steel The "open hearth" process made steel light, strong, and more durable than iron, giving a boost to steel production.

Why was expansion of steel production important in the late 1800s?

A. Steel became the chief metal used in making weapons, a key factor in industrialization. While steel may have been used for weapons, that industry was not central to the push to industrialize.

*B. Because it was cheaper and lasted longer than iron, steel became widely used. Railroads replaced iron rails with steel because it was lighter, stronger, and more durable than iron. Steel became the major building block of industry, furnishing girders and cables to construct manufacturing plants and office structures.

C. Steel made possible the construction of cheap housing for urban dwellers. Steel played a role in building construction, but its impact was much more far-reaching.

D. Prior to the manufacture of steel, industrialists lacked a heavy-duty material. Iron was in widespread use before steel production became significant in the late 1800s.

Why did the demand for oil increase as industrialization occurred in the late 1800s?

A. Oil was used in farm equipment. While farm machinery may have needed oil for lubrication, another factor was the chief cause for the increase in demand in this period.

B. The railroads used oil as fuel. The railroads tended to burn coal; they did not need oil for fuel.

*C. Factory machinery needed constant lubrication. The demand for oil increased primarily because factory machinery needed constant lubrication to function properly.

D. Americans used oil to lubricate machines in their homes. Home use of oil products was primarily a matter of burning kerosene or paraffin for light.

How was technological discovery in the late 1800s different from that in earlier eras?

A. Inventors like Bell and Edison always became very wealthy. Some inventors, like Bell, became very wealthy, but others did not.

*B. The process became an organized, collaborative effort. In the late 1800s, technological discovery changed and became an organized, collaborative rather than an individual effort.

C. Large corporations sponsored research labs. Large corporations did not begin sponsoring research labs in the late 1800s.

D. Inventors worked alone in the hopes of profiting from their discoveries. Inventors working alone had been the hallmark of technological change in earlier periods.

How did electric lights revolutionize American life in the late 1800s?

*A. City streets became brighter and available for outdoor activities and factories could operate all night long. The electric light illuminated people's homes and made them safer by eliminating the need for candles and gas lamps. It also brightened city streets, making them available for outdoor evening activities, and lit up factories so they could operate all night long.

B. Home fires increased as people used electric lights. Homes became safer as a result of the spread of electric lights.

C. Rural areas became easier to travel to because of street lighting. The major impact of electric lights came in cities.

D. People moved from cities to rural areas to avoid the new bright lights. Electrification of cities came at the same time as massive urban growth.

What factors caused steel production to increase from 13,000 tons in 1860 to 28 million tons in the first decade of the twentieth century?

A. Massive European investment in U.S. steel production stimulated production. Steel was a predominantly American-owned enterprise in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

*B. As the steel production process became more efficient, it replaced iron, the primary ingredient in railroad construction. Railroads replaced iron rails with steel because it was lighter, stronger, and more durable than iron. Steel became the major building block of industry, furnishing girders and cables to construct manufacturing plants and office structures.

C. American steel companies were forced to produce steel to support American war efforts in the Spanish-American War. American companies were not forced to produce steel during this war.

D. The U.S. government heavily subsidized the steel industry, thereby artificially stimulating production. The U.S. government did not directly subsidize the steel industry; rather, global demand for goods coupled with the building of the railroads stimulated production.

Why did southern business leaders view industrialization as key to the creation of a "New South" in the late 1800s?

A. They hoped to industrialize before the North so that the South could be dominant economically. The North had already begun industrializing when the "New South" push began.

B. Industrialization would bolster the region's agriculture by providing a market for cotton. Southern business leaders thought the region needed to move away from its reliance on agriculture.

C. Industrialization would allow them to enslave African Americans to work in factories. Southern whites created a virtual slave system through the convict lease system, but that was not the focus of the push for an industrialized "New South."

*D. Industrialization would allow the region to be fully integrated into the national economy. Southern business leaders hoped industrialization would put the regional separatism of the antebellum past behind the South and fully integrate it into the national economy.

What industry dominated southern manufacturing in the late 1800s?

A. The steel industry The steel industry was concentrated primarily in the North, although it was important in Birmingham, Alabama.

*B. The textile industry Seeking to take advantage of plentiful cotton, cheap labor, and the improved transportation system, investors built textile mills throughout the South, especially in the Carolinas and Georgia.

C. The coal industry Coal mining was significant in Alabama but not generally across the South.

D. The oil industry The South was not a major location for the oil industry.

What opportunities did African Americans have in southern manufacturing in the late 1800s?

A. African Americans found many jobs in black-owned manufacturing plants. Black ownership of factories was not widespread in the South.

B. African Americans found better paid positions in agriculture as whites took manufacturing jobs. While African Americans concentrated in farming in the late 1800s, they worked chiefly as sharecroppers rather than wage laborers, and they struggled mightily.

C. African Americans found work in textile mills but not other industries. African Americans did not find significant numbers of jobs in textile mills in the late 1800s.

*D. African Americans were hired for the most menial industrial jobs. African Americans found employment only in the most menial jobs, and few were hired in manufacturing positions.

What was the purpose of the convict lease system used in the South in the late 1800s?

A. To allow debtors to repay money owed a creditor. The convict lease system was set up for the benefit of debtors.

B. To allow state governments to lease convicts to the military. The convict lease system did benefit state governments, but they collected lease fees from private businesses.

*C. To give private companies free labor by hiring convicts who were imprisoned for minor offenses. The convict lease system allowed private companies to hire convicts imprisoned for minor offenses and was a primary force behind providing laborers to build railroads in the South.

D. To help white mill owners hire black convicts to work in their factories. In the late 1800s, southern textile mill owners primarily hired white workers.

What was the impact of the convict lease system of the late 1800s?

*A. The system provided cheap labor for white-owned businesses but left African Americans poor. The convict lease system provided cheap labor to the railroads and planters but left African American convict laborers impoverished.

B. The system provided cheap labor to the textile, tobacco, and timber industries. The convict lease system primarily helped railroad companies and large planters.

C. The system allowed African Americans to get around the unofficial ban on hiring them for factory work. The convict lease system was not devised to benefit African Americans but to exploit them.

D. The system provided a path for convicts to gain training and eventually economic self-sufficiency. The convict lease system did not have the goal of serving as a job-training program.

What was the impact of the sharecropping system on the New South's economy in the late 1800s?

*A. To prevent diversification of southern agriculture beyond tobacco and cotton The sharecropping system prevented the diversification of southern agriculture beyond tobacco and cotton because the system was based on working small, inefficient plots of land.

B. To discourage African Americans from seeking factor jobs because crop prices were high Sharecropping tied African Americans to the land and to poverty.

C. To provide a pathway for blacks to earn enough money to buy their own land Sharecropping worked to tie African Americans to the land in a system of forced labor.

D. To encourage black and white sharecroppers to cooperate The sharecropping system did not encourage black and white sharecroppers to cooperate with one another.

Which of the following statements describes the overall impact of industrialization in the South?

A. The southern economy was quickly revitalized and completely transformed by industrialization. Economic recovery in the South was slow despite industrialization.

B. Industrialization had a minimal impact on the South. While the South remained largely agricultural, there was significant industrial investment, particularly in the railroads.

*C. Industrial development altered some industries in the South, but racial hierarchies persisted and agriculture was the predominant industry. Most industries in the South remained segregated, and African Americans in factories worked for lower wages than whites.

D. Industrialization helped desegregate the southern labor force. Most industries in the South remained segregated.

Why did cotton and tobacco farming remain the predominant industries in the South after the Civil War?

*A. The small plots created by sharecropping and the low wages in the South allowed tobacco and cotton production to dominate. Efforts to diversify agriculture beyond tobacco and cotton were constrained by a sharecropping system based on small, inefficient plots. Low wages also meant that southern workers remained poor and, in many cases, unable to buy the manufactured goods produced by industry.

B. Large corporations invested heavily in both cotton and tobacco, which kept the industries viable. Most cotton and tobacco farms were privately owned by individuals, not corporations.

C. The federal government mandated high levels of cotton and tobacco production. There were no federal mandates for any crops.

D. African American workers formed unions to protect the industries from collapse. Most African American farmers were sharecroppers and did not form unions.

What spurred the move to industrial consolidation in the late 1800s?

A. New government regulations that favored large companies The absence of government rules promoted consolidation, but the government did not actively promote it.

*B. The desire to minimize competition and maximize profits Nineteenth-century industrialists strove to minimize or extinguish competition. To gain competitive advantages and increase profits, entrepreneurs concentrated on reducing production costs, charging lower prices, and outselling the competition. Successful firms could then acquire rival companies that could no longer afford to compete.

C. To minimize risk by limiting exposure to the market Industrialists sought to increase their involvement in the market, although they did hope to minimize risk.

D. To fund philanthropic activities Some industrialists became generous philanthropists, but that was not their primary motive in devising business strategies.

What was the goal of vertical integration in the late 1800s?

A. To diversify into new industries The purpose of vertical integration was to increase a firm's control of its core industry.

B. To pay higher wages to attract able workers Business owners of the late 1800s worried about controlling costs and hoped to keep wages low.

C. To better understand business processes to manage them better Vertical integration focused on financial matters.

*D. To reduce costs and undersell the competition A major organizational technique for reducing costs and underselling the competition was vertical integration, in which business leaders created a network of firms, each contributing to the final product.

What was the goal of horizontal integration in the late 1800s?

A. To find new techniques for marketing products Horizontal integration did address marketing concerns but did not focus on marketing techniques.

*B. To gain greater control over the market Horizontal integration focused on gaining greater control over the market by acquiring firms that sold the same products.

C. To save money by controlling all aspects of production Horizontal integration was aimed at marketing rather than production.

D. To become the dominant business in a region Horizontal integration was focused on controlling an industry rather than a region.

How did bankers support industrial consolidation in the late 1800s?

A. By securing government-backed loans to fund the consolidation Consolidation was funded by private capital.

B. By lobbying for federal laws allowing for consolidation The government initially placed no limits on consolidation, although it did pass antitrust laws in response to the trend.

*C. By channeling funds from abroad to finance consolidation Bankers support industrial consolidation by channeling funds from foreign investors with spare capital.

D. By becoming CEOs of the consolidated firms Bankers played a financial role in promoting industrial consolidation, although they could also serve on the new firms' boards of directors.

What was John Pierpont Morgan's role in industrialization in the late 1800s?

*A. He headed an investment house that engineered industrial consolidation. John Pierpont Morgan headed an investment house that engineered industrial consolidation.

B. He headed the largest oil firm, Standard Oil, in the world. John D. Rockefeller headed Standard Oil.

C. He was a railroad tycoon. Cornelius Vanderbilt was a railroad tycoon.

D. He acquired Western Union, the largest telegraph company in the United States. John Jay Gould obtained control of Western Union.

How did manufacturers respond to the high fixed costs, or overhead, of investment in heavy machinery that did not change much over time?

A. By requesting direct government subsides to offset the fixed costs Manufacturers did not receive direct subsidies for heavy machinery.

B. By increasing workers' wages to encourage higher production Workers' wages were more likely to be reduced to cut variable costs.

C. By reducing the price of their goods Reducing the price without increasing production does not offset fixed costs.

*D. By increasing production Because overhead costs remained stable manufacturers could reduce the per-unit cost of production by increasing the output of a product—what economists call "economy of scale."

What was the predominant form of business ownership before the boom in forming corporations during the late 1800s?

A. Franchises Franchises were a later development and are employed by corporations.

B. Family-owned businesses The predominant form of business ownership before corporations was not family-owned businesses.

*C. Partnerships The predominant form of business ownership before corporations was partnerships.

D. Cooperatives Cooperatives were not a significant form of organizing businesses prior to the corporate boom of the late 1800s.

What was the primary difference between partnerships and the new corporations formed in the late 1800s?

A. Corporations could not raise as much money as partnerships. Corporations can raise far more capital than partnerships can.

*B. Corporations provided investors with limited liability and had a perpetual life. Corporations provided investors with "limited liability" and had a perpetual life, while partnerships dissolved upon the death of a partner and the shareholders had full liability.

C. Corporations could operate in more than one state. Partnerships could operate in more than one state as well.

D. Corporations limited the number of investors to concentrate control. Corporations allow for more investors than partnerships do.

What was the purpose of forming a trust in the late 1800s?

*A. To evade monopoly laws while stifling competition Forming a trust allowed business owners to avoid state laws and gain more control over an industry by limiting competition.

B. To gain the confidence of investors by showing trustworthiness A trust was not aimed at building investor confidence but at strengthening a firm's hold on an industry.

C. To provide more accountability to the government and investors Business leaders seeking to form trusts had little interest in providing accountability for their actions to outsiders.

D. To operate internationally by gaining control of shipping firms Trusts were formed to control industries rather than to initiate entry into international markets.

What is the significance of the Slaughterhouse Cases decided by the Supreme Court in 1873?

A. To limit the rights of corporations The Slaughterhouse Cases actually expanded the rights of corporations.

B. To limit the lifespan of corporations The Slaughterhouse Cases did not affect the rule that corporations could exist in perpetuity.

*C. To view corporations as a person with due process rights The Slaughterhouse Cases were significant because the Supreme Court ruled that corporations were considered a person under the Fourteenth Amendment. This provided corporations the right of due process.

D. To allow corporations to operate in more than one state Corporations could operate in more than one state prior to the Court's ruling.

Why did Congress pass the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890?

*A. To try to ensure free competition Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to outlaw monopolies that prevented free competition in interstate commerce.

B. To provide rules for the formation of corporations Rules already existed to regulate the formation of corporations.

C. To cap the size of corporate assets to limit their power The Sherman Anti-Trust Act did not place limits on the size of the assets of corporations.

D. To allow corporations more rights in interstate commerce The Sherman Anti-Trust Act affected interstate commerce by determining that some corporate actions were illegal.

What was the role of managerial specialists in large corporations in the late 1800s?

A. To provide corporations with greater legal power Managerial specialists focused on operations rather than legal issues.

B. To improve corporate accountability to shareholders Managerial specialists focused on corporate operations rather than shareholder issues.

C. To cut operating costs by divesting corporations of poorly performing units Managerial specialists addressed corporate operations but had a broader mandate than focus on divesting poorly performing units.

*D. To oversee and coordinate far-flung operations Managerial specialists oversaw and coordinated the various steps of production under one roof. Comptrollers and accountants poured over financial records, for example, while marketing executives planned how to advertise goods and find new markets.

What was Frederick Taylor's contribution to increased efficiency in industrial production in the late 1800s?

A. He devised strategies for avoiding antitrust action. Frederick Taylor focused on how a business carried out its core functions of making goods.

B. He developed new ways to more effectively advertise to new markets. Frederick Taylor focused on how a business carried out its core functions of making goods.

*C. He developed principles to promote efficient operations. Frederick Taylor developed the principles of scientific management, reducing manual labor into its simplest components to make it more efficient and ensure workers' productivity.

D. He developed a new system for financial oversight. Frederick Taylor focused on how a business carried out its core functions of making goods.

How did Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management reduce costs in the late 1800s?

A. By reducing the cost of raw materials through vertical integration Taylor's scientific management principles aimed at labor costs rather than the cost of raw materials.

B. By convincing corporations to reduce wages for employees Taylor's principles of scientific management addressed how workers worked rather than what they were paid.

C. By increasing training for workers to make them more skilled Taylor's principles of scientific management involved controlling the way workers worked.

*D. By making tasks more efficient so workers could work more quickly Taylor's principles of scientific management reduced labor costs by calculating how to break down a job into the fewest movements that could be performed in the least amount of time.

What innovation changed retailing in the late 1800s?

A. Discount stores Discount stores were a later development in marketing.

B. General stores General stores had existed before the late 1800s.

*C. Department stores Waited upon by a growing army of congenial sales clerks, customers could visit department stores to buy the enormous volume of goods pouring out of factories.

D. Phone marketing Telephone marketing came much later than the late 1800s.

Refer to the image 1899 Sears, Roebuck Catalog

A photo shows the cover of a catalogue featuring various items, a woman holding up a sealed envelope, and factories in the background. Text in the catalog reads, Sears, Roebuck, and Company Incorporated. Cheapest Supply House on Earth. Our trade reaches around the world. Authorized and incorporated under the laws of Illinois with a capital and surplus of 700,000 dollars paid in full. References by special permission of metropolitan national bank, corn exchange national bank, and German exchange bank. Consumer's guide. This book tells just what your storekeeper at home pays for everything he buys and will prevent him from overcharging you on anything you buy from him.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What message does the Sears Roebuck Catalog cover from 1899 convey?

A. American products are produced more cheaply than anywhere else in the world. The catalog promotes consumerism, not manufacturing.

*B. American companies can buy products from all over the world for American consumption. The catalog celebrates the fact that products come from all over the globe.

C. It is cheaper to buy from local stores than big corporations. The cover implies that it is cheaper to buy from big corporations than from local stores.

D. Consumers should buy American-made products. The catalog celebrates the fact that the products are from all over the globe.

Refer to the image What a Funny Little Government, 1900

A cartoon featuring Rockefeller is accompanied by analytical questions. In the cartoon, Rockefeller holds the White House in his hand. Money bags and government officials peak out from the base of the building. In the background, smokestacks from Capitol building and treasury department release dark plumes of smoke. The Capitol building is labeled, How are the Capitol and Treasury depicted? The White House is labeled, What is Rockefeller holding in his hand? Rockefeller is labeled, How does this illustration of Rockefeller emphasize the cartoonist's antitrust position? Text for the cartoon reads, What does this cartoon suggest about the relationship between big business and the federal government at the start of the twentieth century?
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

In what ways does the illustration critique the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890?

A. The illustration depicts government having too much control over private industry. The illustration does not contain any imagery that suggests too much government control.

B. The illustration depicts a disconnect between government and industry. The illustration contains many images showing a strong connection between government and business.

C. The illustration is critical of the women's movement and its effect on industry. There is nothing in the image critical of the women's movement.

*D. The illustration is critical of corporate influence in government. The illustration depicts several images that imply the government is controlled by industry.

Topic: Laissez-Faire, Social Darwinism, and Their Critics
books:
The Doctrine of Success
Challenges to Laissez-Faire

What describes the ideas of the British economist Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations?

*A. Self-interest guaranteed economic success. Smith believed that an "Invisible Hand" guided by natural law guaranteed the greatest economic success if the government let individuals pursue their own self-interest.

B. The government must regulate monopolies. Smith wanted the government to refrain from regulation of the marketplace.

C. The government should support labor unions. Smith was interested in the factors that promoted competition and economic growth; labor unions were not among them.

D. The government should act to prevent social inequality. Smith wanted the economy to operate relatively free of government regulation.

How did the McGuffey Reader reinforce the doctrine of success?

A. By teaching children that economic inequality did not exist in America The McGuffey Reader made no claim that economic inequality did not exist.

*B. By promoting hard work, individual initiative, reliability, and thrift The McGuffey Reader reinforced the doctrine of success by teaching children the moral lessons of hard work, individual initiative, reliability, and thrift.

C. By providing biographies of self-made men who became very wealthy The McGuffey Reader focused on teaching moral lessons rather than describing the lives of successful businessmen.

D. By teaching children that poverty did not exist in America The McGuffey Reader did not claim that poverty did not exist in America.

Whose "Acres of Diamonds" sermon equated godliness with riches and argued that ordinary people had an obligation to strive for material wealth?

*A. Russell Cronwell Cronwell was a pastor at the Grace Baptist Church in Philadelphia, and he preached a gospel of wealth.

B. Roger Williams Williams was a seventeenth-century New England theologian.

C. Joseph Smith Smith was the founder of the Mormon religion.

D. Frank Castle Frank Castle is the Punisher, a different kind of preacher.

In his 1889 essay "Gospel of Wealth," what activity did Andrew Carnegie urge the wealthy to undertake?

A. Charity Carnegie deplored charity, which he thought would not help the poor.

B. Hoarding Carnegie argued that the person who died wealthy was immoral.

*C. Philanthropy Carnegie argued that the rich should act as stewards of the wealth they earned and administer their surplus income for the benefit of the community.

D. Political service Carnegie believed that the wealthy had an obligation to society but did not identify politics as the avenue for pursuing it.

What was Andrew Carnegie's distinction between charity and philanthropy?

*A. Charity was unwise giveaways; philanthropy raised educational and cultural standards. Carnegie claimed that charity involved direct handouts to individuals, while philanthropy created institutions that raised educational and cultural standards.

B. Charity involved donating smaller amounts of money than philanthropy. Carnegie believed that charity and philanthropy were fundamentally different in kind, not in degree.

C. Charity was more beneficial to society because it directly helped individuals. Carnegie decried charity and preferred philanthropy.

D. Charity was aimed at the local level; philanthropy was carried out at nationally. Carnegie saw the two activities as different in nature rather than scope.

What types of institutions did Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons create through philanthropic efforts?

A. Church schools that educated poor children Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons did create educational institutions, but not church schools.

B. Vocational training institutions for African Americans Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons did create educational institutions, but not vocational training institutions for African Americans.

C. Orphanages and primary schools for destitute children Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons created educational institutions, but not orphanages.

*D. Universities, libraries, and other cultural institutions Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other tycoons created universities such as Temple University, Stanford University, and Vanderbilt University libraries; and other cultural institutions.

How did the capitalists of the late 1800s understand laissez-faire capitalism?

A. The government and state power should not be used to retard or promote economic efforts. The capitalists thought the government did have a proper role in relation to their economic efforts.

*B. The government should not retard their efforts but could promote them. Capitalists believed that the government should not retard their economic efforts but state power could promote their enterprises and stimulate entrepreneurial energies.

C. Government policies should favor small rather than large enterprises. Capitalists preferred for government economic policies to favor their large enterprises.

D. The government should not support enterprises but could take reduce social inequality. Capitalists believed that the government had a proper role regarding business activity.

What was the position of businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme Court regarding government regulation in the economy?

A. The government could limit the power of corporations to prevent the development of monopolies. Businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme Court did not accept that the government could limit the power of corporations.

B. The government had the constitutional authority to eliminate economic inequality. Businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme Court did not accept that the government had the constitutional authority to limit economic inequality.

*C. The right to own and manage property was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. Businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme Court argued that their right to own and manage property was protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

D. The Constitution's position on the right of individuals to own and manage property was ambiguous. Businessmen and their conservative allies on the Supreme Court believed that the Constitution had a clear and correct position on the right of individuals to own and manage property.

How did the late-nineteenth-century Supreme Court utilize the laissez-faire doctrine of Adam Smith?

A. By placing limits on the rights of corporations The Court actually increased the rights of corporations.

*B. By interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment to incorporate the rights of corporations The Supreme Court used Smith's doctrines to argue against restrictive government regulation. The Court equated the corporation's right to own and manage property with the personal liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

C. By upholding laws that increased regulations on corporations Smith's doctrine advocated fewer government regulations.

D. By striking down laws that increased the rights of corporation The Court's decisions upheld the rights of corporations.

_ebook: The Doctrine of Success https://ebooks.macmillanhighered.com/9781319235857?cfi=6/286&begin=4/2/6&end=4/2/6/16

_fq_uid: 3C2AA9

What was the argument behind British philosopher Herbert Spencer's theory of social evolution?

A. The only way to help the poor was through increased federal spending to combat poverty. Spencer believed that poverty was the product of individual circumstances, and thus he thought government programs were a waste.

B. The federal government should partner with churches, and other nonprofits, to combat poverty. Spencer believed that poverty was the product of individual circumstances, and thus he thought government programs were a waste.

*C. People at the bottom of the economic ladder lacked ambition, and government programs would not help them. In Spencer's view, those at the top of the economic ladder were closer to perfection than were those at the bottom. Any effort to aid the unfortunate would only slow the march of progress for society as a whole.

D. Capitalism would eventually eliminate poverty. While a proponent of capitalism, Spencer believed in so-called Social Darwinism, which held that not all could succeed.

What explains why doctrines of success gained so much favor in the late nineteenth century?

*A. They helped explain the rapid economic changes and the effects of those changes. Although most ordinary people would not climb out of poverty to middle-class respectability, let alone affluence, they clung to ideas that promised hope.

B. Most Americans blamed the rich for economic inequality. Those who supported doctrines of success were more likely to blame the poor for economic inequality.

C. They promoted racial equality. Nineteenth-century America was extremely segregated, and few doctrines of success promoted racial equality

D. They pushed for workers' rights. Workers' rights was not part of the platform of the doctrines of success, which emphasized individual, rather than collective, responsibility.

What was the message of Lester Frank Ward in the book Dynamic Sociology?

A. Socialism was the solution to the ills of capitalism. Ward did not promote socialism in Dynamic Sociology.

B. Laissez-faire was a success and that more government intervention was not needed. Dynamic Society took a dim view of laissez-faire.

C. The government's primary role was to eliminate all social inequality. Dynamic Sociology targeted what Ward saw as the evils of laissez-faire capitalism rather than social inequality.

*D. The government should protect the majority from the rapacity of the wealthy. Lester Frank Ward attacked laissez-faire in Dynamic Society and argued that the government should protect the majority from the rapacity of the wealthy in order to ensure happiness, the main function of society.

What was Richard T. Ely's contribution to the assessment of capital and labor?

*A. He sought to eliminate social ills caused by industrialization through cooperative enterprises. Richard T. Ely applied Christian ethnics to the assessment of capital and labor and claimed that the ultimate solution for social ills was in the union of capital and labor in the same hands.

B. He claimed that society should return to an agrarian past. Ely advocated what he saw as a way to build a better industrialized society.

C. He used Christian ethics to justify laissez-faire capitalism. Ely offered sharp criticisms of laissez-faire capitalism.

D. He claimed that religious institutions had to move to eliminate the social ills. Ely saw social improvement as the result of a different approach by secular forces rather than religious institutions.

How did Richard Ely, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Ward view Karl Marx's revolutionary ideas?

A. They initially rejected his ideas but quickly supported the claim that a social revolution was necessary. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward never supported Karl Marx's revolutionary ideas.

B. They were sympathetic to Marx's claim that a social revolution was necessary but thought it impractical. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward were not sympathetic to Marx's revolutionary ideology.

*C. They rejected Marx's idea that a revolutionary movement of workers was needed to overthrow capitalism. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward viewed Marx's revolutionary ideas as unnecessary because they contended that the American political system could be reformed without a social revolution.

D. They accepted Marx's idea that a revolutionary movement of workers would overthrow capitalism. Ely, Bellamy, and Ward did not support Marx's revolutionary ideas.

Why didn't the ideas of Karl Marx gain traction in America?

A. Few of Marx's writings were available in the United States. Marx was widely available and influenced the thinking of many American socialists; few thought his proposals would work in America.

B. Marx's socialism was not aggressive enough for most Americans. Many American socialists thought Marx too aggressive.

C. Marx was a proponent of the Catholic Church, which was unpopular in America. Marx was a vocal critic of all organized religion.

*D. Marx's ideas about political revolution went too far for American socialists. Most American socialists believed that the American political system could be reformed without resorting to the extreme solution of a socialist revolution. They favored a cooperative commonwealth of capital and labor, with the government acting as an umpire between the two.

Topic: Society and Culture in the Gilded Age
books:
Wealthy and Middle-Class Leisure-Time Pursuits
Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow

What does the large number of second homes in late-nineteenth-century America reveal about the time period?

A. Many Americans became more interested in flipping property. The second homes were largely vacation homes.

*B. There was tremendous wealth among a growing segment of the population. Sometimes referred to as the Gilded Age, this time period witnessed tremendous opulence among the upper classes.

C. Family size was increasing. The second homes were largely vacation homes, not homes purchased to accommodate larger families.

D. Many Americans lived and worked in more than one location. The second homes were largely vacation homes.

Where did most capitalists reside during the late nineteenth century?

*A. In luxurious mansions within cities During the late nineteenth century, most capitalists resided in luxurious mansions in neighborhoods such as Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia, Nob Hill in San Francisco, the Gold Coast in Chicago, and Back Bay in Boston.

B. In rural areas to avoid pollution Most capitalists of the period embraced urban life, although they did have rural summer homes.

C. In suburbs outside the city center Most capitalists of the period embraced urban life.

D. In modest apartments in mixed neighborhoods While some capitalists resided in apartment buildings, they were not modest or in mixed neighborhoods.

Why did the number of white-collar workers increase in the late nineteenth century?

A. Factory workers tired of hard labor pushed for new kinds of jobs. In the late 1800s, factory workers were largely relegated to remaining in the factory.

B. The rise in government regulation created new job openings. Government regulation was limited in the late 1800s, and the government was comparatively small.

C. Corporations tried to maximize operations by running both day and night. Night shifts were used in factories, but not in the offices that contributed to the rise in white-collar jobs.

*D. Industrialization created a need for managerial, clerical, and technical positions. Industrialization created new white-collar jobs as large corporations needed to be managed and business matters carefully recorded.

What impact did the rise of the middle class in the late nineteenth century have on the demand for consumer goods?

A. The new middle class had little impact on consumer demand because wages were so low. Middle-class families had rising incomes and disposable income.

B. The new middle class had little impact on consumer demand because most women continued to make items at home. Middle-class families played an active role in consuming goods.

*C. Middle-class families created strong demand for consumer goods becoming widely available as a result of industrialization. Middle-class families had high demand for mass-produced furniture, musical instruments, books, periodicals, and other items.

D. Middle-class families expanded the market for luxury goods. The wealthy individuals of the late nineteenth century expanded the market for luxury goods, but the middle class consumed mass-produced items.

What was the purpose of social and professional organizations created by middle-class men and women in the late nineteenth century?

A. To provide opportunities for leisure activities The social and professional organizations did provide useful occupations in leisure time but had a broader social purpose as their primary goal.

*B. To address problems arising from industrialization The social and professional organizations addressed problems accompanying industrialization.

C. To promote a radical critique of the lifestyles of the capitalists The social and professional organizations of the late nineteenth century accepted the capitalist system, although they were aware of negative effects.

D. To promote educational opportunities The social and professional organizations had a social purpose but were not aimed primarily at promoting education.

What were the goals of the Young Women's Christian Association and Young Men's Christian Association?

A. Bring together African Americans and whites The Y QuestionA and YWCA tried to improve the lives of the individuals who took part but did not aim at improving racial harmony.

B. Evangelize young men and women The Y QuestionA and YWCA tried to improve the lives of the individuals but not by evangelizing.

*C. Good health and good morals The Young Men's Christian Association (Y QuestionA) grew briskly during the 1880s as it erected buildings for young men to socialize in, build moral character, and engage in healthy, physical exercise. The Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) provided similar opportunities for women.

D. Professional education The Y QuestionA and YWCA tried to improve the lives of the individuals who took part but did not aim at providing professional education.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the nineteenth-century middle class?

A. They were largely underemployed and depended on government benefits. They had higher wages and more free time.

B. They opposed the doctrines of success, feeling such doctrines only benefited the rich. Middle-class Americans were strong proponents of the doctrines of success.

*C. They decorated their residences with mass-produced furniture, musical instruments, family photographs, books, periodicals, and a variety of memorabilia collected in their leisure time. Middle-class families participated in mass consumerism and had considerably more possessions and free time than the lower classes.

D. They were largely opposed to industrialization. It was industrialization that produced the conditions that enabled a larger middle class.

Refer to the image The Delineator, 1900

The front cover of the magazine titled The Delineator shows a well-dressed woman playing golf. In the image foreground, a woman aims her golf club while wearing a feathered hat with her hair in a bun, a long-sleeved blouse, and an ankle-length skirt. A man holding a golf bag is in the background. Text above the image reads, In guise of summer.

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Refer to the image Alice Austen and Trude Eccleston, 1891

A photo of two women titled Alice Austen and Trude Eccleston, 1891. The two women wear tights and loose, knee-length dresses, with their hair let down. Standing on a stage, each has a cigarette in their mouth while one lights the other's with the lit end. Accompanying questions are as follows, 1, What does the clothing and activity of the woman on the cover of The Delineator suggest about her background? 2, Compare the image of Austen and her friend with the magazine's cover woman. What norms of female behavior are they contesting? Put It in Context, What social and political trends during the late nineteenth century gave middle-class women increased opportunities to express themselves?

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the differences in the depiction of women in the two pictures?

*A. The Delineator picture is an advertiser's attempt to sell an image of a middle-class mother, while the Austen and Eccleston image is an attempt to present an alternative identity for women. The Delineator picture shows a woman dressed in designer clothes with a child in tow, while the Austen/Eccleston image shows two women smoking in a bedroom in nightclothes.

B. Both images are an attempt to convince women to embrace the new consumer culture. While the Delineator picture promotes consumerism, the Austen/Eccleston image does not; this answer does not explain any difference.

C. The Delineator picture promotes single mothers, while the Austen/Eccleston image promotes marriage equality for women. There is not enough information in either image to draw these conclusions.

D. The Delineator picture depicts a woman who is much happier than the women in the Austen/Eccleston image. There is not enough information in either image to draw these conclusions.

What describes the role of middle-class wives during the late nineteenth century?

A. To focus on developing a career Developing a career was not a major goal for middle-class women in the late nineteenth century.

B. To work to improve society While middle-class women took part in social organizations that could work to improve society, that was not expected to be their major focus.

C. To run the house and also work at a part-time job Middle-class wives generally did not hold jobs during the late nineteenth century.

*D. To care for the house and husband and children Although the birth rate and marriage rates among the middle class dropped during the late nineteenth century, wives were still expected to care for their husbands and family first to fulfill their feminine duties.

Why didn't the emergence of new consumer goods decrease the amount of housework performed by middle-class women in the late nineteenth century?

A. Middle-class women could not afford to purchase consumer goods so they had no impact on their lives. Middle-class women could afford to purchase consumer goods.

B. Middle-class women were discouraged from buying labor-saving products, which were supposed to show bad character. Middle-class women were encouraged to purchase a wide array of consumer goods, including labor-saving products.

C. Middle-class women found that the consumer goods were ineffective or inefficient. Middle-class women did not register widespread dissatisfaction with the performance of the goods.

*D. Middle-class women had to meet higher standards of housekeeping than had existed before. Middle-class women had to meet higher standards of cleanliness, cooking, and other household tasks. Thus they still devoted the same amount of time to housework.

What was the result of the use of consumer goods by middle-class housewives in the late 1800s?

A. Housewives were valued for their economic contributions to the household as well as their role as consumers. The economic contribution of middle-class women in this period was ignored.

B. They were not viewed as workers or consumers but were essentially invisible in the industrial economy. They were not invisible in the industrial economy.

*C. Their role as workers in the household became invisible while their role as consumers became prominent. The role of the housewife as a worker was invisible while her role as a consumer was visible. This devalued women's economic contributions to the household.

D. They were valued as mothers but not as housewives. They were valued as mothers, but their roles as consumers were also valued.

What group of women was the most socially and economically independent in the late 1800s?

*A. The wealthy who attended college, beauty, or secretarial schools For the more socially and economically independent young women—those who attended college or beauty and secretarial schools—new worlds of leisure opened up. Young women who sought an air of sophistication dressed themselves according to the image of the Gibson Girl.

B. Young women who worked in southern textile mills Southern parents insisted on being hired as well so they could keep an eye on their working daughters, limiting their independence.

C. Middle-class mothers Middle-class mothers were constrained by the role expectations placed upon them.

D. Married women Married women, like middle-class mothers, had to contend with the responsibility of meeting certain social roles.

What role did boxing play in the "crisis of masculinity"?

A. It led men to question their masculinity. Boxing served to reinforce masculinity, not question it.

B. It led men to reject consumerism. Boxing was big business and mass marketed to men.

*C. It allowed men an outlet to cultivate their masculinity. Boxing became a popular spectator sport in the late nineteenth century. Bare-knuckle fighting—without the protection of gloves—epitomized the craze to display pure masculinity.

D. It forced men to confront women's rights movements. Boxing was not tied to the women's rights movement.]

How did the emergence of women's civic associations contribute to the "crisis of masculinity"?

*A. They threatened to reduce men's control over the political process. The realm of politics was dominated by men, and psychologists have suggested this contributed to a crisis of masculinity.

B. They made men fear they would lose their jobs to women. Middle-class men dominated the managerial classes and did not fear losing their jobs to women.

C. They made men feel empowered, contributing to the end of the "crisis of masculinity." They made men feel threatened about losing their political power.

D. They caused men to buy fewer consumer goods or services. Men continued to purchase products and join sports and professional organizations.

What accounts for the "crisis of masculinity" that afflicted middle- and upper-class men in the late nineteenth century?

A. They were threatened by working-class men who increasingly took their jobs. Working-class men did not generally compete for the same jobs as middle- and upper-class men.

B. They earned less money than previously and could not adequately support their families. Middle- and upper-class men generally could adequately support their families.

C. They had less status than before because of competition from women in the workforce. Women did not compete with middle- and upper-class men in the workforce.

*D. They felt they had less autonomy now that they worked as salaried employees. Middle-class occupations whittled away the sense of autonomy that men had experienced in an earlier era when they worked for themselves. The emergence of corporate capitalism had swelled the ranks of the middle class with organization men, who held salaried jobs in managerial departments.

What did G. Stanley Hall recommend to prevent the feminization of spiritual paralysis of middle-class men?

A. Self-employment rather than working for a corporation Hall's recommendation did not have to do with employment options.

B. Taking industrial rather than white-collar jobs Hall's recommendation did not have to do with employment options.

C. Spiritual exercises and retreats Hall did recommend a change in lifestyle, but spiritual exercises and retreats were not his prescription.

*D. Physical activity Hall recommended that middle-class men engage in vigorous physically exercise in order to demonstrate their fitness.

Why did sports emerge as a popular pastime in the growth of urban society during the late nineteenth century?

A. Sports provided a means for men to socialize outside work. The role of sports in urban society was not to provide a means for men to socialize outside of work.

*B. Sports provided a means for men to assert their masculinity. Both playing sports and participating as a spectator provided a means for men to nurture their masculine sensibilities in the late nineteenth century.

C. Sports provided a means for men to attract women. In the late nineteenth century, the primary attraction of sports to men was not as part of courtship.

D. Sports provided a means for middle- and working-class men to socialize across class lines. While men of all classes could attend spectator sports together in the late nineteenth century, that possibility was not their chief purpose.

What accounts for the popularity of baseball over other sports in the late nineteenth century?

A. Baseball did not require much space, so it could be played in cities. Baseball was popular in cities, but it needed to have space set aside so it could be played.

B. Baseball was the easiest game for new immigrants to learn. Boxing, another popular sport of the time, was probably easier to learn than baseball.

C. Baseball was marketed heavily by manufacturers interested in selling replica jerseys. The sale of replica jerseys developed later in baseball's history.

*D. Baseball satisfied feelings of nostalgia for a lost rural life. Baseball was popular because it served as a metaphor for an older, pastoral life alongside modern technology.

What was a "Boston marriage," which arose in the late nineteenth century?

A. A marriage that revived Puritan marriage patterns A "Boston marriage" did not revive Puritan marriage patterns but created a new kind of marriage arrangement.

*B. Women living together in a relationship A "Boston marriage" involved women living together in a monogamous, long-term relationship.

C. A group of men living in a dormitory A "Boston marriage" did not involve the living arrangements of men.

D. Marriage by civil ceremony rather than a religious service A "Boston marriage" was not a formalized kind of union.

How did the idea of a "Boston marriage" provide an alternative lifestyle for women of the late nineteenth century?

A. By allowing husbands and wives to live separately The "Boston marriage" did not allow husbands and wives to live separately.

*B. By letting women live together in an exclusive relationship A "Boston marriage" involved women living together in a monogamous, long-term relationship.

C. By giving women full equality with their husbands A "Boston marriage" did not involve equality of wives and husbands.

D. By allowing women to retain property rights A "Boston marriage" did not involve property rights.

Why did middle-class women participate so enthusiastically in the new consumer culture?

*A. Advertisers specifically marketed products to middle-class women, particularly housewives. Department stores, chain stores, ready-made clothes, and packaged goods, from Jell-O and Kellogg's Corn Flakes to cake mixes, competed for the money and loyalty of female consumers.

B. Women's workloads were decreased by the vast array of available goods and services. The expanding array of consumer goods did not decrease women's domestic workload. They had more furniture to dust, fancier meals to prepare, changing fashions to keep up with, higher standards of cleanliness to maintain, and more time to devote to entertaining.

C. Consumer culture raised awareness about women's roles as workers. Consumerism stressed women's roles as consumers, not workers.

D. Consumer culture promoted equal rights for women. Consumer culture promoted women's value as consumers, not as equals with men.

Why did "grandfather clauses" work to exclude African Americans from the right to vote in the late 1800s?

A. By insisting that voters prove they had a grandfather who lived in the South The issue was not the place of residence of the potential voter's grandfather.

*B. By basing voting rights on pre-Civil War laws They gave the right to vote only to those whose grandfathers had that right in 1860, at a time African Americans could not vote.

C. By denying the franchise to anyone whose grandfather had voted Republican The clauses did not have stipulations regarding party allegiance.

D. By denying the right to vote to anyone whose grandfather was a farmer In the still largely agricultural South, men whose grandfathers were farmers could vote.

What were the purposes of poll taxes and literacy tests instituted in the South in the late 1800s?

A. To raise revenues for Southern governments Poll taxes and literacy tests were not geared to raising revenue but to affecting the electorate.

B. To ensure that elections were free and fair Poll taxes and literacy tests both affected elections but did nothing to ensure that those elections were free or fair.

*C. To disenfranchise African Americans in the South To circumvent the Fifteenth Amendment, southern states devised suffrage qualifications that they claimed were racially neutral, and the Supreme Court ruled in their favor. Disfranchisement reached its peak in the 1890s, as white southern governments wiped out most of what remained of the black electorate.

D. To prevent women from winning the right to vote Poll taxes and literacy tests were not aimed at women.

What was accomplished by the Jim Crow laws southern states passed in the late 1800s?

A. Legalizing lynching Lynching was illegal, although it was not enforced by white-run courts.

B. Prohibiting African Americans from owning land Jim Crow statutes did not involve property ownership.

C. Barring African Americans from voting Other laws denied African Americans the right to vote in the South.

*D. Instituting segregation Jim Crow laws were statues passed in the 1890s that denied African Americans equal access to public facilities and ensured that they lived apart from whites.

What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

A. The Supreme Court authorized Jim Crow statues on a limited basis. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court did authorize Jim Crow laws but not narrowly.

*B. The Supreme Court case allowed Jim Crow laws to stand. The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson sanctioned Jim Crow statutes by ruling that separate but equal accommodations on railroad cars did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

C. The Supreme Court ruled that Jim Crow states were unconstitutional. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court did not overrule Jim Crow laws.

D. The Supreme Court upheld the voting rights of African Americans. Plessy v. Ferguson did not involve voting rights.

What was the purpose of lynching?

A. To challenge Jim Crow laws Lynching supported Jim Crow laws by attempting to intimidate African Americans.

B. To punish African Americans who tried to flee the South Lynching was not specifically aimed against African Americans who tried to leave the South.

C. To speed the judicial process Lynching was not a matter of speeding the judicial process but of evading it.

*D. To punish African Americans who acted in any way deemed unacceptable Lynching allowed whites to provide what they considered summary justice against any African American who stepped outside the accepted boundaries of behavior.

What opportunities did segregation provide African Americans in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

A. To elect their own public officials African Americans were denied the franchise and did not have any set of elected officials responsive to their needs.

B. To leave the South Segregation laws did not prevent African Americans from leaving the South, but they did nothing to increase their opportunities to do so.

*C. To build their own organizations Segregation allowed African Americans to build their own businesses, churches, schools, and civic organizations. Segregation fostered a strong black community and rising black middle class.

D. To collaborate with white northerners in challenging them Few white northerners made any effort to challenge segregation laws in this period.

How did poll taxes evade the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment?

A. Because they were very small, the Supreme Court upheld them. The amount of the fines was not the issue.

*B. Southern states argued that the taxes were not based on race and were not prohibited by the Fifteenth Amendment. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited voter discrimination by race, and the Supreme Court held them to be constitutional.

C. The Supreme Court held that taxes based on race were not prohibited by the Fifteenth Amendment. The Court held that poll taxes were not inherently racial.

D. They only applied to naturalized citizens. Poll taxes were aimed at newly free blacks.

What law did the Supreme Court strike down in Plessy v Ferguson?

A. The Dawes Act (1887) The Dawes Act related to Native American reservations and was not struck down by the Court.

B. The Civil Rights Act of 1864 This act was solidified by passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.

*C. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 This act aimed to end segregation in the South and was struck down by the Court.

D. The Homestead Act of 1862 This act opened up land for western settlement and was not struck down by the Court.

Topic: National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
books:
The Weak Presidency
Congressional Inefficiency
An Energized and Entertained Electorate

Why did James Bryce argue that great men in the United States were not chosen as president?

A. The office did not have a high enough salary to allow someone to become wealthy. Bryce wrote about political factors that made the office seem undesirable.

B. The best men, he said, were attracted to the arts and sciences. Bryce wrote about political factors that made the office seem undesirable.

*C. The president functioned mainly as an executor. Bryce argued that the president functioned mainly as an executor. Indeed, the office's stature had diminished since Andrew Johnson's impeachment and the reassertion of congressional power during Reconstruction.

D. The job was too dangerous with the risk of assassination. Bryce wrote about political factors that made the office seem undesirable.

Which of the following statements applies to all the presidents between Grant and McKinley?

A. There were no military actions taken during any of their tenures. There were several, from the Plains wars under Grant to the Spanish-American War under McKinley.

B. There were no Democrats elected during these presidencies. Grover Cleveland, elected prior to McKinley, was a Democrat.

*C. No president won back-to-back terms during this time period. Politicians were held in low regard, and reelection was difficult.

D. No president during this time period had a college degree. Many of the presidents who served between Grant and McKinley had college degrees.

What criticism can fairly be leveled at the presidents between Grant and McKinley?

A. Inexperience These presidents were accomplished and experienced.

*B. Being lackluster They were uninspiring individuals who lacked qualities of leadership that would arouse others to action.

C. Dishonesty The men were honest and hardworking.

D. Incompetence They were competent and experienced.

What type of experience did most of the presidents between Grant and McKinley have?

A. Business and legal These presidents had no substantial business experience.

B. Legal and teaching These presidents had no teaching experience.

C. Scientific and technical These presidents did not have scientific or technical experience.

*D. Political and military Most of the presidents in this group had military experience from the Civil War and political experience.

What did James Bryce believe was the reason the presidency attracted many mediocre candidates?

*A. Most Americans viewed the president as a bureaucrat. Bryce noted that many Americans saw the president as an executor rather than a leader.

B. Most Americans felt the president should not have a college education. Bryce did not note that Americans wanted undereducated candidates.

C. Most Americans did not know who the president was. Bryce argued that people held the office in low regard, not that they were ignorant of it.

D. Most Americans had strongly partisan political positions. Bryce did not criticize the parties.

How did the tenure of Andrew Johnson affect the office of the president?

A. Johnson's tenure increased the power of the office. Andrew Johnson left the office much weaker than it had been under Lincoln.

B. Johnson increased the popularity of the presidency. Johnson left office in disgrace.

C. Johnson had minimal impact on the office of the president. Johnson's presidency had a significant impact on future presidents.

*D. Johnson decreased the power of the presidency. The stature of the office had shrunk following the impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the reassertion of congressional power during Reconstruction.

Which pair of presidents served in the Union army before becoming president?

*A. Harrison and Garfield Both served as officers in the Union army during the Civil War.

B. Fillmore and Grant Fillmore had no military experience and was president before the Civil War.

C. Madison and Cleveland Neither had any military experience, and Madison was president before the Civil War.

D. Hayes and Johnson Both had military experience, but only Hayes served in the Union army.

How did the structure of Congress prevent the president from providing vigorous leadership in the late 1800s?

A. The Democrats dominated Congress and refused to work with Republican presidents. The Democrats did not dominate both houses of Congress throughout the period.

B. The Republicans dominated Congress and refused to work with Democratic presidents. The Republicans did not dominate both houses of Congress in the period.

C. Congress had wrested all power from the president. Presidents still had power but found it difficult to take a leading role in government.

*D. Partisan strife and turnover made Congress unruly and difficult to work with. Constantly shifting majorities, competing political parties holding the House and Senate, and turnover among congressmen made it difficult for the president to provide Congress with vigorous leadership.

What organizational issue limited the power of the Speaker of the House in the late 1800s?

A. The Senate was more powerful. The House retained substantial power, but the Speakers in this period could not direct it.

B. They served simultaneously in the president's Cabinet, making them untrustworthy to House members. The Speakers of the period had no role in the presidential administrations.

*C. Committee chairmen wielded a great deal of power. Committee chairmen held a tight rein over the introduction and deliberation of legislation and competed with each other for influence in the chamber.

D. The chair of the Ethics Committee threatened to investigate their actions. The Speakers were not hindered by the threat of investigation.

Why did the Senate not function effectively during the late nineteenth century?

A. Senators followed their party leaders dogmatically. Party leadership was weak.

*B. Senators were extremely independent. The Senate did not function effectively in the late nineteenth century because senators thought more of their own judgment than of party unity.

C. Senators seldom served their entire term. Senators usually served their entire terms, and some won re-election multiple times.

D. Senators refused to cooperate with the House of Representatives. The Senate was ineffective on its own, regardless of its relations with the House.

Which of the following accounted for the greater power of senators relative to congressmen in the late nineteenth century?

A. Senators placed time limits on their debates, which made them more efficient. The Senate already had time limits on debate at this point in history. Today, it does not have a time limit.

B. Senators voted to take the power to initiate tax bills from the House of Representatives. The Senate did not, and could not, vote to take this power from the House. A constitutional amendment would be needed.

C. The Senate was responsible for choosing the president in the late nineteenth century. The Senate did not, and does not, have this power.

*D. Longer, six-year terms allowed for more continuity. The ability to stay in office longer without running for reelection increased senators' powers.

What is divided government?

A. A government where power is divided between the wealthy and the poor Divided government refers to a political, not economic, situation.

*B. A government where power is evenly divided between the political parties Divided government occurs when power is equally distributed between two or more parties, often leading to gridlock.

C. A government with no central authority where power is distributed among the people Divided government happens in democratic governments, which have centralized institutions.

D. A government where power is divided by region Divided government refers to political parties, not geography.

What were the consequences of the Senate having no majority leader in the late nineteenth century?

*A. Senators valued their own judgments and business interests more than party unity. With no majority leader, it was difficult to impose discipline or design a coherent legislative agenda.

B. Party unity was strictly adhered to. Without a majority leader, senators focused on individual, rather than party, interests.

C. They lost power to the House of Representatives. Despite the lack of a majority leader, the Senate did not lose power to the House.

D. The party divided into large regional blocks. Without a majority leader senators focused on individual, rather than regional, interests.

What was the spoils system?

A. The practice of granting cabinet offices to the party that lost the election Cabinet offices were not granted to members of the opposing parties.

B. The practice of granting federal court appointees to the opposing party Judicial appointments were not granted to members of the opposing party.

*C. The practice of granting political positions to political supporters In both branches of Congress, party leaders handed out patronage to supporters regardless of their qualifications for the jobs.

D. The practice of granting monopolies to corporations The spoils system refers to political appointments.

Which of the following describes the ethics of the late-nineteenth-century Congress?

A. Similar to modern ethics, congressmen were careful about their relationships with corporate sponsors. The ethics of the late nineteenth century were not the same as contemporary ethics.

B. Most politicians were cautious to avoid accepting gifts from corporations. Many congressmen openly accepted such gifts, such as free passes on railroads.

C. Most congressmen avoided voting for legislation that favored their corporate benefactors. Congressmen often voted for such legislation.

*D. Most congressmen accepted corporate gifts and voted for legislation that favored corporations. There were no rules to prevent lawmakers from accepting payments from big business.

Which of the following describes the Billion Dollar Congress of 1890?

A. They invested billions of dollars in programs designed to improve transportation across the nation. Few of the programs were aimed at national projects.

*B. Spending was lavish and irresponsible. Congress spent enormous sums on special projects to enrich their constituents and themselves.

C. The Congress slashed one billion dollars from the federal budget. This Congress increased spending.

D. The Congress spent one billion dollars constructing a navy. The Congress spent little on the military.

What influenced party allegiance during the late nineteenth century?

*A. Region and religion Most white Southerners voted Democratic, white Northerners generally voted Republican, and Catholics typically voted Democratic.

B. Education and occupation Education and occupation had some influence, but other factors were more decisive.

C. Urban versus rural residence Urban and rural residents voted for either party on the basis of other factors.

D. Involvement in industry or agriculture Both participants in industry (management and workers) and farmers could vote for either party; the choice was determined by other factors.

What accounts for the high voter turnout and interest in politics during the late nineteenth century?

A. Politics offered clever solutions to pressing problems. Politics did not offer innovative solutions to the nation's pressing problems.

*B. Politics was entertaining to people. Voter turnout and interest in politics were high during the late nineteenth century because politics was a form of local and national entertainment.

C. The political process included all citizens. Women and minorities were excluded from voting.

D. Immigrants voted eagerly after becoming citizens. Turnout was also high among native-born voters.

What was the view of the Catholic, German Lutheran, and Episcopal churches on the political process in the late 1900s?

A. They encouraged members to protest unjust laws. These churches did not encourage members to protest laws they considered unjust.

B. They believed that laws could obliterate ignorance and vice. They did not believe that laws could be shaped to obliterate ignorance and vice.

*C. They believed the government should not interfere in matters of morality. The churches emphasized personal sin and ritual and emphasized that the government should not interfere in matters of morality.

D. They viewed politics as amoral. The churches thought that politics and religious morality were two separate spheres.

What was the difference between the "Old Guard" and the "Half-Breeds" in the Republican Party of the late 1900s?

A. The "Old Guard" was primarily from the South, while the "Half-Breeds" were from the Northeast. The difference between the two groups had to do with policy positions.

B. The "Half-Breeds" were primarily immigrants and the "Old Guard" native-born whites. The difference between the two groups had to do with policy positions.

C. The "Half-Breeds" were committed to political reform and the "Old Guard" to economic development. The difference between the two groups had to do with different policy positions.

*D. The "Old Guard" was more committed to racial equality and the "Half-Breeds" to new ideas. The "Old Guard" were older members of the party who retained the Republicans' commitment to racial equality; the "Half-Breeds" were open to new ideas.

Why did all presidents and vice presidents from 1876 to 1896 hail from Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and New Jersey?

A. These states were the most economically prosperous. Relative prosperity was not the operative factor.

*B. These states had the few undecided districts. These states were the only swing states in the country; in other states, voters were intensely loyal to either the Democratic or Republican Party.

C. These states had the highest voter turnout. Turnout was high in most states in this period.

D. These states had the greatest number of electoral votes. While some of these states had high electoral votes, that was not the factor.

Which of the following statements describes the political parties of the late nineteenth century?

A. Political parties were principled and stood on issues. Political parties were more interested in appealing to voters than standing on issues.

*B. Political parties did not stand for clearly stated issues or offer innovative solutions. Campaigns took on the qualities of carefully staged performances, and candidates crafted their oratory to arouse the passions and prejudices of their audiences.

C. Political parties were largely unappealing to the public as they rarely tried to engage voters. Parties worked actively to connect with voters, and the electorate considered politics a form of entertainment.

D. Political parties worked together to solve problems of significant national concern. The parties rarely worked across party lines, or within them.

What impact did the Civil War have on late-nineteenth-century political parties?

A. The Democratic Party attracted large numbers of newly enfranchised southern blacks. The Democratic Party did not appeal to this constituency.

*B. The Democratic Party attracted large numbers of white Southerners. The Democratic Party's largest base of support after the Civil War was white Southerners.

C. The Republican Party attracted large numbers of white Southerners. The Republican Party did not appeal to this constituency.

D. Neither party attracted large numbers of newly enfranchised southern blacks. Many southern blacks flocked to the Republican Party.

Chapter 17: Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877-1900
Topic: Working People Organize
books:
The Industrialization of Labor
Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America

What issue made a major contribution to the failure of American workers to create a powerful workers' political movement in the late 1800s?

A. Americans' philosophical opposition to workers Hundreds of thousands of American workers tried to form unions and promote workers' political power, yet the effort failed.

B. High wages and generous benefit packages In this period, wages were low and benefits packages were virtually nonexistent. Workers had plenty of reasons to want to organize both into unions and political movements.

C. Laws that limited workers' right to form parties Workers had the right to form political parties but could not make lasting gains.

*D. Powerful opposition from corporations and government Because they were no match for the powerful corporate-federal government alliance, workers' organizations failed to become a lasting national political force.

Which group was a significant part of the industrial workforce during the industrialization of the United States during in the late 1800s?

A. Native Americans and immigrants from Asia Native Americans and Asian immigrants were not significant factors in the new industrial workforce.

B. African Americans abandoning farms in the North and Midwest African Americans from the South were among the groups who became industrial workers in the late 1800s, but relatively few lived in the North and Midwest.

*C. Farmers who could not make a living farming Farmers who could not make a living farming and recent immigrants from Europe comprised the majority of new industrial workers.

D. Native-born whites who left southern cities for the North Native-born whites did not leave the South for industrial work in the North in large numbers.

What attraction did the United States offer to most European immigrant in the 1800s?

*A. Economic opportunity The economic opportunities in America drew millions of immigrants from Europe over the course of the nineteenth century.

B. Freedom from political oppression Freedom from political oppression attracted some European immigrants but not the majority.

C. Freedom from religious persecution Freedom from religious persecution attracted some European immigrants but not the majority.

D. A better climate A better climate was not a significant attraction to most European immigrants coming to the United States in the 1800s.

Who comprised most unskilled workers in American factories in the late 1800s?

A. African Americans who had left the South About 80,000 African Americans migrated to the North from the South in the late 1800s, many to work in factories, but they did not comprise most unskilled workers.

*B. European immigrants Immigrants, who made up the bulk of unskilled laborers, had to adjust both to a new country and to unfamiliar, unpleasant, and downright dangerous industrial work.

C. Unmarried native-born white women Unmarried native-born white women did not comprise the majority of unskilled workers in the late 1800s.

D. Native-born white men with some education Native-born white men with some education generally had more employment opportunities than the group that formed the majority of unskilled factory workers in the late 1800s.

What was the experience of European immigrants in industrial American cities in the late 1800s?

*A. They had to do grueling, dangerous work for little pay and no social safety net if hurt or laid off. European immigrants performed dangerous jobs for low wages without compensation if injured or laid off from their jobs.

B. They found it difficult to obtain factory jobs because employers preferred to hire native-born Americans. Large numbers of European immigrants were hired by industrial companies in the period.

C. They were able to achieve social mobility despite factory work being difficult and dangerous. European immigrants did not receive decent pay and were generally not able to save money as insurance against layoffs or injuries, so they could not achieve much social mobility.

D. They were blacklisted by companies because of their high rates of union participation. Large numbers of European immigrants took part in the effort to unionize workers, but they were not banned from factory work as a group as a result of that participation.

Why did skilled workers have a sense of personal dignity in the early days of manufacturing?

A. They had no sense of solidarity because they were easy to replace. Skilled workers were difficult to replace because of their advanced skills, although they did have a sense of solidarity.

B. Voting rights gave them a sense of empowerment. Unskilled workers who were citizens had voting rights also but did not share skilled workers' sense of personal dignity.

C. Work rules elevated them above unskilled workers. Skilled workers enjoyed greater status than unskilled workers but not as a result of work rules.

*D. They had independence and autonomy. In the early days of manufacturing, skilled laborers operated as independent craftsmen. They provided their own tools, worked at their own pace, and controlled their production output.

Why did skilled workers consider themselves free citizens and different from mass laborers during the early days of manufacturing in the late 1800s?

A. They were unionized and had a stronger sense of camaraderie. Skilled workers had that sense of personal dignity even if they were not unionized.

B. They usually had several people working beneath them as subordinates. Skilled workers did not usually have several people working beneath them as subordinates.

*C. They controlled their pace of work and output. In the early days of manufacturing, skilled laborers operated as independent craftsmen. They provided their own tools, worked at their own pace, and controlled their production output.

D. They looked down on unskilled works as uneducated immigrants. Skilled workers felt superior to unskilled workers whether native-born or immigrant.

How did industrialization impact skilled workers in the late 1800s?

A. They could not find jobs because their skills were dated. Skilled workers could still locate employment but for less pay and status.

B. They were reduced to work as unskilled laborers. Skilled workers were not reduced to doing unskilled labor, although they did suffer a loss of status.

*C. They were increasingly used to service machinery and lost control of work hours and pace. Skilled workers were increasingly used servicing machinery and were required to report to jobs at a specific time as industrialization occurred. This caused a loss of independence for them.

D. They enjoyed greater autonomy over their work. Skilled workers did not generally have more autonomy over their craft as industrialization occurred.

How did most skilled workers view the principles of scientific management and the mechanization of the workplace in the late 1800s?

A. They opposed any mechanization of the workplace. Skilled workers did not oppose mechanization of the workplace because it was associated with higher wages.

*B. They resented the loss of autonomy. While owners reaped the benefits of the mechanization and regimentation of the industrial workplace, many skilled workers saw such "improvements" as a threat to their freedom.

C. They welcomed mechanization for making their jobs less dangerous. The mechanization of the workplace generally did not make the jobs of skilled workers less dangerous.

D. They were ambivalent toward mechanization because it generally did not impact them. The mechanization of the workplace had a significant impact on skilled workers, who lost control over their craft.

What types of disparities existed in the industrial workplace in the late 1800s?

A. African Americans and European immigrants earned less than native-born white workers; women earned the same as men. Women generally earned only 25 percent of the wages of men.

B. Pay was equally low for workers of all types. Pay disparities existed in the industrial workplace of the late 1800s.

C. African American, European immigrant, and white male workers earned comparable wages but women earned significantly less than men. African American and European immigrant workers earned less than white male workers.

*D. White workers earned more than African American workers, and men earned more than women. White workers were paid more than African American workers, while women earned far less than men.

What types of women generally worked outside the home in the industrial economy in the late 1800s?

*A. Young single women and African American married women Young single women and African American married women were most likely to work in the industrial economy.

B. Older and younger single women of all races Younger single women were more likely to work but older women were not.

C. Married women who had children to support Single women tended to have jobs at higher rates than married women.

D. Members of the middle class who wanted independent incomes Women in the middle class were not likely to work outside of the home in this period.

What best explains why women concentrated their work in several distinct fields in the late 1800s?

A. Women could not perform jobs that required hand-eye coordination. Women were often hired for jobs that required hand-eye coordination, such as those in needle trades, textiles, and cigar rolling.

*B. Work was segregated by sex, and women were generally not able to compete directly with men for jobs. Work was segregated by sex and women were generally not able to compete directly with men for jobs. This concentrated women in a few trades such as maids, domestic work, teaching, nursing, needle trades, textiles, and others.

C. Women preferred to work in jobs requiring fewer hours, limiting their options. Women who chose to work in this period generally wanted to maximize working hours in order to maximize income.

D. Women lacked the education to perform other types of work. Lack of education did not preclude women from holding unskilled labor jobs that were generally closed to them.

Which group was most likely to perform piece work in their own homes during the late 1800s?

*A. Married women with children Women often worked at home because they gained more control over their jobs and found it easier to balance work and the needs of family life.

B. Women who wanted to work as domestics Piece-rate work was a variation on factory work; women who worked as domestics worked to clean other families' homes.

C. Women who hoped to work secretly Women who did piece work were not concerned about working in secret.

D. African American women African American women were more likely to work in factories even if married or as domestics.

What describes the working conditions for children during the late 1800s?

A. Safer conditions than adult workers No effort was made to make the working conditions of children safer in the late 1800s.

B. Work at home Children who worked generally worked outdoors, in factories, or in mines rather than at home.

C. Outdoors work with few physical demands Most working children worked indoors, and most faced physically demanding jobs.

*D. A variety of demanding jobs Although some children got fresh air working as newsboys, shining shoes, and collecting junk, most worked long, hard hours breathing in dust and fumes as they labored in textile mills, tobacco plants, print shops, and coal mines.

Why did many women and children work in the late 1800s despite the rise in real wages men earned?

A. To gain the sense of autonomy that work provided While working, some women and children might have felt a sense of autonomy, but that did not generally drive them to work.

*B. Because it was a powerful economic necessity Male wages generally did not support an entire family, and thus women and children had to work to support the family.

C. To earn money for luxury goods Work for most women and children was not geared to supplying themselves or their families with luxury goods.

D. In response to the ideology extolling the virtue of work While the dignity and virtue of work was widely praised in the period, the pressure for women and children to work arose from other causes.

Which factor helps explain why accidents were a regular factor of industrial life in the late 1800s?

A. Poor quality of machinery Breakdowns in machinery were not a significant cause of industrial accidents in the late 1800s.

B. Workers' socializing on the job Facing hard labor and under the watchful eye of supervisors, workers had little opportunity to socialize.

C. Workers' lack of skills Workers were trained to operate machinery correctly, but accidents were nevertheless common.

*D. Workers' exhaustion Many laborers put in more than ten hours a day on the job; industrial accidents occurred because workers were fatigued from long hours on the job.

What statement characterized the opportunity for social mobility that most industrial workers enjoyed in the late 1800s?

*A. Limited to nonexistent Most Americans remained part of the working class despite efforts to rise into a higher social class. The Horatio Alger story was a myth for nearly all workers.

B. Excellent for male factory workers but not women Most male industrial workers did not enjoy excellent opportunities for social mobility.

C. Better for African Americans who remained in the South African Americans in the South in this period had very few opportunities for social mobility.

D. Abundant if they worked hard and attended school Few working-class children rose in social class status despite their best efforts.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Ten years ago he learned, not the whole of the trade, but a fair portion of it. Also, there is more machinery used in the business, which again makes machinery. The different branches of the trade are divided and subdivided so that one man may make just a particular part of a machine and may not know anything whatever about another part of the same machine. . . . There is no system of apprenticeship, I may say, in the business. You simply go in and learn whatever branch you are put at, and you stay at that unless you are changed to another."

Which of the following statements summarizes the testimony above?

*A. Industrial workers have been marginalized by mass production. He laments the continuing sub-division of the production process, arguing that machines have become more valuable than people.

B. Industrial workers have been empowered by mass production. He does not indicate a favorable characteristic of mass production.

C. The subdivision of labor has made work more challenging for workers. He notes that workers only learn small parts of the production process.

D. The subdivision of mass production has increased wages. His argument is not about wages but about knowledge.

What was the primary purpose of the labor unions that were formed in the 1800s?

A. They represented a way for capitalists to organize against the power of workers. Unions did not provide a way for capitalists to organize against the power of workers.

B. They gave workers a vehicle for creating their own social safety net. The primary purpose of unions was not to create a social safety net.

*C. They provided laborers a way to counter the power of business owners. Unions provided a means to counter the concentrated power of capitalists by providing a way for groups of workers to seek rights and benefits from employers through collective efforts.

D. They gave workers a way to socialize outside of work. The primary purpose of unions was not as a method of socializing.

Why did most employers refuse to negotiate with unions in the late 1800s?

A. They objected that unions discriminated against African American and female workers. While unions did discriminate against African American and female workers, employers had no interest in upholding their rights to organize.

B. They feared that unions would join with the government and eliminate all profits. Most employers had little fear that unions would join with the government as the government substantially backed their interests.

C. They worried that unions would take over the company through collective bargaining. Most employers did not fear that unions would take over the company through collective bargaining.

*D. They took the paternalistic view of the relationship of workers to them. Most convinced themselves that employers and employees shared identical interests and believed themselves morally and financially entitled to establish policies on their workers' behalf and rejected unions as illegitimate organizations.

What was a key demand of the unions in the late 1800s, imported from the labor movement in Great Britain?

*A. The eight-hour workday A key union demand was the institution of the eight-hour workday. This goal still had not been achieved in England or the rest of industrial Europe when American labor activists picked it up in the 1860s, spreading the message through parades and rallies initiated by Eight-Hour Leagues.

B. Overtime pay At first, the unions' primary focus was on winning a bigger concession regarding working conditions.

C. Equal pay for women and blacks Unions largely ignored pay disparities, which white male workers did not object to.

D. Workers' compensation insurance Unions did not push for workers' compensation insurance in the late 1800s but focused on more fundamental issues.

Why did most employers contend that they should determine working conditions and pay in the late 1800s?

A. They had more education then the working class. Employers did not base their claim for controlling working conditions on relative levels of education but on relative positions of power.

*B. Since they financed the workplace, they had the right to determine working conditions. Employers believed they should determine working conditions and pay because they controlled the money and machines.

C. They were more likely to be generous toward workers. Employers believed that they paid a fair wage but had little interest in being generous.

D. Unions lacked legitimacy in a democratic republic. While employers believed unions had no legitimacy, it was not on the basis of political but economic arrangements.

Why did Terence V. Powderly seek the broadest possible membership for the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor in the late 1800s?

A. So that the union would reflect American democratic values Powderly's aim reflected economic goals rather than political ideology.

B. To be able to overthrow corporate capitalists in a social revolution Powderly aimed to improve workers' pay and working conditions but had no revolutionary ambitions.

*C. To maximize workers' ability to challenge corporate power The essential premise of the Knights was that all workers shared common interests that were in opposition to those of ownership. Thus, the union excluded only those it believed preyed upon citizens both economically and morally—lawyers, bankers, saloonkeepers, and professional gamblers.

D. To bring labor and capital together for mutually shared goals Powderly believed that the interests of capital and labor were mutually antagonistic.

Which group was excluded from the Knights of Labor under Terence V. Powderly?

A. Women workers Powderly allowed women to enter the Knights of Labor.

B. Immigrant workers Powderly allowed immigrants to enter the Knights of Labor.

*C. Chinese workers Powderly did exclude Chinese workers from the Knights of Labor.

D. African American workers Powderly allowed African Americans to enter the Knights of Labor.

What position held by local chapters of the Knights of Labor conflicted with Terence V. Powderly's national policy for that union?

A. Pushing for the eight-hour workday Powderly endorsed the eight-hour workday.

*B. Using strikes as a tactic to win gains Local groups of the Knights of Labor often engaged in strikes, a tactic Powderly had disavowed.

C. Recruiting African American and female members Powderly actively welcomed African American and female members.

D. Refusing to pay dues Powderly did not have a problem with members paying dues.

Why did the Haymarket Square incident of 1886 hurt the union movement?

*A. Press coverage blamed the labor movement for the deaths. Although Powderly and other union leaders denounced the anarchists and the bombing, labor came away severely tarnished. Capitalists and their allies in the press attacked labor unionists as radicals prone to violence and denounced strikes as un-American.

B. Government investigation showed the unions had been infiltrated by anarchists. A trial convicted eight anarchists of murder in connection to the Haymarket incident, although there was no hard evidence that the anarchists had taken any violent action.

C. Powderly's speech at Haymarket Square showed him to be an ineffective and irrational leader. Powderly gave no speeches at the Haymarket Squire incident.

D. The collapse of the general strike convinced many workers that unions were pointless. Unions were tainted by events in the Haymarket incident over which they had no control.

Which group of workers was the target of the American Federation of Labor in the late 1800s?

A. All workers The Knights of Labor sought to organize all workers; the American Federation of Labor did not.

*B. Skilled workers Instead of one giant industrial union that included all workers, skilled and unskilled, the AFL organized only skilled craftsmen—the labor elite—into trade unions.

C. Unskilled workers The American Federation of Labor did not seek to recruit unskilled workers but focused on a different group.

D. African American workers While the Knights of Labor recruited women workers, the American Federation of Labor did not.

What was the American Federation of Labor's primary goal?

A. To overthrow the capitalists and take control of factories The American Federation of Labor had much more limited goals than the overthrow of capitalism.

*B. To obtain better wages and hours for workers so that they could share in prosperity The American Federation of Labor's primary goal was to obtain better wages and hours for workers so that they could enjoy the prosperity industrialization created.

C. To eliminate pay disparities between men and women The American Federation of Labor did not fight for equal pay for women.

D. To eliminate the gap between skilled and unskilled workers The American Federation of Labor represented the interests of skilled workers.

Why did so few workers join unions in the late nineteenth century?

A. Basic satisfaction with pay and working conditions Most workers were not satisfied with pay or working conditions at the time.

*B. Ethnic barriers, which made organizing difficult The diversity of workers made organizing a difficult task. Foreign-born laborers came from many countries and were divided by language, religion, ethnicity, and history. Moreover, European immigrants quickly adopted native-born whites' racial prejudices against African Americans.

C. Religious opposition to unionization Workers did not have religious or philosophical opposition to forming unions.

D. Examples of social mobility in their midst While most workers retained faith in social mobility, there were few real examples of workers rising up from the working class into the middle class or higher.

What group of workers proved especially resistant to unionizing in the late 1800s?

A. Western and northern European immigrants Western and northern European immigrants joined in the labor movement in this period.

B. Native-born white men Native-born white men joined in the labor movement in this period.

C. Eastern European immigrants Eastern European immigrants joined in the labor movement in this period.

*D. Southern workers Southern workers proved most resistant to unionizing because of their agricultural background, connection to friends and family in the countryside, and ability of employers to use racial tension to prevent Southern workers from organizing.

Why were southern industrial workers so resistant to unionizing in the late 1800s?

A. Their isolation from northern workers made unionization difficult. Southern workers could have formed their own unions or joined in national union efforts.

B. Church opposition to unionization discouraged members from joining. Churches in the South did not publicly speak against unionization.

*C. Racial tensions helped prevent the development of a collective consciousness. Racial tensions between the white and black working class prevented the development of a collective class consciousness in the South.

D. They generally earned higher wages, worked fewer hours, and had overall better working conditions. Southern workers received lower wages than northern workers, and working conditions were equally poor.

Which of the following describes the process of collective bargaining?

A. The process of federal mediation of labor negotiations Federal officials do not mediate in collective bargaining.

*B. The process of negotiations between labor unions and management Collective bargaining is the process through which unions and management negotiate working conditions.

C. The process of allowing companies in the same industry to negotiate working conditions with state governments The process does not involve state governments.

D. The process of judicial review over labor negotiations The courts are rarely involved in collective bargaining.

Who was Samuel Gompers?

*A. President of the American Federation of Labor In 1886 Samuel Gompers became president of the AFL. No social reformer, the AFL president concentrated on obtaining better wages and hours for workers so that they could share in the prosperity generated by industrial capitalism.

B. President of the NAACP The NAACP did not exist in the late nineteenth century.

C. The CEO of Union Pacific Gompers was a labor leader.

D. A Massachusetts senator Gompers was not a politician.

Which group of English workers organized a walkout in London in1888?

*A. Women matchmakers These women organized a walkout to protest exorbitant fines for work infractions.

B. Migrant African workers Migrant Africans did not organize a walkout.

C. Public servants Public servants did not organize a walkout.

D. Child laborers Child laborers did not organize a walkout.

Which of the following statements about organized labor in late-nineteenth-century Europe is true?

A. Organized labor steadily decreased in power over this period. The power of labor grew dramatically.

*B. Organized labor increased activity during this period. The number of labor strikes increased during this period.

C. Organized labor successfully campaigned for the right to vote. They unsuccessfully campaigned for the right to vote.

D. Organized labor lost the support of their communities. Labor relied on the support of communities to sustain strikes.

What was the primary tool workers used to challenge ownership?

*A. Withholding their labor Withholding their labor and going on strike was the primary tool workers used to challenge ownership.

B. Presenting owners with petitions Given corporate owners' hostility to unions, presenting them with petitions was unlikely to gain workers much.

C. Lobbying government for new laws Governments tended to side with management rather than workers, so unions had little hope of making gains from lobbying.

D. Boycotting industrial goods Industrial goods flooded consumer markets, making boycotts an unlikely weapon for labor unions in the late 1800s.

What obstacles did workers face when they went on strike in the late 1800s?

A. State and local laws prohibited striking. State and local laws did not prohibit striking.

B. Workers were blacklisted from all other jobs. Owners often rehired strikers.

C. Without community support, workers could not survive without wages. Strikers generally enjoyed tremendous community support from their peers, which allowed them to survive without their regular wages.

*D. Employers recruited strikebreakers and used hired guns against strikers. Employers in turn had powerful weapons at their command to break strikes. Employers could recruit strikebreakers and mobilize private and public security forces against the strikers.

What sparked the Homestead strike in 1892?

*A. Andrew Carnegie decided to cut wages and break the union at the plant. With steel prices falling, Carnegie decided to replace some skilled craftsmen with machinery, cut wages, save on labor costs, and bust the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, knowing that his actions would provoke a strike.

B. Andrew Carnegie began to lay off several hundred workers from the plant. The Homestead strike was not sparked by layoffs but by other actions against workers.

C. The Homestead strike was part of a national steelworkers' strike. The Homestead strike was the result of local issues.

D. National union leadership wanted to make an example of the Homestead workers. The Homestead strike was the result of local issues.

What characterized the situation at Carnegie's Homestead plant before the changes that prompted the strike of 1892?

A. Working conditions were dangerous, and the company treated workers poorly. Most residents of the area believed that Carnegie treated workers reasonably well.

*B. Carnegie was willing to negotiate with the union and pay decent wages. Most residents of Homestead believed that wages were decent, and Carnegie had negotiated with the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers in the past.

C. Low pay forced many workers to beg for money, leaving them bitter about Carnegie's leadership. Most residents of the area believed that Carnegie treated workers reasonably well.

D. Unskilled workers such as children and women dominated the plant as Carnegie hired few skilled workers. Carnegie hired skilled workers and paid them a reasonable wage.

What tactic did Henry Clay Frick use to break the Homestead strike of 1892?

A. Formed a company-run union Frick did not try to form a company-run union.

B. Increased wages for workers who rejected the union Frick did not offer to increase the pay of workers who left the union.

*C. Banned unionized workers from the plant Frick had no intention of negotiating seriously with the union on a new contract and ordered a lockout. Only employees who rejected the union could return to work at lower wages.

D. Hired nonunion workers as strikebreakers Frick tried to break the union, but he did not use strikebreakers to do so.

How was the Homestead strike similar to the Haymarket Square incident?

A. In both cases, labor leaders used the events to increase the appeal of their unions. Union membership fell after both incidents.

B. In both cases, violence forced state governments to pass laws protecting workers' rights. The state governments sided with the capitalists, not the workers, in both cases.

C. Union membership dropped afterward because of the union leaders' incompetence. In both cases, union membership dropped, although the unions suffered from factors other than leaders' lack of competence.

*D. In both cases, violence led to unfavorable publicity that hurt the union and not capitalists. Anarchist Alexander Berkman, who had no connection with the union, entered Frick's office and shot the steel executive in the neck, leaving him wounded but alive. The resulting unfavorable publicity, together with state prosecution of the union, broke the strike.

What action by George Pullman, combined with a wage cut, led to the Pullman strike of 1894?

*A. Keeping the rent for company housing at the same level Pullman's decision to decrease wages without reducing rent for workers living in company housing incited the Pullman strike.

B. Laying off a quarter of the workforce Pullman did not decide to lay off a quarter of his workforce.

C. Bringing in Pinkertons to fight workers Pullman did not introduce Pinkertons to fight workers.

D. Ending the practice of extra pay for overtime Pullman had not paid extra for overtime prior to the strike.

Why did the federal government intervene in the Pullman strike of 1894?

A. Pullman had been a major campaign contributor of President Grover Cleveland. While Cleveland supported Pullman in the strike, campaign contributions were not the cause.

B. Widespread outrage over Pullman's tactics forced it to do so. The federal government intervened on Pullman's rather than the union's side.

*C. The strike interfered with the conduct of government business. The railroad managers association persuaded President Grover Cleveland's Attorney General, Richard Olney, a former railroad lawyer, that strikers were interfering with delivery of the U.S. mail transported by train.

D. The strike was costing the government through the loss of tax revenues. Corporate leaders claimed that the strike interfered with government operations, but taxes were not the basis of the concern.

What was the significance about the government's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act in the Pullman strike of 1894?

A. The government used the act against corporations for the first time. The government did not use the act against corporations.

B. The government used the act to punish both the union and Pullman's company. The government did not use the act against both sides.

*C. The government used the act to punish the union. The federal government used the Sherman Antitrust Act to punish unions for conspiring to restrain trade.

D. The government used the act only because the courts forced it to. The courts were not involved in the application of the Sherman Antitrust Act in the Pullman strike.

What was Eugene V. Debs's reaction to his jail sentence for his actions during the Pullman strike?

A. He became an anarchist. Debs did not become an anarchist.

B. He abandoned any hope of improving workers' rights. Debs remained an activist, using politics rather than unionization to further workers' rights.

C. He endorsed Marx's idea of communist revolution. Debs favored a nonviolent socialist movement and did not endorse the goal of revolution.

*D. He established the Socialist Party. Debs grew more radical and established the Socialist Party of America after serving a jail sentence for his role in the Pullman strike.

How did Eugene V. Debs tailor socialism to a wide range of American workers?

*A. He expressed his ideas using traditional American values. Debs articulated the doctrines in the language of cooperation and citizenship that many Americans shared.

B. He used direct mail tactics effective in recruiting members. Direct mail was a political strategy employed much later in American history.

C. He made the need for reform seem more urgent by advocating violent action. Debs did not advocate violence.

D. He tapped into the religious beliefs of American workers as Catholics and Protestants. Debs tapped into common cultural standards but not those with a religious basis.

What was the primary goal of the Industrial Workers of the World in the late 1800s?

A. To end child labor The Industrial Workers of the World had a much broader goal than ending child labor.

B. To gain a shorter workweek The Industrial Workers of the World had a more far-reaching goal than a shorter workweek.

*C. To overthrow American capitalism The Industrial Workers of the World sought to undermine the fundamental structure of American capitalism.

D. To gain higher wages for skilled workers The Industrial Workers of the World had a more far-reaching goal than merely gaining higher wages for skilled workers.

How did the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) differ from the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) in the late 1800s?

A. The AF of L was much smaller in membership than the IWW. The American Federation of Labor was not smaller in size than the Industrial Workers of the World.

B. The AF of L favored direct action, and the IWW favored collective bargaining. The American Federation of Labor did not favor strikes and direct action protests but preferred to use collective bargaining.

C. The AF of L included minorities and women, while the IWW excluded them. Neither union actively included minorities and women among its ranks.

*D. The IWW attempted to unite skilled and unskilled workers, while the AF of L organized skilled workers only. The IWW attempted to unite skilled and unskilled workers, while the AF of L focused on organizing skilled workers.

Which union of the late 1800s had goals that fundamentally challenged the capitalist order of the time?

A. The Knights of Labor The Knights of Labor aimed to improve workers' pay and working conditions.

B. The American Federation of Labor The AFL aimed to improve workers' pay and working conditions.

*C. The Industrial Workers of the World The IWW attempted to unite all skilled and unskilled workers in an effort to overthrow capitalism.

D. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers The iron and steel workers' union focused specifically on improving conditions for those workers.

How did the federal government usually respond to labor activism and strikes during the late nineteenth century?

A. The government quickly acted to suppress strikes. The government did not act quickly to suppress all strikes, leaving many to last a long time and watching state governments intervene in other cases.

*B. The government generally sided with industrialists. The government generally sided with corporate interests and against strikers.

C. The government generally supported strikers. The government generally opposed the strikers.

D. The government acted as an impartial mediator. The government took sides in nineteenth century labor disputes.

How did the people in the factory town react to the Homestead strike in 1892?

A. They condemned the strikers. The town did not condemn them.

B. They privately supported the strikers but publicly disavowed them. The town did not disavow them.

C. They refused to take sides. People did take sides.

*D. They openly supported the strikers. Community support was vital to the strikers.

Which of the following organizations grew out of the Western Federation of Miners?

*A. The Industrial Workers of the World The IWW was a direct outgrowth of the Miners Federation.

B. The Teamsters The Teamsters were not related to the IWW.

C. The Libertarian Party The Libertarian Party was not related to the IWW.

D. The Muckrackers The Muckrackers were not related to the IWW.

Which of the following describes the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in the late nineteenth century?

A. The IWW had difficulty attracting members. They drew members from a wide array of industries.

B. The IWW increased its membership but only among miners. They drew members from a wide array of industries.

*C. The IWW had a substantial appeal across a wide array of industrial workers. IWW had substantial appeal among lumberjacks in the Northwest, dockworkers in port cities, miners in the West, farmers in the Great Plains, and textile workers in the Northeast.

D. The IWW worked side-by-side with government officials to secure better working conditions. The IWW often faced government violence.

What impacted working-class leisure patterns in the late 1800s?

A. Gender differences Gender was not the only factor that impacted working-class leisure patterns in the period.

B. Race and age differences Race differences impacted working-class leisure patterns, but age was not significant.

C. Religious and ethnic differences Religious and ethnic differences did not impact working-class leisure patterns.

*D. Gender, race, and region Gender, race, and region impacted working-class leisure patterns.

What accounts for the difference in working-class men and women's leisure patterns in the late 1800s?

*A. Wage differences Women earned a fraction of what men earned, curbing their options. At the same time, women did not feel comfortable in masculine spaces such as union halls and saloons, which accounts for differences in working-class men and women's leisure patterns.

B. Danger in cities Urban working-class women did enjoy some social activities in the cities.

C. Women's greater religiosity Religious differences do not account for differences in working-class men and women's leisure patterns.

D. Male exclusivity Working-class men did spend time in many male spaces such as saloons but also spent time with working-class women in their leisure time.

What describes the custom of the late 1800s called "treating"?

A. Men treated women to drinks, food, movie tickets, and other gifts as part of courtship rituals. Treating does not describe how men treated women as part of dating rituals.

*B. Men paid for women's drinks, food, movie tickets, and other gifts on a date and expected sexual favors in return. In treating, men would pay for drinks, food, movie tickets, and other gifts on a date in exchange with the expectation that they would receive sexual favors in return.

C. Working-class men and women would take turns covering the cost of food, drinks, and movie tickets on dates. Treating does not describe taking turns paying for dates.

D. Working-class men would treat working-class women to dinner at their parents' home as a way of showing their interest in a long-term relationship. Treating was a dating situation.

Where did urban working-class men and women spend their leisure time at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Church socials Church socials were not the primary working-class leisure space open to men and women.

*B. Dance halls Enormous dance halls holding thousands of people were the primary leisure space open to working-class men and women.

C. Urban saloons and union halls Urban saloons and union halls were generally closed and unappealing to working-class women at the turn of the twentieth century.

D. Sports arenas for baseball and boxing Sports arenas for baseball and boxing were generally not frequented by working-class women at the turn of the twentieth century.

What conditions allowed for a vibrant leisure culture among working-class men and women at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Working-class men and women started to rebel against their parents. Although working-class men and women rebelled against their parents, that does not account for the vibrant working-class leisure culture.

B. Working-class men and women stopped marrying. Working-class men and women did not marry at lower rates at the turn of the twentieth century.

*C. Working-class men and women had more economic and social independence. The fact that working-class men and women enjoyed more economic independence from earning their own money and freedom from living alone accounts for the vibrant working-class leisure culture in cities.

D. Working-class men and women stopped worrying about their children and allowed them to participate in the leisure culture. A change in the attitudes of working-class parents does not account for the vibrant working-class leisure culture in cities at the turn of the twentieth century.

What types of leisure cut across class lines at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Dance halls Dance halls were usually only frequented by the working-class.

*B. Amusement parks Amusement parks such as Coney Island provided leisure that cut across class lines.

C. Movie theaters Movie theaters were usually not socially integrated.

D. Saloons Saloons were not usually socially integrated at the turn of the twentieth century.

What types of music unique to the South were central to the leisure culture at the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. Blues Blues was unique to the South and central to its leisure culture.

B. Classical music Classical music was not unique to the South.

C. Big band music Big band music was not unique to the South.

D. Jazz and cabaret Jazz and cabaret flourished in the North and South.

Which of the following was true of working-class daughters in the late nineteenth century?

A. They were only able to find part-time work. Women found both full- and part-time work.

B. They were not supportive of the labor movement. Women were often supportive of the movement.

*C. They enjoyed significant independence and free time. Many working-class daughters lived in rooming houses on their own.

D. They were largely foreign-born women. Natural-born and immigrant women joined the workforce.

Which of the following statements about late-nineteenth-century nightclubs is true?

A. They were segregated by gender. Both men and women could patronize most nightclubs.

*B. They served both men and women. Most nightclubs were social hotspots for men and women workers.

C. They were only found in urban areas. There were nightclubs throughout America.

D. They were outlawed in most cities. They were legal in most cities.

Which of the following statements about late-nineteenth-century theater is true?

A. Theater appealed to both upper and working classes, but only the upper class could afford it. There were many theater leagues that attracted working-class audiences.

B. Theater only appealed to the upper classes. Theater appealed to both upper and lower classes.

*C. Theater appealed to both upper and working classes. Theater options were available for both classes.

D. Few people were interested in theater in the late nineteenth century. Theater was very popular.

What role did "old-time" music play in the lives of southern whites?

*A. It romanticized aspects of southern life. It extolled the exploits of outlaws and adventurers.

B. It was a political tool used by labor unions. Old-time music was largely romantic ballads and folk tunes.

C. It served as a venue to challenge racism. Old-time music did not challenge racism.

D. It promoted gender equality. It did not promote gender equality.

Topic: Farmers Organize
books:
Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up

What caused agricultural prices to collapse in the late nineteenth century?

*A. Soaring production caused by increased productivity Agricultural prices collapsed in the late nineteenth century as the increased use of new farm machinery led to a substantial increase in production.

B. Good weather for several years in a row that produced bountiful harvests Good weather alone did not cause farm production to soar in the late 1800s.

C. Decreased demand for agricultural products Demand for agricultural products did not decrease during the late nineteenth century.

D. An influx of new farmers led to more output An influx of new farmers did not lead to more output during the late nineteenth century.

What describes the lifestyle of most farmers in America during the late nineteenth century?

A. Easier due to use of farm machinery While farm machinery boosted production, farmers' lives were not easier as they faced a host of economic troubles.

B. Satisfying and secure Farmers may have enjoyed a sense of satisfaction from their work, but they were generally not secure.

C. Promising for the future Most farmers did not feel a sense of promise for the future as large numbers of farmers' children left home for factory work in cities.

*D. Isolated and lonely Most farmers lived isolated lives spread out from each other. These led many children of farmers to leave rural America for the cities.

Why did farmers face an increasing debt load in the late 1800s?

A. They tended to overspend their incomes on entertainment to break the monotony of farm life. Farmers of the late 1800s did not overspend on entertainment.

*B. They were caught between increased costs and falling prices. Most American farmers were independent businessmen who borrowed money to pay for land, seed, and equipment. When their crops were harvested and sold, they repaid their debts with the proceeds. As prices fell, farmers further increased production in an effort to cover their debts. This, of course, only led to a greater supply of farm produce in the marketplace and even lower prices.

C. They had to borrow money to travel to markets to sell their crops. Most farmers relied on the railroads to carry their goods to market.

D. They had to borrow money to support children who had moved from home to cities. Children who moved to cities typically found work and supported themselves.

What was the initial purpose of the Grange movement?

A. To help single farmers find spouses While the Grange had social goals when it was formed, its initial purpose was not to help single farmers find spouses.

*B. To lessen the isolation of farmers The purpose of the Grange movement was to brighten the lonely existence of farmers through education and social activities.

C. To convince farmers to diversify their crops The Grange movement did not seek to convince farmers to diversify.

D. To encourage more farmers to utilize new machinery The purpose of the Grange movement was not to encourage mechanization of agriculture.

Why did the purpose of the Grange movement shift from social and economic issues to political activism?

*A. From the desire to improve shared economic interests Grangers shifted their focus from economic and social to political issues once they started to recognize that they could use politics to improve their shared economic interests.

B. Because of the recognition that no political parties supported farmers' interests The Grange movement did not shift its purpose to political activism out of frustration with political parties.

C. Frustration over the monopoly of railroads on shipping crops The high prices railroads charged farmers to ship and store crops was not the only reason the Grange movement started to focus on political activism.

D. Belief in the necessity of creating a political party dominated by farmers The Grange movement did not attempt to create a separate political party dominated by farmers.

Why did the Grange movement focus on reducing prices that railroads and grain elevators charged?

A. The railroads were fragmented into small companies and easily attacked. The railroads were not fragmented into small companies, and usually an individual railroad held a monopoly on storing and shipping services in a particular region.

B. Farmers could not control any other aspects of agricultural production. Farmers did have control over other aspects of production but had no control over these costs.

*C. Farmers relied on railroads and grain elevators but were forced to pay higher than usual rates. Farmers relied on railroads and grain elevators to store and ship their crops to the market and the high prices farmed paid for these services was unbearable for most farmers. Many railroads, in fact, charged farmers higher than usual rates.

D. Railroad companies lacked influence with politicians. Railroad companies did not lack influence with state politicians.

What was the impact of the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission on the Grange movement?

*A. Large railroad lines could easily influence its decisions, hurting farmers. The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission hurt the Grange movement because large railroad lines could more easily influence it than farmers could and could more easily influence a federal agency than they could multiple state regulators.

B. The commission ignored the issue of the cost of storing and shipping crops. The Interstate Commerce Commission did address issues impacting farmers because it handled shipping regulations.

C. Farmers benefited because the government usually favored them over large railroad lines. The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission hurt the Grange movement by neglecting the interests of farmers.

D. It hurt the Grange movement because regulation increased shipping prices, making it prohibitively expensive for many farmers to ship their crops. The Interstate Commerce Commission did not lead to increased shipping prices because of government regulation.

What factors propelled the creation of farmers' alliances on the Great Plains and lower South?

A. A drop in corn prices Corn prices actually increased during the late 1880s, leading few farmers from the Midwestern Corn Belt to join farmers' alliances.

B. A large drought in the South and on the Great Plains Southern and Plains farmers were hurt more by economic issues than weather.

C. The displacement of farm workers due to increased use of machinery in agriculture The alliances appealed to farmers themselves rather than to farm workers.

*D. The collapse of cotton and wheat prices The collapse of cotton and wheat prices on the international market lead to the creation of farmers' alliances in the Great Plains and lower South.

What did farmers' alliance leader Mary Elizabeth Lease advocate?

*A. Farmers and workers to unite against capitalists Lease advocated that farmers and workers to unite against capitalists; she also urged equal rights for women.

B. White farmers to exclude African American farmers from their cause Lease saw farmers of both races as natural allies.

C. Farmers to unite with capitalists against workers Lease did not think farmers would find natural allies in capitalists.

D. A farmer revolution Lease wanted the balance of political power changed but did not call for a revolution.

What was the goal of Charles Macune's proposed "subtreasury system?"

A. To decrease crop prices by flooding the market with all crops at the same time The goal of the subtreasury system was not to decrease crop prices.

B. To provide farmers with stable crop prices through government regulation The subtreasury system did not seek to stabilize crop prices but to improve them.

*C. To increase crop prices by temporarily withholding them from market The subtreasury system would in theory increase crop prices by taking the crops off the market. The federal government would provide loans for 80 percent of the current market value of produce. Once crop prices rose, the farmers would sell their crops and repay the loans.

D. To provide farmers a way to sell their land and leave farming The subtreasury system did not seek to provide farmers with a means to sell their land but to succeed at farming.

What was the position of the National Farmers Alliance on the money supply?

A. To increase the money supply by issuing paper currency The Alliance wanted to increase the money supply but did not advocate paper currency.

*B. To increase the money supply by circulating more silver coins The alliance sought to increase the money supply by expanding the amount of silver coinage in circulation. The resulting inflation would lead to higher prices for agricultural commodities, putting more money in farmers' pockets. Second, the real value of farmers' debts would decrease, since the debts were contracted in pre-inflation dollars and would be paid back with inflated currency.

C. To minimize inflation so farmers' purchasing power would increase The alliance's plan would promote inflation rather than minimizing it.

D. To hold the money supply constant to help farmers in debt The Alliance did not believe that holding the money supply constant would help farmers in debt.

Which of the following recreational activities were common among mill workers?

A. Nightclubs Nightclubs tended to be found in urban areas.

B. Blues music Blues music had not yet spread far outside of African American communities.

*C. Baseball leagues Men from various factories organized baseball teams that competed in leagues with one another.

D. Ping pong Ping pong was not popular among mill workers.

What was the purpose of the farm cooperatives formed by the Grangers?

A. To help form social bonds The purpose of cooperatives was not social.

B. To encourage young women to pursue farming The purpose was not gender-related.

C. To lower crop prices They did not seek to lower prices.

*D. To raise crop prices Grangers formed farm cooperatives to sell their crops at higher prices and pool their purchasing power to buy finished goods at wholesale prices.

What was the outcome of the 1886 case Munn v. Illinois?

A. The Grangers-supported regulations were upheld by the decision. This was not the outcome of the case.

*B. The Grangers-supported regulations were reversed by the decision. The decision struck down these state regulatory laws as hindering the free flow of interstate commerce.

C. The court disbanded the Granger movement. The court did not outlaw the movement.

D. The court invalidated the Interstate Commerce Commission. The case did not deal with the ICC.

What was the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)?

A. To regulate trade with Native Americans This was not the purpose of the ICC.

B. To regulate trade on canals Canal were not the focal point of the ICC.

*C. To regulate railroads The ICC was advocated by Grangers to regulate the railroads.

D. To regulate trade with Canada The Commission dealt with interstate trade, not international trade.

Which of the following statements describes the impact of national economic regulations in the late nineteenth century?

A. The regulations radically transformed industries. The act did not have a radical impact.

*B. The regulations had little impact. Businesses were often able to influence the implementation of regulations to their own benefit.

C. The regulations impacted industry in the East, but not the West. The regulations affected most areas equally.

D. The regulations were not supported by the majority of workers. Workers supported the regulations.

What explains the Grangers' retreat from politics by the late nineteenth century?

*A. Rising crop prices relieved economic pressure. As prices rose, the demand for political action lessened.

B. A lack of political victories made many Grangers apathetic. The Grangers secured many political victories.

C. Intense pressure from government officials drove them from politics. The government passed laws supporting the Grangers.

D. The number of collectives increased. The number of collectives decreased.

Which group was excluded from the Southern Farmers' Alliance?

A. Women Women were not excluded.

*B. African Americans African American were excluded, and formed the Colored Farmers' Alliance.

C. Native Americans Native Americans were not excluded.

D. Land owners with more than 100 acres There were no land size restrictions on membership.

Which of the following describes the farmers' organizations in the late nineteenth century?

A. The organizations remained largely regional and divided. The organizations were not divided.

B. The organizations could not find agreement on political candidates. They did find agreement on candidates.

C. The organizations advocated for women's rights. Few organizations advocated for women's rights.

*D. The organizations aligned, creating a nationwide movement. By 1889, The Northwestern and Southern Farmers' alliances merged, beginning a national movement.

Why did the Farmers' alliances favor silver coinage over paper money?

A. Most did not believe in paper money. Most had no ideological opposition to paper money.

B. They sought a compromise with the federal government. The advocacy of silver was not tied to a compromise with the federal government.

C. The alliances thought paper money would impact women negatively. This was not a concern with paper money.

*D. They wanted the support of western silver miners. To help gain the support of miners' alliances, the farmers supported silver over paper money.

What drove farmers to form the Populist Party?

A. The government increased the supply of paper money, which the farmers opposed. The government did not increase the paper money supply.

B. The farmers joined with African American movement. Few farmers' movements were integrated racially.

*C. The farmers were unable to convince either Republicans or Democrats to support their policy reforms. Neither party embraced the demand of the farmers.

D. Supreme Court rulings convinced the farmers to form a new political party. Supreme Court rulings did not affect farmers' political activity; rather, it was congressional activity that did.

How did the Ocala platform of the meeting of the National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union expand the demands of farmers' alliances?

A. By supporting women's suffrage The Ocala platform did not endorse women's suffrage.

*B. By including broader political reforms The platform's proposals included a constitutional amendment creating direct election of U.S. senators, adoption of the secret ballot, and provisions for state and local referenda to allow voters to initiate and decide public issues.

C. By demanding nationalizing all industries The platform did not insist on the nationalizing of all industries, although it did propose government ownership of banks and railroads.

D. By calling for limits on immigration The Ocala platform did not address immigration, although the Populist platform of 1892 did.

What group, besides farmers, did the Populist Party's 1892 platform try to reach?

A. Immigrants The Populist Party platform included anti-immigration language.

B. Capitalists The Populist Party platform tried to reduce the power of capitalists.

*C. Industrial workers The Populists Party's platform emphasized economic reforms that benefitted the farmers and working-class. This included a graduated income tax, eight-hour work day, ban on using Pinkerton "mercenaries" in labor disputes, and immigration restriction.

D. African Americans The Populist Party's platform did not offer proposals to prohibit racial discrimination or segregation.

Which of the following did the Populists support?

*A. The income tax The Populists supported a graduated income tax.

B. Racial integration The Populists did not favor ending segregation.

C. Larger subsidies for corporations The Populists were opposed to corporate subsidies.

D. Increased immigration The Populists favored restrictions on immigration.

How did the Populists interact with state politics?

*A. They won more support in state elections than national elections. They elected 10 congressional representatives, 5 U.S. senators, 3 governors, and 1,500 state legislators.

B. They fared better in national elections than state elections. The Populists fared better in state than in national elections.

C. The Populists did not try to compete in state politics. They did compete and fared well.

D. Most states refused to recognize the Populist Party. The Populists were very active in state politics.

"Resolved, That we condemn the fallacy of protecting American labor under the present system, which opens our ports to [immigrants including] the pauper and the criminal classes of the world and crowds out our [American] wage-earners; and we . . . demand the further restriction of undesirable immigration."

Which of the following would support the statement above?

*A. A strong nationalist The statement is strongly protectionist, indicative of an ardent nationalism.

B. A supporter of free trade The proposal to close ports to foreigners is not in support of free trade.

C. A group opposed to the gold standard There is no mention of currency policy.

D. A proponent of open borders The statement is opposed to immigration.

Topic: The Depression of the 1890s
books:
Depression Politics
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists

What were the goals of Jacob Coxey, leader of Coxey's Army, in the march to Washington in 1894?

A. Food and health care coverage for unemployed workers from the federal government Coxey did not demand food and health care coverage for unemployed workers.

B. That the governments pay off farmers' loans Coxey did not demand government payoffs of farmers' loans.

C. Overthrow of the federal government and creation of a Populist government Coxey did not seek to overthrow the federal government.

*D. To demand public works projects to provide jobs and an increase in the money supply Coxey demanded jobs for unemployed people and an increase in the money supply.

What was Grover Cleveland's stance regarding government assistance during the depression of 1893?

A. The government should only provide assistance during economic crises. Cleveland thought that the government had no responsibility for the well-being of the people, even in economic crises.

*B. Government assistance was not a function of the government. Grover Cleveland did not believe that government assistance was a legitimate government function.

C. Assistance made sense for disabled adults but not for able-bodied unemployed adults. In terms of the correctness of government assistance, Cleveland did not make distinctions among groups of people.

D. Cleveland supported government assistance for only the poorest Americans. In terms of the correctness of government assistance, Cleveland did not make distinctions among groups of people.

What was the impact of the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act?

A. It alleviated the financial crisis by raising silver prices. The repeal depressed silver prices.

B. It had no impact on silver prices. The repeal did have an effect on silver prices, which impacted the larger economy.

*C. It depressed silver prices, which worsened the economy. The removal of silver as a backing for currency caused private investors to remove their gold deposits from the federal treasury.

D. It had a brief negative effect but within months the economy bounced back. The repeal had a longer-term effect on the economy.

Why did the Wilson-Gorman Tariff law of 1894 hurt the economic recovery?

A. The tariff increased the cost of domestic goods. The tariff did not increase the cost of domestic goods.

*B. It reduced foreign demand for American goods. The tariff increased the price of American goods for foreigners, making it difficult for foreigners to buy American exports.

C. The income tax provision hampered investment. The wealthy objected to the income tax provision, but that was not the cause for slow investment.

D. It made the cost of unskilled labor increase. The tariff did not increase the cost of unskilled labor.

Why did Populists support the income tax provision in the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894?

A. The tax exempted farmers. The tax did not exempt farmers as a group but was based on income.

B. They had been advocating it for three decades. The Populists had not existed for three decades.

C. It would be used to support crop prices. The income tax was a general revenue measure; its proceeds were not slated to be used in a particular way.

*D. It affected the wealthy, which they thought fair. The populists supported the tax because it was only on incomes over $4,000, which, at the time, affected only the wealthy.

What was the result of the congressional election of 1894?

*A. The Democrats suffered a big loss. The Democrats suffered a big loss in the congressional elections of 1894.

B. The Republicans suffered a big loss. The Republicans experienced a large gain in the congressional election of 1894.

C. Neither the Republicans nor Democrats had a clear win. One party had a clear win in the congressional election of 1894.

D. The Populist Party won several seats. The Populist Party did not win several seats in the election of 1894.

Why did President Cleveland dispatch federal troops to end the Pullman strike?

*A. He did not have a solution to end the suffering caused by the depression. Cleveland's response was cheered by the railroads and business owners, but did nothing to alleviate the depression.

B. Most Americans were opposed to the strike. Millions of workers across the nation supported the strike.

C. He feared upsetting the mining unions. The mining unions supported the strike.

D. He thought it would help end the depression. His actions were not aimed at ending the depression.

What was another result of Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver purchase?

A. It helped end the depression. The repeal favored the wealthy over the working classes.

B. It solidified the farmers in support of Cleveland. The farmers opposed the repeal.

C. It convinced many women, who opposed the purchase, to support Cleveland. Most women did not support the repeal.

*D. It angered farmers in the South and Great Plains who were swamped by mounting debt. Farmers strongly opposed the repeal.

What was the result of the Pollack v. Farmers Loan and Trust decision?

A. The Sherman Silver purchase was reinstated. The case did not reinstate the purchase.

*B. The income tax was ruled unconstitutional. The court called the tax "a war of the poor against the rich."

C. The income tax was upheld as constitutional. The court did not rule the tax constitutional.

D. The tariffs on imports were ruled unconstitutional. The court did not overturn the tariffs.

Refer to the image Here Lies Prosperity, 1895

A sketch is titled, The situation; the result of interest-bearing bonds and Sherman, and is accompanied by text. The sketch shows a man, wearing a headband with the word, Labor, carrying the weight of debt. He is tied to an iron ball, labeled Interest, by interest-bearing bond. He crouches beside a milestone that reads, Here lies prosperity, enslaved in 1863, stabbed in the back in 1873, and assassinated in 1893 by John Sherman, Grover Cleveland, and other traitors in Congress! The road behind him is the Road to Pauperism, leading to a mortgaged house. Accompanying text reads, The
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What is the "ball and chain" of interest meant to convey?

A. High interest rates should be used to encourage laborers to pay off their debts. The Populists were attempting to alleviate labor debt.

B. Interest rates were a fact of life that laborers had to learn to live with. The cartoon implies that living with debt is unbearable.

*C. Interest rates are too high and are preventing laborers from getting ahead. The monetary policy favored by the populists and democrats aimed to reduce interest rate payments.

D. High interest rates seemed bad to workers but were necessary for economic growth. The cartoon implies the high interest rates stifle growth for laborers.

What was the significance of William Jennings Bryan's candidacy for president in 1896?

A. He opposed immigration. Bryan's candidacy was not significant because of his position on immigration.

B. He allied the Democrats with wealthy industrialists. Republican William McKinley was favored by wealthy industrialists over Bryan.

*C. He backed Populist causes. Bryan was nominated by the Democrats but because he endorsed several Populist issues was also backed by the Populists.

D. He unleashed bitter attacks on the Populists. Bryan was more sympathetic to the Populists than his opponent.

How did the election of 1896 impact the political alignment?

*A. Republicans became the majority party. William Jennings Bryan's candidacy was not significant because he opposed immigration.

B. The Populists became the dominant national party. The election of 1896 did not make the Populist Party the most influential national party.

C. The Democrats became the most influential national party. The election did not make the Democratic Party the most influential national party and give them an edge in the partisan affiliation and presidential elections of the next three decades.

D. The Democratic Party collapsed, to be replaced by the Populists. The Democratic Party did not collapse as a result of the election of 1896.

What groups were part of the Republican Party coalition formed in 1896 and dominant for the next three decades?

A. Midwestern farmers and corporate leaders The Republicans did not appeal to farmers.

B. Immigrants and Southern farmers The Republican Party did not appeal to Southern farmers.

C. Women and African Americans In this period, women could not vote, and African Americans were largely disenfranchised.

*D. The wealthy class and the working class The Republican Party created a coalition that joined corporate capitalists and their workers.

What was the difference between McKinley and William Jennings Bryan's position on currency in the election of 1896?

A. McKinley supported silver coinage and Bryan supported the gold standard. McKinley did not support silver coinage and Bryan did not support the gold standard.

B. McKinley and Bryan both supported the gold standard. Bryan did not support the gold standard.

*C. McKinley supported the gold standard while Bryan advocated silver coinage. The difference between McKinley and Williams Jennings Bryan's position of currency was that McKinley supported the gold standard while Bryan advocated silver coinage.

D. Both McKinley and Bryan supported silver coinage. McKinley and Bryan did not agree on what metal to base the U.S. currency.

What split the Populist Party after 1896?

A. The Populist Party was unable to capture the support of western silver mines. The Populist Party strongly held the support for western silver miners.

B. The Populist Party could not gain the support of white farmers. The Populist Party had strong backing from white farmers.

*C. The Populist Party was unable to capture the support of industrial workers. The Populist Party was unable to capture the support of industrial workers.

D. The Populist Party's embrace of African American farmers doomed it in the South. White Populists did not truly accept African Americans as equal partners and in the end succumbed to racial prejudice.

What tactics did white Southerners use to deny blacks and poor whites the right to vote?

A. Passing laws requiring voters to own a certain amount of land Southern conservatives did pass laws limiting voting rights but not based on land ownership.

B. Passing laws requiring voters to earn a certain amount of money Southern conservatives did pass laws limiting voting rights but not based on income.

C. Banning African Americans from voting on the basis of race The Fifteenth Amendment blocked the Southern states from limiting voting rights on the basis of race.

*D. Adopted poll taxes and literacy tests Seeking to circumvent the Fifteenth Amendment's prohibition against racial discrimination in the right to vote, conservative white lawmakers instituted poll taxes, which imposed a fee for voting, and literacy tests that asked tricky questions designed to trip up would-be black voters.

What was the greatest contribution of the Populist Party?

*A. Farmers looked to organized groups to protect their shared interests. The Populist Party convinced farmers to look to organized groups to protect their shared interests rather than relying on individualist ways.

B. Farmers and industrial workers recognized their common interests. Farmers and industrial workers did not recognize their common interests because of the Populist Party.

C. The federal government adopted a flat income tax. The federal government did not adopt a flat income tax but passed a progressive flat income tax.

D. Southern white conservatives adopted poll taxes and literacy tests. Southern white conservatives adopted poll taxes and literacy tests, but these were not an achievement of the Populists.

What was the impact of the rural and urban divide on the 1896 election?

A. Populists were unable to capture the support of rural voters. Populists did capture the support of rural voters in the 1896 election.

*B. Populists were unable to capture the support of industrial workers. The urban and rural divide prevented populists from capturing the support of industrial workers.

C. Populists could capture the support of miners but not farmers. Populists captured the support of miners and farmers, which were both rural voters.

D. Populists had greater strength in the Midwest and Northeast. Populists had greater strength in the West than in the Northeast or Midwest.

Why were industrial workers reluctant to support the Populist Party?

*A. They failed to see any benefit in higher prices for food, which the base of the party supported. As the consumers of agricultural products, industrial workers failed to see any benefit in higher prices for food. They couldn't identify with the majority of the party members, who were farmers.

B. They failed to see farmers as working class. Industrial workers' reluctance did not stem from class differences between themselves and farmers. White Populists in the South used class as an issue to appeal to both farmers and workers.

C. They could not relate to farmers because farmers were wealthier. Wealth was not the core concern that made industrial workers reluctant to support the Populist Party.

D. They did not agree with the party's platform of racial equality. The Populists did not expressly advocate racial equality, although some candidates had encouraged racial unity for a time. Most southern white Populists didn't accept African Americans as equal partners.

What was the result of the 1896 election?

A. Democrats gained significant majorities in national elections. The Democrats lost most national elections.

*B. The election led to a political realignment that favored Republicans. Voting patterns shifted with the 1896 election, giving Republicans the edge in party affiliation among the electorate not only in this contest but also in presidential elections over the next three decades.

C. The Populist Party won significant victories on the national level. The Republicans won more victories than the Populists.

D. Women gained significant rights as a result of the election. Women did not win victories at the national level.

How did race contribute to the decline of the Populist Party?

A. African Americans in the South refused to join the movement. It was southern whites who refused to allow black in the movement.

B. Northern blacks aligned largely with the Republican Party. Neither party appealed directly to black voters.

*C. Southern white Populists refused to incorporate black farmers into the movement. Most southern white Populists did not truly accept African Americans as equal partners, even though both groups had mutual economic interests.

D. Race was not a factor in the decline of the populists. The inability to integrate in the South kept the farmers weak and divided.

What was the result of the Williams v. Mississippi decision in 1898?

*A. Southern literacy tests and poll taxes were upheld. The decision incorporated the power of white supremacy in the South.

B. Southern literacy tests and poll taxes were ruled unconstitutional. The court did not rule them unconstitutional.

C. Black and white schools must receive equal funding. The case did not deal with issues of education.

D. The federal department of education should increase funding to black schools. The case did not deal with education funding, and there was no Department of Education at the time.

Why did the Populist Party incite racism against black farmers and workers?

A. It wanted to take voters away from McKinley in 1896. The Populist Party did not incite racism in order to take votes away from McKinley in 1896.

B. Party members feared a backlash from miners. It was not out of fear of the miners.

C. The members didn't think they could support both women's rights and racial equality. This was not the reason for inciting racism.

*D. It feared alienating the poor whites in the party. By whipping up antagonism against blacks, they appealed to the racial pride of poor whites to keep them from defecting from the Populists.

Chapter 18: Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880-1914
Topic: A New Wave of Immigrants
books:
Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands
Creating Immigrant Communities
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
The Assimilation Dilemma

How did the source of immigration change between 1882 and 1917?

*A. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe increased. The late nineteenth century saw a shift in the country of origin of immigrants to the United States from northern and western European countries to southern and eastern European countries, most notably Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary, Poland, and Russia.

B. Immigration from northern and western Europe increased. These regions provided the largest share of immigrants prior to 1882.

C. Immigration from Asia ended. While Chinese immigration was blocked by the Chinese Exclusion Act, other Asian countries supplied immigrants in these years.

D. Immigration from Latin America was reduced. Latin America provided a sizable number of immigrants during that period.

What characteristic of the immigrants in the period from 1880 to 1920 made them ill suited to the developing industrial workplace of the United States?

A. General poverty Poverty made the immigrants willing to work, which made them attractive to employers.

B. Religious heritage While these immigrants tended to be Roman Catholic or Jewish, unlike the Protestant immigrants of earlier times, that did not preclude them from working in industry.

*C. Rural origin Since these immigrants had lived in rural areas, they had farming skills but not industrial skills.

D. Asian origin Most of the immigrants in this period did not come from Asia, nor would Asian origin have hampered their ability to perform industrial work.

What Asian country provided a significant number of immigrants during the early twentieth century?

A. China The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred virtually all immigration from China for many decades.

B. Korea There was little contact between Korea and the United States during this period.

C. The Philippines The Philippines was not an independent country in the early twentieth century and did not provide a substantial number of immigrants at that time.

*D. Japan More than 260,000 immigrants came from Japan during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

Why did the United States allow immigration from Japan and not China during the early twentieth century?

A. The very few Japanese who immigrated to the United States during this time period did not attract attention. The number of Japanese immigrants at this time—more than 260,000—was significant.

B. The Japanese lived scattered throughout the United States while the Chinese were concentrated in California. Japanese immigrants lived mainly on the West Coast in this period.

*C. White workers did not perceive the Japanese as a threat to the same degree that they did Chinese immigrants. The Japanese seldom directly competed with white workers for railroad and construction jobs.

D. Chinese immigrants were violent while the Japanese immigrants were peaceful. Chinese immigrants were not violent, although they could be subjected to violence.

What describes the experience of Japanese immigrants to the United States?

A. They encountered less discrimination than other racial minorities such as the Chinese. The Japanese did not encounter less discrimination than the Chinese.

*B. They were considered part of an inferior Oriental "yellow race" and encountered discrimination. The Japanese were considered part of an inferior Oriental "yellow race" and encountered discrimination.

C. They did not encounter any job discrimination but were barred from living in white neighborhoods. The Japanese did encounter discrimination in employment.

D. They were fully accepted into American society. The Japanese encountered discrimination in many areas.

What accounts for a low rate of return for Jewish immigrants of the late 1800s and early 1900s compared to other immigrant groups?

A. With few family members left in their homeland, they had little incentive to return. Jewish immigrants, like members of other immigrant groups, had family members left in their homelands.

B. Jews enjoyed more economic opportunities in the United States than other immigrant groups. Jews did not enjoy more economic opportunities in the United States than other immigrant groups.

*C. Jews faced religious persecution in their homeland, making them reluctant to go back. Many Jewish immigrants had fled religious persecution in their homeland and were unlikely to return to it.

D. Jewish immigrants in the United States were so poor they could not afford to return. The rate of return was low even for Jewish immigrants who were financially successful.

What accounted for the high percentage of immigrants in the late 1800s to the early 1900s who returned home after staying in the United States for some time?

*A. Economic success in the United States The importance of economic incentives in luring immigrants is underscored by the fact that millions of immigrants—about 40 percent of those who came from 1875 to 1919—returned to their home countries after they had earned sufficient money to establish a more comfortable lifestyle.

B. An end to religious persecution in their homelands Religious persecution of Jews and others did not end in this period, and those who came to the United States due to religious persecution were among those least likely to return to homelands.

C. Political changes in their homelands Political reforms were not widespread in this period, and those who came to the United States due to political persecution were among those least likely to return to homelands.

D. Moral outrage over the exclusion of Chinese immigrants Outrage or anger over the exclusion of Chinese immigrants was not widespread among other immigrant groups.

Which of the following describes global immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A. Migration patterns flowed largely from Europe to America. While sizeable numbers of Europeans migrated to the United States, many migrated elsewhere.

B. Most migrants left the Eastern Hemisphere for the Western Hemisphere. This is not an accurate description of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century migration patterns.

C. This period was characterized by a lull in migration. Migration increased during this period.

*D. Migration was a worldwide phenomenon. Migrants streamed all over the globe during this period.

Which of the following describes the reasons for global migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

*A. Industrialization and colonial settlement Immigrants left their homelands to find new job opportunities or to obtain land to start their own farms.

B. The establishment of new religious movements Most migrants brought their religions with them.

C. A drop in global population Global population increased.

D. Global warming Global warming did not account for migration in this period.

Where in the United States did most migrants from Mexico settle?

A. Southeast Most did not settle here.

B. Midwest Most did not settle here.

C. Middle Atlantic Most did not settle here.

*D. Southwest Over 450,000 Mexicans settled the American Southwest.

What industry drew many migrants to Florida?

A. Mining Mining was not a central industry in Florida.

*B. Tobacco Cubans, Spaniards, and Bahamians traveled to the Florida cities of Key West and Tampa, where they established and worked in cigar factories.

C. Construction Construction was not yet a central industry in Florida.

D. Telecommunications Telecommunications was not a central industry in Florida.

What was the purpose of Angel Island in San Francisco?

A. It took overflow immigrants from Ellis Island. The Island did not take overflow from Ellis Island.

*B. A detention center for immigrants Angel Island served mainly as a detention center where Chinese immigrants were imprisoned for months, even years, while they sought to prove their eligibility to enter the United States.

C. A refugee supply depot The Island was not a supply depot.

D. A testing ground for chemical weapons There was no chemical weapons testing on the Island.

Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of immigration on American demographics?

A. Although large numbers of immigrants came to the United States, they had little impact on American demography. The immigrant community had a significant impact on American demography.

B. The impact was felt most in rural communities. Immigrants affected urban demography.

*C. Immigration fundamentally changed the composition of American demography. By 1910, one-third of the population was foreign-born or had at least one parent who came from abroad.

D. Most of the immigrants were adults, so their impact on demography was minimal. Large numbers of children migrated to the United States.

What was the role of the government in the creation of ghettos filled with a particular group of immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. The government deliberately resettled immigrants in ghettos to concentrate each ethnic group in a particular area. The government did not have an active role in resettling immigrants upon arrival in the United States.

*B. The government played no role; the ghettos arose through immigrants' decisions. The government had no role in the development of ghettos; most immigrants simply chose to live among people who shared their language and culture.

C. The government encouraged immigrants to settle in ghettos but did not have an active role in enforcing these decisions. The government did not encourage immigrants to settle in ethnic ghettos.

D. The government actively discouraged immigrants from settling in ghettos and encouraged them to scatter throughout the United States. The government did not discourage immigrants from settling in ghettos.

What were the advantages of living in ghettos to immigrants who came to the United States around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Immigrants gained government assistance in locating housing, employment, and food. Immigrants did not receive government assistance in locating housing, employment, and food.

B. Immigrants could quickly learn English and assimilate into American society. Most immigrants learned English more slowly by living in a ghetto because neighbors spoke their native language.

C. Ghettos had cheaper rent than housing in other sections of cities. Ghettos did not necessarily have cheaper housing than other sections of cities.

*D. The existing immigrant community helped newcomers adjust to life in the United States. Many immigrants preferred to live in ghettos because the existing immigrant community helped newcomers adjust to life in the United States.

What was the purpose of mutual aid societies for immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. To help immigrants locate family members in the United States The purpose of mutual aid societies was not to help immigrants locate family members.

B. To help immigrants find jobs The purpose of mutual aid societies was not to find immigrants jobs.

C. To teach immigrants English and help them assimilate Mutual aid societies did not help immigrants assimilate into life in the United States or teach recent immigrants English.

*D. To provide immigrants with social welfare benefits Mutual aid societies provided immigrants with social welfare benefits such as insurance payments and funeral rites.

Why were mutual aid societies and similar organizations so important to immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. They helped immigrants adjust to their new lives. Mutual aid societies were important to immigrant communities because they helped immigrants band together in a strange country.

B. They provided financial support for immigrants who could not locate work. Mutual aid societies did not provide financial assistance to unemployed immigrants.

C. They helped immigrants relocate by providing assistance with moving. Mutual aid societies generally did not help immigrants relocate but served local populations.

D. They provided immigrants with help assimilating into life in the United States. Mutual aid societies generally did not help immigrants assimilate.

What types of activities did immigrant clubs sponsor around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Introducing immigrants to American culture Immigrant clubs did not generally introduce immigrants to American culture.

B. Interacting with members of other ethnic groups Immigrants tended to use clubs to interact with members of their own groups.

*C. Cultural activities and sports Immigrants clubs often sponsored cultural activities, sports, and other social events designed to enrich their community.

D. Classes in English Immigrant clubs tended to be more social than educational.

What was the role of churches and synagogues in immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. They limited themselves to providing immigrants with a place to worship. Churches and synagogues played a larger role in immigrant communities than just serving as houses of worship.

*B. They provided places of worship and for social activities as well as financial help. Churches and synagogues provided religious and social activities as well as material assistance.

C. Since they were controlled by native-born groups, they played little role in immigrant communities. Churches and synagogues played significant roles in immigrant communities around the turn of the twentieth century.

D. By conducting services in English, they provided immigrants with a vehicle for assimilation. Churches and synagogues did not generally perform religious services in English if most attendees were immigrants.

How did ethnic groups shape their religious life around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. By demanding that their places of worship adopt religious practices from their homeland Ethnic groups demanded that their places of worship adopt religious practices from their homeland.

B. By demanding that the services reflect American practices to help them assimilate Ethnic groups did not exert pressure to make services reflect American practices.

C. By forming new, separate Christian denominations that they controlled Immigrants generally challenged the existing power structure in the Catholic Church and other established churches rather than form separate denominations.

D. By staying away from churches in large numbers Immigrants were active in attending churches and synagogues in this period.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, which group was most likely to adopt Reform Judaism rather than Orthodox Judaism?

A. Recent arrivals from eastern Europe Recent immigrants from eastern Europe tended to be Orthodox Jews.

B. Recent arrivals from southern Europe Most immigrants from southern Europe were Christians rather than Jews.

*C. Earlier immigrants from Germany German Jews had arrived in the United States in an earlier wave of immigration than their eastern European brethren. By the early 1900s, they had achieved some measure of economic success and founded Reform Judaism, with Cincinnati, Ohio, as its center.

D. Converts from Christian denominations Reform Judaism was formed by Jewish communities.

What was the role of new foreign language newspapers in the United States around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. To help newcomers assimilate Foreign language newspapers did not help newcomers assimilate but maintained ethnic identity.

*B. To help sustain ethnic solidarity Foreign newspapers helped sustain ethnic solidarity and ties to the Old World.

C. To help newcomers forge ties with other immigrant groups Foreign language newspapers generally served one ethnic community.

D. To help newcomers read American news Foreign language newspapers tended to print news about their own communities and homelands.

What socioeconomic differences existed between Reform and Orthodox Jews around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. Reform Jews achieved a measure of economic success. Reform Jews were generally German Jews who achieved a measure of economic success, while Orthodox Jews tended to be recent arrivals that were poorer.

B. Orthodox Jews achieved greater economic success. Orthodox Jews generally had not achieved more economic success than Reform Jews.

C. Orthodox Jews were generally those who had been wealthy in their homeland. Orthodox Jews were typically poor.

D. Reform Jews tended to be poor factory workers who wanted social reform. Reform Jews were generally not poor.

What accounts for the proliferation of crime in ethnic communities around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Young men sought to break from their ethnic community and join interethnic gangs. Young men generally joined gangs based on ethnic heritage.

B. Young men sought to rebel against the culture of their parents by turning to crime. Crime in ethnic communities tended to have economic causes.

*C. Poor, unskilled immigrants found it difficult to secure well-paying jobs and turned to crime. Crime proliferated in ethnic communities as poor, unskilled immigrants found it difficult to secure well-paying jobs and turned to crime.

D. Criminals were more likely to immigrate to the United States than other immigrant groups. Criminals were not more likely to immigrate to the United States than other social groups of people.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, what role did social organizations and mutual aid societies perform other than providing immigrants with social activities and financial assistance?

A. They helped immigrants shed their ethnic identity. Social organizations and mutual aid societies helped immigrants maintain their ethnic identity, not shed it.

B. They helped immigrants receive vocational training required for better paying jobs. Social organizations and mutual aid societies did not help immigrants receive vocational training.

C. They focused on performing those narrow functions. Social organizations and mutual aid societies did perform other important functions than providing immigrants with financial assistance and social activities.

*D. They helped resolve real community problems such as generational conflict and family violence. Social organizations and mutual aid societies helped resolve real community problems such as generational conflict and family violence.

What is a ghetto?

A. An urban area characterized by a plurality of cultures Ghettos are not pluralistic

*B. Neighborhoods dominated by a single ethnic, racial, or class group Living within these ethnic enclaves made it easier for immigrants to find housing, hear about jobs, buy food, and seek help from those with whom they felt most comfortable.

C. Rural areas dominated by sharecroppers Ghettos do not refer to rural areas.

D. A slang term for Native American reservations Ghettos do not refer to Indian reservations.

What role did immigrant women play in religious life?

A. Immigrant women were not permitted to be active in religious life. Most women were not denied a role in religious life, though few were allowed positions of authority.

B. Immigrant women abandoned their traditional religious values in favor of a secular, American morality. Most immigrant women brought their religious traditions with them.

C. Few immigrant women desired a role in religious life. Most immigrant women brought their religious traditions with them.

*D. Many immigrant women played an active role in religious life. Women organized public religious rituals and often attended services with different congregations when there were no available services in their preferred denomination.

Which of the following describes the relationships between American-born children of immigrants?

A. In most cases, the children of immigrants retained and expanded on the traditional values of their parents. While many traditional values were passed down, many were not.

B. The children of immigrants resented their parents for coming to America. Many immigrant children assimilated more quickly than their parents.

*C. The children of immigrants assimilated more quickly than their parents. Generational conflicts within families began to develop as American-born children of immigrants questioned their parents' values.

D. Most immigrant parents struggled in assimilating their children. Parents struggled more than children.

How did Americans generally view southern and eastern European immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. As assets because of the diversity of their cultural backgrounds Most Americans did not view recent immigrants as great assets to the United States because of the diversity of their cultural backgrounds.

*B. As a necessary evil at best and a menace at worst Most Americans viewed them as a necessary evil at best and a menace at worst. Corporate capitalists counted on immigrants to provide cheap labor but existing industrial workers viewed the newcomers as a threat to their livelihood.

C. As welcome additions to the nation's workforce Existing industrial workers did not welcome new immigrants and viewed new immigrants as a threat to their economic livelihoods.

D. As temporary residents who would return home eventually Most Americans viewed these immigrants in grudging or hostile ways.

Why did some immigrants antagonize and frighten capitalists and middle-class Americans around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. A large proportion of radicals were recent immigrants. Immigrants frightened and antagonized the middle class and capitalists because a large proportion of radicals were recent immigrants.

B. Most immigrants were Jewish or Catholic and not Protestant. The fact that most recent immigrants were Jewish or Catholic rather than Protestant did not antagonize and frighten middle-class Americans and capitalists.

C. A majority of immigrants were radicals. A majority of immigrants were not radicals, although some immigrants did support radical causes.

D. Their ability to assimilate easily raised concerns. Native-born Americans were more concerned that immigrants would not assimilate rather than that they would.

According to the 1790 immigration law, who could become an American citizen?

A. Any free white or black person Free blacks could not become American citizens according to the 1790 immigration statute.

B. Any free white person fluent in English Fluency in English was not a requirement for citizenship.

*C. Any free white person Any free white person who lived in the United States for a year and took an oath of citizenship became an American citizen according to the 1790 immigration statute.

D. Any person who lived in the United States for a year The 1790 immigration statute excluded several groups from citizenship.

What was the significance of the linking of race, ethnicity, and religion in American immigration law during the early twentieth century?

A. Catholics and Jewish immigrants were explicitly barred from becoming citizens. Catholics and Jewish immigrants were allowed to become citizens.

*B. The debate over whether Jews, Catholics, and eastern and southern Europeans were white affected their citizenship status. U.S. immigration law stipulated that only whites could become citizens, and thus the question of citizenship was at stake in the debate over whether Jews, Catholics, and eastern and southern Europeans were white.

C. Since the law prevented any immigrant group from gaining citizenship, the question of race was irrelevant. The law did allow some immigrants to become citizens.

D. Barring Jews from becoming citizens treated them the same as African immigrants. Jews were allowed to become citizens.

What was the significance of perceived shades of skin color around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. Those with darker skins were viewed as inferior to those with lighter skins. Perceived shades of skin color were significant because natural scientists and social scientists declared that those with darker skin tones were inferior races compared with those with lighter complexions.

B. Those with darker skin color were seen as superior races to those with lighter complexions. People with darker skin color were not seen as coming from superior races.

C. Most Americans ignored skin color and treated all people equally. Americans exhibited strong racial biases in that period.

D. African Americans and Native Americans were singled out for discrimination based on skin color but not other groups. Other groups and individuals suffered from discrimination as a result of attitudes based on skin color.

Whose theories did natural and social scientists use to promote scientific racism?

A. Frederick Douglass Douglass was a nineteenth-century abolitionist.

*B. Charles Darwin Based on Darwin's theory of evolution, biologists and anthropologists constructed measures of racial hierarchies.

C. William Lloyd Garrison Garrison was a staunch abolitionist.

D. William Howard Taft Taft was not a scientist.

Why were negative ethnic stereotypes so difficult for immigrant groups to eliminate during the early twentieth century?

A. Native-born white Americans mounted reform campaigns to change these traits in immigrants. Native-born white Americans did not believe the traits could change and made little effort to do so.

B. These stereotypes were seen as linked to environmental factors that could only be changed with great difficulty. Ethnic stereotypes were not linked to social and environmental factors.

*C. These stereotypes were seen as being inherited biological traits and thus unchangeable. Ethnic stereotypes were especially damaging during the early twentieth century because these stereotypes were linked to inherited biological traits and thus considered unchangeable.

D. Immigrants started to believe in these stereotypes and act according to them. Southern and eastern Europeans did not believe these stereotypes.

What did nativists around the turn of the twentieth century believe?

A. Foreigners enrich the native culture. Nativists did not see foreigners as beneficial.

*B. Foreigners posed a serious danger to native society and culture. Nativism is the belief that foreigners posed a serious danger to one's native society and culture.

C. Foreigners could be assimilated through education and other programs. Nativists did not believe that foreigners could assimilate.

D. Foreigners threatened the culture of Native Americans. Nativists were concerned with the culture of native-born white Americans but not Native Americans.

What legislation did the Immigration Restriction League support regarding immigration around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Barring all immigration from eastern and southern Europe The Immigration Restriction League focused on the intellectual abilities of immigrants.

B. Allowing immigration only by able-bodied adults able to perform manual labor The Immigration Restriction League focused on the intellectual abilities of immigrants.

*C. Permitted immigration only by adults literate in their native language The Immigration Restriction League lobbied for federal legislation that would exclude adult immigrants unable to read in their own language.

D. Banning immigration from China Immigration from China was already banned when the Immigration Restriction League formed.

What group of immigrants was the target of Henry F. Bower's American Protective Association?

*A. Catholics The goal of Henry F. Bower's American Protective Association was to restrict the supposed threat posed by Catholic immigration to American society.

B. Mexicans Bower's American Protective Association did not focus on limiting immigration from Mexico per se.

C. Africans Bower's American Protective Association aimed at limiting immigration from one group of Europeans.

D. Jews Bower's American Protective Association aimed to limit immigration by a different group that was perceived as a threat.

Why did nativists embrace the idea of eugenics around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. They could ignore scientific principles while working to limit the population of southern and eastern European immigrants. Eugenics offered a way for nativists to rely on supposed scientific principles.

B. They could dismiss prejudice and help increase the population of southern and eastern European immigrants. Nativists sought to limit rather than increase the population of southern and eastern European immigrants.

C. They could use it to eliminate "undesirable" races from southern and eastern Europe. Nativists hoped to eliminate races they viewed as undesirable from the United States.

*D. They could counter the rapid population growth of southern and eastern European immigrants through selective breeding of "desirable" races. Eugenics offered a way for nativists to counter the rapid population growth of southern and eastern immigrants who nativists viewed as undesirable.

According to those concerned with immigration around the turn of the twentieth century, what was one critical purpose of American public schools?

A. To help immigrants maintain their cultural values and primary language Those concerned with immigration did not want immigrants to maintain the culture of their homelands.

*B. To assimilate immigrant children into American culture According to those concerned with immigration around the turn of the twentieth century, one critical purpose of American public schools was to assimilate immigrant children through the adoption of American cultural rituals and teaching them English.

C. To help recent immigrant adults attain middle-class status Public schools were seen as important to immigrant children rather than adults.

D. To provide immigrants with child care services Public schools were seen as having an important socializing function.

Which country constructed and donated the Statue of Liberty to the United States?

A. Spain Spain did not construct or donate the statue.

B. England England did not construct or donate the statue.

C. Canada Canada did not construct or donate the statue.

*D. France French sculptors FrÃ©dÃ©ric-Auguste Bartholdi and Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel designed the monument to appear at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876.

How did existing industrial workers view immigrant industrial workers?

A. They welcomed them enthusiastically. This was not the response most existing workers had.

*B. They felt threatened by recent immigrants. Not surprisingly, existing industrial workers saw the newcomers as a threat to their economic livelihoods, resulting in greater competition for jobs and lower wages.

C. They believed that most immigrants would join their unions, so they reluctantly welcomed them. This was not the response most existing workers had.

D. They resented the higher wages paid to immigrants. Immigrants did not receive higher wages.

Why did the 1790 Congress deny citizenship to Native Americans?

*A. Most Americans believed Indians were savages. Most Americans believed that Indians were uncivilized and incapable of becoming citizens.

B. Most tribes still had firm alliances with the French. Native alliances with the French ended in 1763, when the French gave up their North American territories.

C. Indians had refused to share gold found on their lands. Americans drove Indians off their lands for gold.

D. Most Indians had converted to Catholicism. It was Indians' traditional religions that Americans found savage.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It says in the Torah, only through a man has a woman an existence. Only through a man can a woman enter Heaven."

"I'm smart enough to look out for myself. It's a new life now. In America, women don't need men to boss them. . . "

Wild with all that was choked in me since I was born, my eyes burned into my father's eyes. "My will is as strong as yours. I'm going to live my own life. Nobody can stop me. I'm not from the old country. I'm American!"

"You blasphemer!" His hand flung out and struck my cheek. "Denier of God! I'll teach you respect for the law!"

I leaped back and dashed for the door. The Old World had struck its last on me.

What does this conversation between father and daughter say about the daughter's view of America?

A. She views America as a place where she cannot gain her independence. She thinks America will empower her.

*B. She views America as a place where she can become independent. She notes that in America, women don't need men to "boss them."

C. She sees little difference between America and Poland. She notes that her life is "new now."

D. She thinks America will make her more dependent on men. She argues the opposite.

How did middle-class Americans view recent immigrants?

A. They viewed them with empathy. Few middle-class Americans empathized with immigrants.

B. They worked hard to assimilate recent immigrants. Few middle-class Americans interacted with immigrants.

C. They believed immigrants posed a threat to the party system. Few feared the political power of immigrants.

*D. They blamed them for urban crime. Middle-class city dwellers blamed urban problems on the rising tide of foreigners.

How did most immigrants around the turn of the twentieth century negotiate the conflict between maintaining their cultural ties and assimilating into American culture?

A. Most adult immigrants remained the same as in their homeland. Most adult immigrants partly assimilated, changing somewhat from who they had previously been in their homeland.

B. Most immigrants returned to their homeland rather than assimilating. Although a substantial share of immigrants returned, most of them remained in the United States.

*C. Most immigrants did not completely assimilate but did not remain the same as they had been in their native country. Most immigrants did not completely assimilate but did not remain the same people as they were in their native country.

D. Most immigrants completely assimilated within a few years. Most immigrants did not completely assimilate, maintaining ties to their old culture.

What was the idea of the melting pot portrayed in Israel Zangwill's 1908 play?

A. European immigrants assimilated into American society but changed American culture. Zangwill's 1908 play did not suggest that immigrants would change American culture.

B. Immigrants returned to their native land after a few years. Zangwill's 1908 play did not suggest that immigrants would return to their native land.

C. Immigrants assimilated into America only as second-class citizens. Zangwill's play introduced the concept of a melting pot where immigrants emerged from a melting pot as identical to native-born white Americans.

*D. Immigrants emerged as citizens identical to native-born white Americans. Zangwill's play introduced the idea of America as a melting pot where immigrants from distinct backgrounds entered America and emerged as citizens identical to native-born white Americans.

Why was the idea of the melting pot more of an ideal than a mirror of reality around the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. European immigrants never fully assimilated and native-born Americans did not fully accept them. The idea of the melting pot was more of an ideal than reality because European immigrants never fully lost their old identities, and native-born Americans continued to view them as strangers and aliens.

B. European immigrants refused to even attempt to assimilate, remaining in their home culture by living in ghettos. Europe immigrants generally did not refuse to attempt to assimilate even if they retained some of their old cultural values.

C. European immigrants fully assimilated but native-born Americans still would not view them as Americans. European immigrants did not fully lose their old identities.

D. Native-born white Americans refused to believe that European immigrants could assimilate. Many native-born white Americans did not believe that European immigrants could assimilate, but that was not the only reason that the melting pot did not become a reality.

According to W.E.B. Du Bois, what did African Americans and European immigrants have in common?

A. Both groups migrated to the United States in search of economic opportunity. African Americans did not generally migrate to the United States in search of economic opportunity but were forcibly transported as slaves.

*B. Both groups had two separate identities. Du Bois claimed that both European immigrants and African Americans were groups that struggled with having two distinct, separate identities.

C. They lived in similar sections of the country and worked in the same occupations. African Americans and European immigrants did not live in similar sections of the country and work in the same occupations.

D. They faced violence that prevented them from voting. While African Americans faced violence that prevented them from voting, European immigrants generally did not.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: ". . . Whether this statute [Exclusion Act] against the Chinese or the statue to Liberty will be the more lasting monument to tell future ages of the liberty and greatness of this country."

What does the passage indicate about the author's view of the Exclusion Act?

A. While the Act is unfair, the future will judge it necessary. The author thinks history will view it otherwise.

B. The Act will strengthen liberty in the future. He does not think it will increase liberty.

C. The Act will decrease emigration from the United States in the future. He does not address emigration.

*D. The Act threatens liberty in the future. He wonders whether the Statue of Liberty can exist in the future under the Act.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[I]n 1880, San Francisco passed a fire-safety ordinance that all laundries operating in wooden buildings be licensed or the owners would risk criminal penalties. After the city government refused to grant licenses to nearly all Chinese laundries while approving those run by whites, Yick Wo, the owner of one rejected establishment, refused to close his business and was prosecuted. . . . The discrimination is, therefore, illegal, and the public administration which enforces it is a denial of the equal protection of the laws and a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution."

In what ways does did the San Francisco Ordinance violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?

A. It ruled that the ordinance was an undue burden on equal protection. The Court did not rule on the validity of the ordinance.

*B. It ruled that the application of the ordinance was unconstitutional. The Court found that the ordinance was applied in a discriminatory manner against Chinese immigrants.

C. It ruled that criminal penalties for fire-safety violations were discriminatory. The Court did not rule on the criminal penalties.

D. It ruled that the Chinese did not have standing to sue. The Court did not deny the immigrant standing.

Topic: Becoming an Urban Nation
books:
The New Industrial City
Expand Upward and Outward
How the Other Half Lived

How did the urban population in the United States change in the fifty years after the Civil War?

A. It doubled. The urban population grew at a faster rate than doubling in the fifty years following the Civil War.

B. It declined. The urban population grew in the fifty years after the Civil War.

*C. It increased seven times. The urban population increased sevenfold in the fifty years after the Civil War.

D. It grew twenty times. The urban population grew much larger in the fifty years after the Civil War but not by as much as twenty times.

What was the primary pattern of migration for Europeans during the late nineteenth century?

*A. From villages and towns to cities Most migrated internally to cities on a temporary or permanent basis although millions also migrated to the United States.

B. From rural areas in Europe to rural areas of the United States Most migrated to cities.

C. From villages and towns to cities in the United States Although millions did come to the United States, most migration was internal.

D. From one European country to another Most migration was internal.

Why did more than 60 million people around the world move from rural to urban areas between 1820 and 1920?

*A. Looking for jobs resulting from industrialization More than 60 million migrants moved from rural areas to cities between 1820 and 1920 primarily in search of work.

B. Seeking entertainment unavailable in rural areas The primary cause of the more than 60 million global urban migrations was economic rather than cultural.

C. Looking for the equality that urban life offered Urban life had dramatic social differences.

D. Hoping to earn money to expand their farms Most people who migrated to cities in this period left the farming life for good.

What was the difference between the pre- and post-Civil War growth of American cities?

A. Pre-Civil War growth occurred only in coastal cities; post-Civil War growth occurred in interior regions. Post-Civil War urban growth occurred along coasts as well as in the interior.

*B. Commerce fueled pre-Civil War growth, and industry powered post-Civil War growth. The difference between the pre- and post-Civil War growth of American cities was that commerce fueled pre-Civil War growth and the development of large-scale industry fueled post-Civil War growth.

C. Most growth after the Civil War was in the Northeast and Midwest, while growth before the Civil War occurred throughout the country. Cities throughout the country grew in the period following the Civil War.

D. Immigration fueled pre-Civil War growth, while the migration of native-born Americans to cities fueled the growth after the Civil War. Immigration was not the only factor contributing to the growth of American cities before the Civil War, and the migration of native-born Americans to cities was not the only factor causing the growth of American cities after the Civil War.

How did industrialization contribute to urbanization in the late 1800s?

A. More Americans could not afford high rents in cities. Industrialization did not contribute to urbanization by helping Americans afford high rents.

B. Industrialization made life in cities safer than rural life. Industrialization did not necessarily make urban life safer than rural life.

C. Industrialization created more jobs in cities but did not impact the demand for farm labor. Industrialization did impact the demand for farm labor by mechanizing many farm tasks.

*D. Industrialization created more jobs in cities and fewer on farms. Industrialization created more jobs in cities and reduced the need for farm labor through mechanization.

How did industrial technology impact cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. The introduction of cars allowed people to move about more freely. The automobile revolution did not occur until a later time period and streetcars were the dominant form of transportation at the time.

B. Even the working class could afford a spacious apartment because of decreased building costs. The working class often lived in cramped quarters in cities and could not afford spacious apartments.

*C. New water and sewage systems and electricity made cities more livable. Industrial technology made cities more livable and attractive because water and sewage systems improved sanitation and electricity extended nighttime entertainment.

D. Cities became dirtier and more unsanitary as migration increased the population density. Cities did not become more unsanitary because of the introduction of modern sewage and water systems.

What invention paved the way for the modern skyscraper?

*A. The electric elevator The electric elevator made it possible to construct taller and taller buildings.

B. The streetcar Streetcars did not pave the way for development of the skyscraper.

C. Water and sewage systems New water and sewage systems did not pave the way for creation of the skyscraper.

D. Electric lighting Electric lighting did not pave the way for creation of the skyscraper.

Who was Sister Carrie in Theodore Dreiser's novel?

A. An African American woman who migrated to Chicago from Alabama Sister Carrie was not an African American woman.

*B. A native-born white woman who migrated from Wisconsin to Chicago Sister Carrie, who migrated from rural Wisconsin to Chicago, symbolizes the contribution of this migration to urban growth.

C. A Jewish immigrant from Russia who moved to Chicago with her family Sister Carrie was not a Jewish immigrant from Russia.

D. An affluent young white woman searching for a suitable husband in Chicago Sister Carrie was not an affluent young white woman.

How did the introduction of mass-produced goods encourage the migration of young women to the cities?

A. Young women moved to cities to purchase these consumer products for family members. Families could buy these goods at home through mail-order catalogues.

B. Young women could not attain access to the goods without living in cities. Consumers could buy these goods through mail-order catalogues.

C. Young women needed better-paying jobs to afford the mass-produced goods. Mass-produced goods were relatively inexpensive because of mass production and large market size.

*D. Young women's labor as homemakers who produced goods was no longer critical. Mechanization created many "Sister Carries" by making farm women less valuable in the fields. The possibility of purchasing mass-produced goods from mail-order houses also left young women less essential as homemakers.

What types of jobs were held by most African American migrants to cities in the early twentieth century?

A. They were as likely to find employment in white-collar, manufacturing, and service sector positions. African Americans did not hold a variety of positions because racial discrimination confined them to a few specific industries.

B. Black women worked in the garment industry, while black men found unskilled manufacturing positions. Few black women worked in the garment industry.

C. Most black migrants worked in manufacturing jobs in the cotton mills in the South. Few African Americans held manufacturing jobs in cotton mills in the South.

*D. Service-sector positions as domestic servants, janitors, and cooks and as unskilled laborers Most black migrants held service sector positions as domestic servants, janitors, and cooks and as unskilled manual laborers.

What factor encouraged African American migration to the urban North at the beginning of the twentieth century?

A. Inability to own their own businesses in the South African Americans could own their own business in the South as long as they catered to African Americans.

B. Falling sharecropper wages because of a major drought Drought was not the primary factor encouraging African Americans to migrate to cities.

*C. Loss of political and civil rights African Americans experienced a significant erosion of their political and civil rights at the end of the nineteenth century and moved to cities in the North to escape the oppression.

D. Desire to join strong black communities in the North Most northern cities did not have strong black communities.

What types of conditions did African Americans experience in the urban North in the early twentieth century?

A. Economic opportunity and freedom from discrimination African Americans did not encounter freedom from racial discrimination in the urban North.

*B. Segregated housing and job discrimination but higher wages than in the South African Americans encountered racial segregation in housing and discrimination in employment but still earned more money than in the South.

C. The same violence and segregation as in the South African Americans did not encounter the same political violence and legally sanctioned racially segregation that existed in the South.

D. Freedom from discrimination but a lack of jobs African Americans were not free from racial discrimination and could find jobs in the urban North.

What was the role of the rising black middle class in black communities in the urban North in the early twentieth century?

A. To demonstrate the ability of blacks to assimilate white culture The black middle class was not able to assimilate with middle-class white residents in cities in the North.

B. To lead the way in formation of separate black school systems The black middle class did not lead the formation of separate black primary schools in the North.

C. To take charge of the effort to create black churches The black middle class did not necessarily lead the formation of black churches in cities in the North.

*D. To form social institutions that would help African Americans The black middle class formed mutual aid societies, lodges, and women's clubs for the black community in cities in the North.

What black-led institution was the focus of social and political life in urban black communities in the early twentieth century?

*A. Churches Churches were at the center of black life in cities in the North because of their role in organizing social activities and disseminating political information.

B. Schools Schools were run by city governments.

C. Newspapers Black newspapers were important, but other institutions were the center of black social and political life.

D. Social clubs Social clubs were often tied to another institution in black communities.

Why did African Americans not succeed as much as immigrants in gaining justice and equality in the early twentieth century?

*A. They had to contend with racial discrimination. African Americans struggled longer than immigrants to obtain justice and equality because they encountered entrenched racial discrimination.

B. They were less active than immigrants. African Americans who did try to assert their rights in the early twentieth century had little success because of white attitudes.

C. Immigrants had more money. Like many African Americans, many immigrants were poor.

D. African Americans did not move to the North until the 1920s. African Americans began moving to northern cities in the early 1900s.

How did most Americans outside of cities view urban growth?

A. Most Americans saw the growth of cities as proof of American prosperity. Most Americans did not share this view.

*B. They viewed the growth of cities with skepticism. Although cities have long been a part of the landscape, Americans have felt ambivalent about their presence.

C. Most Americans thought cities were an integral part of industrial society. Few Americans shared this view.

D. They viewed cities as places where the pioneer spirit could thrive. Most thought cities embodied the end of the pioneer spirit.

What paved the way for cities to become engines of commerce?

*A. The railroads As the extension of railroad transportation led to the development of large-scale industry, these cities and others became industrial centers as well.

B. The telegraph The telegraph was not integral to the growth of urban trade.

C. The cotton gin The cotton gin was a late-eighteenth-century invention.

D. The printing press The printing press was developed in the fifteenth century.

What was the impact of the mechanization of farming?

A. Wages for farm-workers increased. Mechanization did not increase wages.

B. Sharecropping increased. Sharecropping did not increase due to mechanization.

*C. Demand for farm labor decreased. While the mechanization of farming increased efficiency, it also reduced the demand for farm labor.

D. Demand for farm labor increased. Mechanization did not increase demand for labor.

Which of the following describes western cities in the early twentieth century?

A. They lagged behind all other areas of the country in population growth. They did not grow slower than most other areas.

*B. They grew faster than almost every other section of the country. By 1900, the proportion of residents in western cities with a population of at least ten thousand was greater than in any other section of the country except the Northeast.

C. They were majority African American. African Americans did not constitute majorities in western cities.

D. Few western cities had rail lines yet, and so they were largely isolated. Western cities grew up along railroad terminals, and railroads stimulated urban growth by bringing out settlers and creating markets.

Where did most migrants to American cities in the late nineteenth century come from?

A. Europe While many Europeans migrated to American cities, they were not the majority.

B. Asia While many Asians migrated to American cities, they were not the majority.

C. Mexico While many Mexicans migrated to American cities, they were not the majority.

*D. The United States Although immigrants increasingly accounted for the influx into the cities across the nation, before 1890 the rise in urban population came mainly from Americans on the move.

Which of the following describes African American migration to southern cities in the late nineteenth century?

A. Black populations in southern cities increased slightly. This is not an accurate characterization of black migration to cities.

B. Black populations in southern cities decreased slightly. This is not an accurate characterization of black migration to cities.

*C. Black populations in southern cities increased dramatically. From 1870 to 1890, the African American population of Nashville, Tennessee, soared from just over 16,000 to more than 29,000. In Atlanta, Georgia, the number of blacks jumped from slightly above 16,000 to around 28,000.

D. Black populations in southern cities decreased dramatically. This is not an accurate characterization of black migration to cities.

Which of the following characterizes African American entrepreneurship in the late nineteenth century?

A. There were no black-owned businesses in the late nineteenth century. There were black-owned businesses.

*B. African Americans opened some small businesses in cities. Although the overwhelming majority of blacks worked as unskilled laborers for very low wages, others opened small businesses such as funeral parlors, barbershops, and construction companies or went into professions such as medicine, law, banking, and education.

C. African Americans opened businesses in white communities, catering to a white clientele. While some African Americans opened businesses, they catered to a black clientele.

D. Most northern cities passed laws banning black-owned businesses. While many northern cities had regulations that disadvantaged black business owners, laws did not ban ownership.

What was the impact of rising urban real estate values on cities during the early twentieth century?

A. The creation of large estates in city centers Rising real estate values did not lead to the creation of large estates of the very wealthy in center cities.

B. Movement of most working-class residents to suburbs Most working-class residents remained in cities despite high real estate values.

C. Development of urban sprawl as architects built outward The rising price of real estate values did not lead to the development of urban sprawl.

*D. The construction of skyscrapers in center cities The escalating price of city real estate caused many architects to build taller and taller buildings, resulting in skyscrapers.

How did the urban skyline change during the late nineteenth century?

*A. Commercial buildings replaced church steeples as the tallest structures. Cloudscrapers and later skyscrapers built for business replaced church steeples as the tallest structures.

B. Apartment buildings remained the tallest buildings and dominant structures. Other types of buildings were taller earlier in the century and in this period.

C. Government and other civic buildings became the tallest structures, reflecting civic pride. Other types of buildings were taller earlier in the century and in this period.

D. Church steeples dominated the old city, while new construction outside the central city was taller office buildings. Most tall office buildings were constructed in city centers.

Why was steel critical to the construction of skyscrapers?

*A. Steel was lighter and more durable than iron. Steel was lighter and more durable than iron, allowing builders and architects to build skyscrapers.

B. Steel was much cheaper than iron. Steel prices dropped, but steel was not much cheaper than iron.

C. Steel was heavier than iron. Steel was lighter than iron.

D. Steel was more malleable than iron. Malleability was not the crucial issue.

What was the impact of the development of streetcars and other advances in transportation on cities in the early twentieth century?

A. Cities became more compact as people preferred to live close to the urban center. Advances in transportation did not make more people want to live close to the urban center.

*B. Cities spread outward, and people came to rely on the new forms of transportation. Advances in transportation transformed walking cities into riding cities as it became impossible to walk from one side of the city to the other.

C. The price of real estate near the urban center decreased as outlying areas became more desirable. The price of urban real estate increased rather than decreased during the early twentieth century.

D. City neighborhoods became more ethnically and socially heterogeneous. City neighborhoods tended to be ethnically and socially homogeneous because of advances in transportation.

How did advances in transportation impact the ethnic and social diversity of urban neighborhoods in the early twentieth century?

A. Affluent residents continued to live and work in city centers along with diverse ethnic groups. Affluent residents commuted farther as they moved to the urban periphery because of advances in transportation.

B. Working-class ethnics settled in the growing suburbs. Working-class residents tended to live in city centers.

*C. Affluent city residents moved to the urban periphery, decreasing ethnic and social diversity in cities. Advances in city transportation allowed affluent city residents to start to move to neighborhoods with more space on the urban periphery, decreasing the ethnic and social diversity of city neighborhoods.

D. Affluent city residents left cities for rural areas. Affluent city residents continued to live in urban areas, though they were likely to settle in suburbs rather than city centers.

Which of the following accounted for the rise in urban land value in the late nineteenth century?

A. Immigrants bought large amounts of property, driving up values. Immigrants did not purchase large amounts of property.

B. Population decline had the effect of increasing property values. Urban populations did not decline.

C. Large amounts of foreign investment encouraged a rise in values. This was not the cause of increasing property values.

*D. Population increases led to an increase in land value. As cities became much more populous, land values soared. Steep prices prompted architects to make the most of small, expensive plots of land by finding ways to build taller structures.

How did electricity impact transportation in American cities?

*A. Electricity helped increase speeds and cut down on waste. Electric-powered streetcars traveled twice as fast as horse-drawn railcars and left little mess on the streets.

B. Electricity increased transportation costs. It did not increase costs.

C. Electricity decreased speeds but also decreased costs. It did not decrease speeds.

D. Electricity did not spread to transportation until the mid-twentieth century. Electric-powered streetcars were in use in the late nineteenth century.

How did New York City's population respond to the more than mile-long Brooklyn Bridge?

A. Most residents feared the bridge and did not use it. Many residents did use it.

B. Since most commerce in New York came by the Hudson River, the bridge was underused. The bridge was not underused.

C. The bridge was resented by most residents due to its cost. Most residents did not resent it.

*D. The bridge was an immediate success. During its first year in operation, more than 11 million people passed over the bridge.

Where did most working-class city residents live in the early twentieth century?

*A. Tenements in the industrial urban center Most working-class urban residents lived in crowded apartments in the industrial urban center.

B. Suburban homes outside city centers Most working-class residents could not afford to live in suburban homes.

C. Single-family row homes in urban neighborhoods Most working-class residents could not afford to live by themselves in a row home and took in boarders to make ends meet.

D. High-rise apartment buildings Most working-class residents did not live in high rise apartment buildings, which were generally more expensive than tenements.

What was the Lower East Side of Manhattan notable for during the late nineteenth century?

A. A mix of middle- and working-class residents Few middle-class people lived in the Lower East Side.

*B. The highest population density in the world The Lower East Side had the highest population density in the entire world.

C. Rampant crime and prostitution The Lower East Side was not notable for rampant crime and prostitution.

D. As a haven for native-born Americans The Lower East Side was home primarily to recent immigrants.

What were the typical living conditions in tenement apartments in the early twentieth century?

A. Middle-class tenements had spacious rooms, but working-class ones were crowded. Middle-class urban residents generally did not live in tenements.

B. They were usually single-family apartments on two stories with high ceilings and lots of windows. Tenements usually had multiple one-floor apartments with few windows.

C. They were usually large enough for the number of people but had minimal lighting and poor ventilation. Most tenements were not adequately spacious to house the number of people living in them.

*D. They were generally small, dark, and crowded with minimal plumbing and poor ventilation. Tenements were generally small, dark, crowded apartment buildings that had minimal plumbing and poor ventilation.

What was the purpose of the 1879 New York law reforming tenements?

A. To improve safety by requiring construction of fire escapes The law did not mandate fire escapes.

B. To improve sanitation by requiring installation of toilets The law did not mandate that each tenement apartment have its own toilet; apartments could share toilet facilities.

*C. To improve living conditions in tenements by mandating that all bedrooms have windows and plumbing facilities The law attempted to improve living conditions by mandating that all bedrooms have one window and that tenements have minimal plumbing facilities.

D. To improve living conditions by capping the number of residents The law did not place limits on the number of people living in a tenement.

What type of disaster frequently resulted from overcrowded conditions in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Traffic accidents Overcrowded conditions did not lead to traffic accidents at the turn of the twentieth century.

B. Building collapses Overcrowded conditions did not lead to multiple building collapses.

C. Floods Overcrowded conditions in cities at the turn of the century did not cause floods.

*D. Devastating fires Overcrowded conditions in cities at the turn of the century caused several large urban fires. These fires provided cities with the chance to rebuild with brick and other flame-resistant materials.

What was an effect of the massive fires that hit several cities in the early twentieth century?

A. Increased long-term crowding as residents lived in fewer housing units Cities did not become more crowded over the long term as housing stock was rebuilt.

*B. Rebuilding with less flammable materials Cities could rebuild with less flammable materials after the fires; in addition, cities created more open spaces and formed volunteer and municipal fire departments.

C. Urban sprawl Transportation changes, rather than fire, led to the spreading of cities.

D. Laws reducing crowding Cities did not mandate that fewer people live in tenement apartments because of the massive urban fires.

What was an important use of tenements in the early twentieth century besides housing?

*A. As workplaces Many working-class residents, especially women and children, also used their homes as workplaces in order to earn extra income for their families.

B. As sites for religious worship Tenement apartments did not frequently function as sites for religious worship.

C. As a space for men to socialize and drink Tenement apartments generally did not function as spaces for men to socialize and drink.

D. As classrooms for children Tenement housing was not frequently used as classrooms for children, who attended public schools.

What factors contributed to frequent outbreaks of disease in urban slums in the early twentieth century?

A. Poor hygiene and the lack of exercise The poor hygiene habits of working-class residents did not contribute to frequent outbreaks of disease in urban slums, and many people got plenty of exercise on their jobs.

*B. Poor sanitation, overcrowding, and malnutrition among the working class Poor sanitation, overcrowding, and malnutrition among the working class contributed to frequent outbreaks of disease in urban slums.

C. The spread of new diseases European immigrants brought to the Americans from Europe European immigrants did not bring diseases with them to America that caused outbreaks of disease in urban slums.

D. Close contact between tenement residents and the frequent sharing of personal items While tenement residents lived in close contact, personal items were not regularly shared.

What accounted for poor street conditions in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. The indifference of city officials The indifference of city officials to street conditions was not the only factor in causing poor street conditions.

B. The presence of too many pedestrians Too many pedestrians on city streets did not cause poor street conditions at the turn of the twentieth century.

C. The introduction of streetcars in cities The introduction of streetcars in cities improved street conditions by ridding cities of horse manure.

*D. Unpaved streets and crowding Unpaved streets and clogged conditions with pedestrians, pushcarts, horses, and other vehicles caused poor street conditions at the turn of the twentieth century.

How did Jacob Riis portray tenement conditions in his 1890 work How the Other Half Lives?

A. He portrayed tenement life much more positively than most people would have expected. Riis did not conclude that tenement housing was positive.

B. He noted that while the wages of most tenement dwellers were low, their living conditions were comparable to those of suburban dwellers. He noted a severe distinction between the lives of tenement dwellers and suburbanites

*C. He used photographs to illustrate the almost unlivable conditions of tenement housing. He noted the deleterious conditions of tenement housing, such as oppressive heat in the summer and noxious fumes and odors year-round.

D. He used photographs to expose the fact that the conditions of tenement housing were superior to those in the suburbs. His photos did not show that tenement housing was better than suburban housing.

What are sweatshops?

A. A slang term used to describe mines in the late nineteenth century Sweatshops did not refer to mines.

*B. A slang term used to describe factories located in tenement housing Tenements also functioned as workplaces. Czech immigrants made cigars in their apartments from six in the morning until nine at night, seven days a week, for about 6 cents an hour. By putting an entire family to work, they could make $15 a week and pay their rent of $12 a month.

C. A slang term used to describe working conditions in rural factories The term was not used for rural factories.

D. A slang term used to describe American Indian reservations The term does not refer to Indian reservations.

Which of the following contributed to increased crime in late-nineteenth-century cities?

*A. Poverty and overcrowding Both were major contributing factors in increased crime in American cities.

B. The rise of organized crime syndicates Most crime was committed by gangs of young hoodlums, not by organized crime syndicates.

C. The increasing number of laws banning the sale and distribution of desired products led to a criminal black market. There were few banned products in late-nineteenth-century America.

D. The rising living standard of most cities attracted criminals looking to prey on the new wealth being generated. Living standards were not on the rise.

What was the response to the growing crime rates in American cities?

A. Vigilantes became more common in response to crime. Vigilantes did not become more common.

B. The federal government created the FBI in response to growing urban crime. The FBI was not created in this time period.

C. States decided to impose strict curfews on cities. Few states imposed curfews on cities.

*D. Cities created urban police forces. Many cities devoted resources to create police departments, though many officers took bribes to ignore criminal activity.

How did New York City's "Hell's Kitchen" get its nickname?

A. From suburbanites who felt the religions of the immigrant population were analogous to devil worship The name was not related to the religious beliefs of its inhabitants.

*B. From the intense heat and gangs of young criminals The intense summer heat in the tenements and the groups of young hoodlums contributed to the nickname.

C. From the large number of new fast-food chains that opened in the neighborhood There were no fast-food chains at this time.

D. From the large number of Muslim immigrants, many of whom were viewed as devil-worshippers There were not large numbers of Muslim immigrants in Hell's Kitchen.

Topic: Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century
books:
Political Machines and City Bosses
Urban Reformers

What was city government like at the turn of the twentieth century in most American cities?

A. Most city governments were controlled by private corporations. Private corporations did not control most city governments.

B. The city council and mayor usually dominated the city. The city council and mayor did not dominate city politics or easily control and influence private corporations at the turn of the twentieth century.

*C. City government was fragmented, and mayors had limited power. Most city governments were fragmented, and the mayor had limited power at the turn of the twentieth century.

D. Strong mayors controlled most large cities. Most cities did not have strong mayors at the turn of the twentieth century.

What was the function of political machines in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

*A. To bring order to urban governments Political machines organized and centralized most urban governments.

B. To increase the influence of private corporations Political machines focused on urban government rather than private corporations.

C. To give middle-class native-born white Americans control of city government Political machines did not provide a vehicle for middle-class native-born white Americans to control city governments.

D. To stymie reform by making it impossible to centralize government functions Political machines centralized control of city government.

What was the relationship between urban political bosses and businesses at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. Bosses viewed businessmen as adversaries. Political bosses attempted to gain cooperation from businessmen.

B. Businessmen viewed bosses as impediments to business. Businessmen worked with bosses to gain city contracts.

*C. Bosses helped businessmen get city work in return for favors. Political bosses helped businessmen understand city codes and regulations that impacted their business activities.

D. Businessmen ignored bosses and seldom interacted with them. Businessmen and political bosses interacted frequently.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, how did urban political machines attract the support of immigrants?

*A. By providing a kind of public welfare program Political machines provided a kind of public welfare program by giving immigrants direct assistance, helping them find jobs, attending important life events, and helping in other ways.

B. Helping workers gain power over private corporations Political machines did not offer a way for immigrants to gain power over private corporations.

C. By easing access to education and white-collar jobs Political machines did not provide a way for immigrants to gain access to an education and white-collar jobs.

D. Easing assimilation into American culture Political machines did not necessarily provide a way for immigrants to assimilate into American culture, although some of the machine's activities may have indirectly contributed to assimilation.

What was the primary goal of political machine bosses in cities at the turn of the twentieth century?

A. To help the working class and poor The primary goal of political urban machine bosses was not to help the urban working-class and poor.

*B. To maintain their own power Political machine bosses primarily sought to maintain their own power.

C. To reform city government The primary goal of political machine bosses was not to reform city governments.

D. To bolster the power of private corporations The primary goal of political urban machine bosses was not to bolster the power of private corporations.

Which of the following statements about the political power of nineteenth-century cities is true?

controlled by state legislatures and needed state approval to raise revenues and pass regulations.

*A. Cities were largely controlled by state legislatures and had little independent power. Cities were controlled by state legislatures and needed state approval to raise revenues and pass regulations.

B. Cities were largely controlled by the federal government and had little independent political power. Cities were not controlled by the federal government.

C. Cities were largely independent from state and federal oversight. Cities were subjected to stringent state oversight.

D. Cities were largely controlled by county governments and had little independent political power. Cities were not controlled by county governments.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between political machines and political parties?

A. The vast majority of political bosses were Democrats. Democrats were not the majority of political bosses.

B. The vast majority of political bosses were Republicans. Republicans were not the majority of political bosses.

C. Most political machines operated outside the two-party system. Most political machines worked within the parties.

*D. Both Democrats and Republicans used political machines to win elections. Both parties utilized political machines to stay in power.

What was the primary group of urban reformers in the early twentieth century?

*A. Upper middle-class men and women disgusted with vice and corruption The primary group of urban reformers were upper middle-class men and women disgusted with the vice and corruption of the political machine.

B. Workers fed up with machine bosses growing Members of the working-class were not the primary group of urban reforms.

C. Members of the upper class who sought to better living conditions for the poor Members of the upper class were not the primary group of urban reformers.

D. Managers of corporations angered by the need to make payoffs Corporate managers did not object to the payoffs or bribes they were forced to make in order to win city contracts.

What was the purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883?

A. To allow the middle class to regain control of the municipal government The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was a federal law and did not affect city government.

B. To provide more jobs for the working class in civil service The purpose of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was not to provide more jobs for the working class.

*C. To dispense government jobs on the basis of merit The Pendleton Civil Services Reform Act aimed to end corruption by filling government jobs on the basis of merit rather than political patronage and favors.

D. To improve the training of civil servants so they could work more efficiently The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 was aimed at the hiring of civil servants and not their training.

What was the purpose of settlement houses in the early twentieth century?

A. To transform immigrants into American citizens identical to native-born Americans Although settlement house workers desired to Americanize immigrants, they also understood the need for them to hold onto remnants of their ethnic culture.

B. To provide improved housing for the working class outside of urban slums The purpose of settlement houses was not to provide improved housing for the working-class outside of urban slums.

C. To develop ideas for improving municipal government The purpose of settlement houses was not to improve the municipal government.

*D. To try to help immigrants live better lives Settlement houses offered a variety of services to community residents, including day care for children, cooking, sewing, and secretarial classes, neighborhood playgrounds, counseling sessions, and meeting rooms for labor union aimed at lifting immigrants out of or at least easing the difficult conditions they endured.

What profession developed out of the settlement house movement?

A. Teaching Teaching predated the settlement house movement.

*B. Social work The social work profession developed out of the settlement house movement.

C. Civil service Civil service developed separately from the settlement house movement.

D. Nursing Nursing developed separately from the settlement house movement.

What was the relationship of settlement house workers to immigrants in the early twentieth century?

How were settlement houses related to efforts to reform urban government in the early twentieth century?

A. Reformers tried to close settlement houses, which were run by political machines. Settlement houses had no connection to city political machines.

B. Settlement house workers boycotted businesses that had dealings with machines. Settlement house workers focused on political methods of achieving reform.

C. Settlement house workers turned from social work to politics, running for office. Settlement house workers typically remained committed to their social work.

*D. Settlement house workers urged immigrants to vote for reformers rather than machine candidates. Settlement house workers actively mobilized neighborhood residents to engage in politics, to vote for candidates who understood their problems and would campaign for improved garbage collection, housing inspection, better schools, and other community improvements.

What did many reform-minded Protestant ministers argue about the cause of the unhealthy immigrant environment in the early twentieth century?

*A. Social conditions rather than the moral failings of immigrants caused the unhealthy immigrant environment. Many Protestant ministers argued that social conditions rather than moral failings of immigrants caused the unhealthy immigrant environment.

B. The moral failings of immigrants caused the unhealthy social environment. Reform-minded Protestant ministers did not make this argument but tried to counter it.

C. The sins of the middle class caused the unhealthy immigrant environment. Reform-minded Protestant ministers did not blame immigrants' living conditions on the middle class.

D. Upper-class capitalists had a moral obligation to improve the living conditions of immigrants. Reform-minded Protestant ministers argued that all Christians had a moral obligation to try to improve conditions for immigrants.

What did the social gospel support in the early twentieth century?

A. Restricted immigration The social gospel did not support limits on immigration.

B. Women's rights The social gospel did not necessarily include support for women's rights.

*C. A broad range of political and economic reforms The social gospel encompassed support for civil service reform, labor legislation, income-tax legislation, and antimonopoly laws.

D. An end to segregation The social gospel did not include support for an end to segregation.

Why could reformers not solve urban problems in the early twentieth century?

A. They lacked the necessary education. Urban reformers generally had the necessary education to make a difference.

B. They lacked the support of upper-class capitalists. Urban reformers did not necessarily lack the support of upper-class capitalists.

C. They remained wedded to their own class interests. Urban reformers did not necessarily remain wedded to their own class interests.

*D. They could not change the power structure. Urban reformers could not solve urban problems because they could not alter the underlying power structure of cities.

Why was Washington Gladden a significant figure in the early twentieth century?

A. He was an urban political machine boss. Gladden was not a political machine boss.

B. He was an immigrant who joined the labor movement. Gladden was not an immigrant or a labor activist.

C. He founded the first settlement house. Gladden did not found a settlement house.

*D. He tried to promote reform by preaching the social gospel. Gladden was a Protestant minister who supported the social gospel movement and argued that private enterprise was inequitable.

What types of services did settlement houses offer immigrants in the early twentieth century?

*A. A wide variety of services Settlement houses offered immigrants a variety of services, including playgrounds for children, English classes, meeting rooms, and other services.

B. Primarily vocational training Settlement houses did not primarily offer immigrants vocational training.

C. Housing and medical care Settlement houses did not generally offer immigrants housing and provided social rather than medical services.

D. A place to hold religious services Settlement houses did not offer immigrants a place to hold religious services.

Chapter 19: Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900â1917
Topic: The Roots of Progressivism
books:
Progressive Origins
Muckrakers

What type of reform did progressives advocate?

*A. Political and economic change that did not disrupt democracy or capitalism Progressives advocated government intervention and change without upsetting capitalism or the democratic political system.

B. Replacement of the capitalism system with a new economic order Progressives did not seek replacement of the capitalism system.

C. Return to the nation's simpler and more democratic agrarian past Progressives accepted the reality of industrialization but wanted to change its harsher consequences.

D. Fundamental political change within the context of corporate capitalism Progressives aimed to reform both the political system and economic systems.

What change in American society at the beginning of the twentieth century sparked the Progressive movement?

A. Racial segregation and the migration of African Americans to cities in the North While some progressives were concerned with racial injustice, that was not a major spark for the Progressive movement.

B. Increased power of the working class and declining corporate power Neither the power of the working class was growing nor that of corporations declining at this time.

C. The failure of socialism or Populism to achieve significant gains Progressives generally did not accept socialism and had fundamental disagreements with some aspects of Populism.

*D. Rise of corporate power and the growth of cities Problems caused by industrialization and urbanization—as well as westward expansion and immigration—sparked the Progressive Movement at the beginning of the twentieth century.

What describes the ideals of pragmatism?

A. Practical experience misled people from discovering truth. Pragmatism believed in the value of practical experience.

B. Both theoretical thinking and experience were necessary parts of truth. Pragmatism did not contend that absolute doctrine and experience were both necessary parts of truth.

*C. Truth did not reside in absolute doctrine but could only be discovered through experience. Pragmatism contended that truth did not reside in absolute doctrine but could only be discovered through experience.

D. Truth resided in absolute doctrine rather than experience. Pragmatism had less confidence in absolute doctrine than other thinkers.

What was the significance of Protestant clergyman Walter Rauschenbusch around the turn of the twentieth century?

A. He was a major pragmatist philosopher. Rauschenbusch affected pragmatism and his ideas helped shape that movement.

*B. He urged Christians to adopt the social gospel. Rauschenbusch urged Christians to embrace the teachings of Jesus on the ethical obligations for social justice.

C. He opposed Progressivism as too secular. Rauschenbusch did not oppose Progressivism on religious grounds.

D. He adopted the socialists' call for radical social change. Rauschenbusch did not support socialism.

What was the purpose of the new professional organizations the middle class created at the beginning of the twentieth century?

A. To recruit women into the professions Middle-class professionals made little effort to recruit women into their ranks.

*B. To promote their professional goals and build a better society The purpose of the new professional organizations the middle class created was to promote their own professional goals and to further the public interest.

C. To offer workers an alternative to socialist-dominated labor unions The professional organizations were not oriented to the working class but to the middle class itself.

D. To sponsor reforms consistent with the teachings of the social gospel The middle-class professional organizations did not necessarily adopt the ideas of the social gospel.

Why did political reformers label themselves "progressives" in the early twentieth century?

A. They believed that political reform required a return to earlier political models. They did not advocate a return to older models.

*B. They believed that political reform required critically examining current political models. Progressives contended that old ways of governing and doing business did not address modern conditions.

C. They advocated adopting American Indian political systems. Progressives did not want to model native political systems.

D. They believed in racial equality. While some did, few progressives advocated for racial equality.

What were the primary differences between populists and progressives?

*A. The progressives were more interested in industrial and urban reform; the populists were more interested in rural and agricultural reform. Progressives were interested primarily in urban and industrial America, while the Populist movement had emerged in direct response to the problems that plagued rural America.

B. Populists were more interested in racial equality than populists. Neither group focused on racial equality.

C. Populists supported the Republican Party, whereas progressives supported Democrats. Populists did not support the Republican Party.

D. Populists tended to support the Democratic Party, whereas progressives supported Republicans. Progressives did not support Republicans.

Which economic class did early-twentieth-century pragmatism appeal to?

A. The lower classes The lower classes were not likely to be aware of the ideals of pragmatism.

*B. The middle class The growth of large-scale businesses during the second half of the nineteenth century expanded the middle class, which now included men whose professions grew out of industrialization, such as engineering, corporate management, and social work. Progressivism drew many of its most devoted adherents from this new middle class.

C. The upper classes The upper classes did not support the social programs advocated by pragmatists.

D. All classes Pragmatism did not appeal to all classes equally.

"Social religion, too, demands repentance and faith; repentance for our social sins; faith in the possibility of a new social order. . . . In the same way we have to see through the fictions of capitalism. We are assured that the poor are poor through their own fault; that rent and profit are the just dues of foresight and ability."

Which of the following would fit into Rauschenbusch's category of "social sins"?

*A. Income inequality He argues that capitalism is a fiction that has produced economic inequality.

B. Racial inequality He does not reference race at all.

C. Prostitution He would argue that prostitution was the result of economic inequality.

D. The two-party system He does not criticize the two-party system.

Who were the muckrakers of the early twentieth century?

A. Pragmatist philosophers The muckrakers were not philosophers.

B. Political reformers Muckrakers were not political reformers.

*C. Investigative journalists The muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to increase their readership by publishing features exposing corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

D. Corrupt machine politicians Muckrakers were reformers, not politicians.

What was the impact of muckrakers' stories in the early twentieth century?

A. To increase immigrants' awareness of government corruption The articles muckrakers wrote had a greater impact on other groups than immigrants.

B. To promote demands for radical socialist reform While some feared that muckrakers' articles would increase calls for socialism, they promoted the desire for less radical reform.

C. To promote the interests of corporate capitalism against the labor movement Many of the articles muckrakers wrote criticized the effects of corporate capitalism.

*D. To arouse the middle class against the evils of corrupt governments and big business The articles muckrakers wrote aroused the middle class against the evils of corrupt governments and big business and thus helped promote the Progressive movement.

What was the focus of Ida B. Wells's articles and pamphlets?

A. The need for government reform Wells did not highlight the need for government reform.

*B. The lynching of African Americans Wells focused on the injustice and horror of lynching.

C. The need to end child labor Wells did not focus on child labor.

D. The greedy practices of corporations Wells did not write about greedy capitalists.

What did President Theodore Roosevelt mean when he coined the term muckraker in the early twentieth century?

*A. To criticize journalists for being more interested in sensationalism Roosevelt coined the term muckraker to describe journalists more interested in sensationalism than in reporting carefully documented stories.

B. To describe big business leaders who were more interested in trampling on workers than in treating them well Roosevelt applied the term to a group of reform-minded individuals.

C. To lament the influx of immigrants into American cities Roosevelt aimed the term at a group of reformers rather than immigrants.

D. To celebrate the determination of reformers to root out corrupt government officials Roosevelt applied the term to a different group of reformers.

Why was President Theodore Roosevelt concerned about what he called "muckraking" in the early twentieth century?

A. He feared muckraking would discourage immigration. Roosevelt was not concerned about the effect of muckraking on immigration.

B. He worried that muckraking would discourage the middle class from supporting reform. Roosevelt was not concerned that muckraking would cause the middle class to lose interest in reform.

*C. He worried that muckraking would lead to radical reform. Roosevelt was concerned that muckraking would threaten moderate reform and encourage radical reform.

D. He feared that muckraking would discourage honest, skilled individuals from seeking public office. Roosevelt was worried about the effect of muckraking on reform efforts.

Why was the middle class so attracted to muckrakers' stories?

A. They illuminated the world of the upper class. Most muckrakers published exposÃ©s of corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

*B. They had a sensationalist appeal. Most muckrakers attempted to catch the eye of readers with exposÃ©s of corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

C. They focused on foreign affairs. Most muckrakers published exposÃ©s of corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

D. They focused on issues of fashion and culture. Most muckrakers published exposÃ©s of corruption in government and the shady operations of big business.

Topic: Humanitarian Reform
books:
Female Progressives and the Poor
Fighting for Women's Suffrage
Progressivism and African Americans
Progressivism and Indians

What was the focus of humanitarian reformers?

A. To fight the oppression of African Americans in the South The focus of humanitarian reformers was not to fight segregation in the South.

*B. To improve housing and working conditions for the urban poor The goal of humanitarian reformers was to improve housing and working conditions for impoverished city dwellers.

C. To improve living conditions and housing in cities for the middle class The humanitarian reformers did try to improve conditions in cities but their focus was not on the middle class.

D. To improve living conditions and working conditions in Europe Humanitarian reformers focused on life in the United States, not Europe.

What was the impact of Hull House, Jane Addams's center for social reform in Chicago?

A. To inspire middle-class women to work in opposition to racial discrimination Hull House did not inspire middle-class women to work against racial discrimination.

B. To push many young men to work toward improving living conditions in cities Hull House inspired individuals to try to improve living conditions in cities, but not primarily young men.

C. To launch a similar settlement house movement in Great Britain Britain's settlement house movement preceded—and inspired—the formation of Hull House.

*D. To convince many young women to work in immigrant communities in cities Hull House inspired a generation of college-educated, professionally trained young women who were shut out of jobs in male-dominated professions to work directly in immigrant communities.

Who staffed most settlement houses such as Hull House?

A. Middle-class African American men and women The staff of most settlement houses was predominantly white.

B. Working-class men seeking a better life The staff of settlement houses was mainly formed of members of the middle class.

C. Immigrant women who had fled abusive families The staff of settlement houses was mainly formed of members of the middle class.

*D. Middle-class, college educated women shut out of most professions Middle-class, college educated women shut out of most professional jobs staffed most settlement houses.

How did Jane Addams aim to address the chaos of urban life in the early twentieth century by what she called "civic housekeeping"?

A. By improving city services such as water and sewer systems Addams aimed at improving the way urban residents lived rather than by focusing on government services.

B. By pushing for reform of corrupt city governments Addams focused on social rather than political reform.

*C. By improving the lives of immigrants The goal of civic housekeeping was for middle-class women to protect their families from the chaos of urban life by attacking the sources of the chaos.

D. By working to promote job creation to eliminate poverty Addams focused on social rather than economic reform.

Why did the General Federation of Women's Clubs urge local associations to lobby for social justice legislation in the early twentieth century?

*A. Men were focused on business, leaving women to focus on civic matters. The General Federation of Women's Clubs urged local associations to lobby for social justice legislation because men were more focused on business affairs, leaving women to focus on civic matters.

B. The government was seen as subject to business interests. The General Federation of Women's Clubs did not argue that municipal governments were incapable of passing legislation to protect women and children because of opposition from big business.

C. European immigrants would not properly educate their children without government intervention. The General Federation of Women's Clubs did not argue that local associations should lobby for social justice legislation because European immigrants would not properly educate their children without government intervention.

D. The middle class would lose its power if laws did not protect their access to professional jobs. The General Federation of Women's Clubs was more concerned with the need for broad social reform than to protect middle-class access to the professions.

Why did few African American industrial workers organize alongside white working-class women?

A. White working-class women refused to admit black workers into their organizations. White working-class women did not refuse to admit black female industrial workers to their organizations.

B. Most African American industrial workers lived in the South, far from where white working class women organized. Most African American industrial workers did not live in the South.

*C. Job discrimination blocked many African American women from holding industrial jobs. Few African American industrial workers organized alongside white working-class women because racial discrimination in employment prevented many African American women from holding industrial jobs.

D. African American female workers preferred to work in service sector jobs rather than industrial jobs. African American female workers did not prefer working in service sector positions instead of industrial jobs, but they were forced to do so because racism and discrimination of prevented them from gaining other types of employment.

What was the goal of the National Women's Trade Union League?

*A. To obtain special protective legislation for women In addition to seeking better wages and working conditions for working women, the National Women's Trade Union League sought special protective legislation for those workers.

B. To earn equal pay for women The National Women's Trade Union League aimed to improve pay and working conditions for women but did not push for equal pay.

C. To earn equal pay for African American women The National Women's Trade Union League did not address racial discrimination.

D. To increase the wages of working class men so that women did not need to work The National Women's Trade Union League aimed to improve the lives of working women.

What was the significance to women of the Muller v. Oregon Supreme Court decision of 1908?

A. It gave women the right to vote. Muller v. Oregon addressed workplace issues rather than woman's suffrage.

*B. It upheld a ten-hour workday for women. Female reformers campaigned for state maximum hours' laws for women, and succeeded in Oregon in 1908 when they won a landmark victory in the Supreme Court in Muller v. Oregon, which upheld the ten-hour workday for women.

C. It banned gender discrimination in pay. Muller v. Oregon addressed workplace issues but not equal pay.

D. It banned adult women from specific industrial jobs with high accident rates. Muller v. Oregon addressed workplace issues but not women's participation in specific industrial jobs.

What did Charlotte Perkins Gilman advocate regarding the economic relationship between men and women?

A. Married men and women should not share any possessions or income to promote complete economic independence. Gilman did not advocate that married men and women share no possessions to promote complete economic independence.

B. Married women should rely economically on their husbands, but single women should strive for economic independence. Gilman did not advocate that married women should rely economically on their husbands.

C. Married women should not work since childcare and housekeeping were the highest callings. Gilman did not advocate that married women should not work.

*D. Steps had to be taken to ensure that women had economic independence. Gilman argued that women should have economic independence.

Why were humanitarians so concerned about the urban poor?

A. They were purely altruistic, caring only about the plight of the urban poor. Their motives were not purely altruistic, as they believed that urban poverty would exacerbate existing problems.

B. They thought that the poor would provide political support to prevent women from getting the right to vote. Humanitarians supported women's suffrage.

*C. They believed urban poverty would negatively impact all of America. Their motives were not always purely altruistic. Unless living standards improved, many reformers reasoned, immigrants and racial minorities would contaminate the cities' middle-class inhabitants with communicable diseases, escalating crime and threats to traditional cultural norms.

D. They thought that solving urban poverty would end racial segregation. They were not focused on ending racial segregation.

Why did humanitarian reformers support women's suffrage?

A. They believed that it would help the Republican Party. Most humanitarians were Democrats.

*B. They believed women could help them further their political goals of social reform. These reformers supported suffrage for women, whose votes, they believed, would help purify electoral politics and elect candidates committed to social and moral reform.

C. They believed that women could help promote reform of the process of judicial review. Most humanitarians were not concerned about judicial review.

D. They believed women were ready to vote in state elections but not national elections. These reformers advocated for full suffrage.

Which of the following describes the growth rate of women's clubs in the early twentieth century?

A. Membership in women's clubs decreased in the early twentieth century. Membership did not decrease.

*B. Membership in women's clubs increased in the early twentieth century. By 1900, these clubs counted over 160,000 members.

C. Membership in women's clubs did not change in the early twentieth century. The rates changed significantly.

D. Membership in women's clubs increased, but only in rural areas. Membership grew in urban areas and rural areas.

What does the rise in membership in black women's clubs, like the National Association of Colored Women, say about black women in the early twentieth century?

A. Segregation was slowly being defeated. These clubs focused on issues related primarily to black Americans.

B. Black women were gaining political rights from the federal government. These actions were independent of the federal government.

C. It reinforced the idea that black women did not aspire to middle-class lifestyles. The goal of many of these movements was to help poor blacks enter the middle class.

*D. It challenged the idea that black men and women were inferior to their white counterparts. The activities of black club women, like those of white club women, reflected a class bias, and they tried to lift up poorer blacks to the ideals of middle-class womanhood. Yet in doing so, they challenged racist notions that black women and men were incapable of raising healthy and strong families.

What was Alice Paul's position on women's suffrage?

A. Women should be able to vote as an extension of their household duties into the public sphere. Jane Addams took this position.

B. White women could offset the votes of black males and poor, uneducated whites. This was the position of Southern white women.

*C. Women should have the right to vote because they were not inherently different from men. Paul strongly asserted that women deserved the vote on the basis of equality with men as citizens.

D. Women were best suited to devote themselves to their families. This was the position of traditionalists, not Alice Paul.

What did traditionalists claim would occur if women voted in the early twentieth century?

A. Inept politicians would come to control all levels of government. Traditionalists did not claim that inept politicians could control all levels of government if women voted.

*B. Home life and the country's moral fabric would be destroyed. Traditionalists claimed that if women voted, the home would be destroyed, leading to the moral degeneracy of children and destruction of the country's moral fabric.

C. Women would exercise a positive influence over civic affairs. Traditionalists did not argue that women would exercise a positive influence over civic affairs.

D. The intelligence level of the electoral would suffer. Traditionalists did not argue that the intelligence level of the electorate would suffer if women voted.

In the early twentieth century, what was the argument of white female suffragists in the South in favor of woman suffrage?

A. Southern white women would end the corruption in the Democratic Party. White female suffragists in the South did not argue that Southern white women would end the corruption in the Democratic Party in the South.

B. Southern white women would pass laws that protected African Americans. Southern white female suffragists did not argue that southern white women would pass laws that protected African Americans.

C. Southern white women would put an end to the horrible practice of lynching. Southern white female suffragists did not push for the end to lynching.

*D. Southern white women would offset the votes of both black males and poor, uneducated whites. White female suffragists in the South argued that Southern white women would offset black male votes and the votes of poor, uneducated whites.

In the early twentieth century, many middle-class women in the Midwest and Northeast argued that the vote of middle-class Protestant women would offset the votes of what group?

A. Wealthy businessmen They did not target wealthy businessmen.

B. Poor, native-born white men Native-born white men were acceptable to this group.

*C. Southern and eastern European immigrants Middle-class women in the Midwest and Northeast argued that the votes of middle-class Protestant women would offset the votes of southern and eastern European immigrants, many of whom were Catholics or Jews.

D. African American men They did not claim they would offset the votes of African American men.

Why did black women claim they needed the vote more than white women?

A. To gain access to industrial jobs Black women advocated the right to vote on more general grounds.

*B. To protect their rights If "white women needed the vote to acquire advantages and protection of their rights," Adella Hunt Logan of Tuskegee, Alabama, remarked, "then Black women needed the vote even more so."

C. To obtain more rights in marriage Black women did not claim they needed the vote to obtain more rights in marriage.

D. To gain access to better housing and living conditions Black women advocated the right to vote on more general grounds.

What tactic did American radical suffragists learn from the British suffrage movement?

*A. Conducting demonstrations that attracted publicity American radical suffragists learned how to conduct wide-scale demonstrations that attracted publicity from the British suffrage movement.

B. Lobbying politicians at the local level Lobbying politicians at the local level was one approach of the suffrage movement but not one learned from the British movement.

C. Using the courts to win the right to vote American suffragists generally pursued legislative means to win their goal.

D. Using violence to win support American radical suffragists did not use violence to win support.

Refer to the map Map 19.1 Women's Suffrage

A map of the United States shows the states that was granted full, partial, and no women's suffrage by 1918. Full women's suffrage before 1900: Idaho in 1896, Utah in 1870 under territorial government and in 1896 under state government, Wyoming in 1869 under territorial government and in 1890 under state government, and Colorado in 1893. Full women's suffrage between 1900 and 1918: Washington in 1910, Oregon in 1912, California in 1991, Nevada in 1914, Alaska in 1913, Arizona in 1912, Montana in 1914, South Dakota in 1918, Kansas in 1912, Oklahoma in 1918, Michigan in 1918, and New York in 1917. Partial women's suffrage by 1918: North Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, and Maine. No women's suffrage by 1918: New Mexico, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.
to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

Where, according to the map, did women's rights movements have their earliest successes?

A. The Northeast Few states in the Northeast granted women the right to vote before 1918.

B. The Middle Atlantic All states in the Middle Atlantic denied women the right to vote until 1918.

C. The Midwest While many midwestern states granted women the right to vote before 1918, few granted full suffrage.

*D. The West All western states granted women full voting rights before 1918.

What did Jane Addams argue would be the primary benefit to granting women the vote?

A. The Republican Party would win more elections. Addams did not argue a benefit to the Republican Party.

*B. Corruption in government would decrease. Addams attributed corruption in politics to the absence of women's maternal influence.

C. Fewer women would become mothers. Addams argued that women's maternal instincts were a benefit.

D. Few women would choose to vote. Addams advocated for women to vote.

If passed, what would the Equal Rights Amendment of 1923 have done?

A. Granted immigrants equal treatment under the law The amendment did not focus on immigrants.

B. Granted Native Americans equal rights The amendment did not focus on Native Americans.

*C. Granted women equal rights The amendment would have provided full legal equality to women at the state and federal level.

D. Granted African Americans equal rights The amendment did not focus on African Americans.

What is the significance of the riot that erupted in Springfield, Illinois, in 1908?

A. It demonstrated widespread white support for an end to lynching. The riot was sparked when a white lynch mob was thwarted.

B. It sparked the formation of the Niagara Movement to push for racial equality. The Niagara Movement formed before that riot.

C. It showed the opposition of Northern whites to segregation. Segregation was not the issue in this riot.

*D. It revealed that deep racial prejudices existed in the North as well as in the South. The riot broke out when the local sheriff tried to protect two black prisoners from a would-be lynch mob, triggering two days of white violence against blacks and showing that racial prejudice existed in the North as well as in the South.

What sparked lynchings against African Americans in the South?

A. Attempts by African Americans to migrate North Lynchings were not sparked by attempts by African Americans to migrate North.

B. Attempts by African American men to vote Lynchings were not sparked by attempts by African American men to vote.

*C. Any act claimed to violate racial norms A violation of racial norms sparked lynchings against African Americans in the South.

D. Attempts by African Americans to found schools Lynchings were not sparked by attempts by African Americans to found their own schools.

What was the difference between W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington in their approach to racial discrimination?

A. Washington believed that African Americans had to form advocacy groups like the NAACP while Du Bois thought the possibility of change was limited. Du Bois, not Washington, took part in forming the NAACP, and he worked hard to end racial discrimination.

*B. Du Bois urged blacks to immediately demand first-class citizenship while Washington urged blacks to adopt a more accommodationist stance. Du Bois urged blacks to immediately demand first-class citizenship while Washington urged blacks to adopt a more accommodationist stance.

C. Du Bois urged blacks to migrate North while Washington urged blacks to remain in the South. Du Bois did not urge blacks to migrate to the North while Washington urged blacks to remain in the South.

D. Washington focused on economic advancement, whereas Du Bois focused on obtaining more political rights for African Americans. Du Bois did not want African Americans to have more political rights but also wanted social equality.

What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Institute?

*A. To build the character of African Americans while teaching vocational skills The purpose of Tuskegee Institute was to build up the character of African Americans and teach them useful vocational skills.

B. To teach African Americans the skills needed to enter white-collar professions While the Tuskegee Institute taught skills, they were not professional skills.

C. To work to gain racial equality through the court system The purpose of Tuskegee Institute was not to use the courts to gain racial equality.

D. To train African American leaders who would challenge segregation The purpose of Tuskegee Institute was not to train African American leaders who would challenge segregation.

How did Ida B. Wells protest lynching?

A. By lobbying politicians to crack down on extralegal violence Wells did not lobby politicians.

B. By attending public lynchings as an act of protest Wells did not attend lynchings as an act of public protest.

C. By filing lawsuits against participants Wells did not use lawsuits to fight lynching.

*D. By writing articles and speaking at lectures Wells protested lynching by writing muckraking articles in newspapers and books and by lecturing in the North and Europe.

What did W.E.B. Du Bois mean by "the Talented Tenth"?

A. Black business leaders who could create jobs for members of their race Du Bois saw the Talented Tenth as having more political and social purposes.

B. White Progressive reformers who could end segregation Du Bois's Talented Tenth were African Americans.

*C. A black intelligentsia that would lift up the rest of the race They were to be the cadre of highly educated African American leaders who would guide African Americans to the next stage of their development.

D. Black clergymen who could set a moral example for African Americans Du Bois would likely have included black clergymen in the Talented Tenth, but the purpose of the group was broader.

On what point did W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington agree?

A. African Americans needed to challenge segregation actively. Du Bois took this position, but Washington did not.

*B. Self-help was an important step for African Americans. Du Bois agreed with Washington about advocating self-help as a means for advancement, but he did not believe those efforts would amount to much without a proper education and equal voting rights.

C. African Americans should focus on working in skilled trades rather than professions. Washington took this position; Du Bois did not.

D. African Americans had no hope of breaking the shackles of segregation. Both Du Bois and Washington believed that segregation could be overturned, though they differed on how to achieve that goal.

What was the goal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People?

A. To demand access to industrial jobs The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had broader goals.

B. To demand more black schools The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had broader goals.

C. To fight for an end to lynching The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had broader goals.

*D. To fight for the vote and equal access to public facilities The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People initiated court cases challenging racially discriminatory voting practices and other forms of bias in housing and criminal justice.

What types of individuals were founding members of the NAACP?

*A. African American and white reformers White activists as well as African Americans such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells were founding members of the NAACP.

B. W. E. B. Du Bois and white activists were the only founding members of the NAACP. White activists were not the only founding members of the NAACP other than W. E. B. Du Bois.

C. African American activists in the North only African American activists from the North were not the only founding members of the NAACP.

D. White supremacists White supremacists did not take part in the NAACP, which opposed them.

What was significant about the way African Americans raised money to support black schools in the South?

*A. It demonstrated their commitment to fighting the effects of segregation. African Americans' efforts to fund black schools despite poor government funding showed how they pursued social justice outside of politics.

B. It demonstrated their belief that education was the key way for the race to advance. African Americans tried to fight discrimination in many different ways, not just by improving education.

C. It revealed the acceptance of Booker T. Washington's position over that of W. E. B. Du Bois. The desire of African Americans to improve education for their children was unrelated to the debate over the means to racial equality between Washington and Du Bois.

D. It reflected the advice of white reformers. African Americans undertook this initiative on their own.

How did Wells think African American leaders should respond to lynching?

A. She advocated that others be careful not to speak out for fear of violence. Wells did not encourage others to be cautious.

B. She advocated a new underground railroad of communication to avoid public detection. Wells did not want to keep the discussion out of the public eye.

*C. She thought all black leaders should speak out against lynching. Wells was vigorous in her opposition to lynching and encouraged other black leaders to speak out publicly and often.

D. Wells did not have a position on other black leaders. Wells explicitly called for action from black leaders.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing. No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. It is important and right that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of those privileges. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house."

Which of the following statements is supported by the passage from Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise above?

A. Black Americans deserve immediate political and economic rights. Washington argues that political rights must be earned.

*B. Black Americans need more education before they can contribute to the political system. Washington argues that social equality cannot be imposed by law.

C. Black Americans should never participate in markets. He argues that black Americans are not prepared to contribute to markets.

D. Black Americans should support granting women the right to vote. He does not mention women's suffrage.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "There are many who can never be made to feel that it was a mistake thirty years ago to give the unlettered freedman the franchise, their only weapon of defense, any more than it was a mistake to have fire for cooking and heating purposes in the home, because ignorant or careless servants sometimes burn themselves. Does this mean that the Negro objects to industrial education? By no means. It simply means that he knows by sad experience that industrial education will not stand him in place of political, civil and intellectual liberty, and he objects to being deprived of fundamental rights of American citizenship to the end that one school for industrial training shall flourish."

Which of the following statements paraphrases Ida B. Wells's critique of Booker T. Washington excerpted above?

A. African Americans are not ready for citizenship. Wells believed African Americans were entitled to citizenship.

B. African Americans do not need education. Wells argues in favor of education.

*C. African Americans should not have to choose between either industrial or civic education. Wells argues that both are necessary for African Americans to fully gain political rights.

D. African Americans should never have been given political rights. Wells does not advocate this position.

How did Native Americans incorporate progressive practices to their own ends?

*A. Indian muckrakers published articles critical of federal policy in Indian-owned publications. Indian muckrakers criticized government policies and anti-Indian attitudes, but the magazines that exposed the evils of industrialization often ignored their plight. Instead, Indian reformers turned to the Quarterly Journal, published by the Society of American Indians, to air their grievances.

B. Indian activists organized a march in Washington, D.C., to press for progressive reforms. Indians did not organize a march on the Capitol during this time period.

C. Indians willingly sent their children to boarding schools to learn progressive ideals. Most Indians did not send their children willingly.

D. Most Indians openly advocated adopting Protestant Christianity. While many Indians converted to Christianity, many advocated a return to traditional belief systems.

Why did Carlos Montezuma call to abolish the federal Indian Office?

A. He thought it was overfunded. He did not argue that it had too much funding.

B. He believed it did not devote enough resources to promoting Christianity. Montezuma did not advocate for more resources for missionary work.

*C. He believed it stood in the way of Indians' freedom and well-being. Montezuma argued that the office was an impediment to the welfare of Native Americans.

D. He opposed their policy of closing boarding schools. There was not a policy in place to close boarding schools.

How did Arthur C. Parker and other early-twentieth-century Indian activists challenge the popular concept of Indian backwardness?

A. By inviting more whites to settle on reservations There were few calls for resettlement of whites.

B. By promoting more cultural integration between American Indians and white Americans Most called for a better understanding of Indian cultures.

C. By staging a series of plays in large American cities that promoted the plight of Indians There were few Indian-produced plays in early twentieth-century America.

*D. By writing scholarly books and articles promoting a better understanding of Indian cultures Arthur C. Parker, an anthropologist from the eastern tribe of the Seneca, challenged the notion that Indians suffered mainly because of their own backwardness. In scathing articles, he condemned the United States for robbing American Indians of their cultural and economic independence.

What were the results of Indian activism in the early twentieth century?

*A. Indians won few battles at the state or federal level. Indians did not see many direct results from their efforts, but raised awareness of their issues through court cases and by forming social and political organizations like other Progressive Era groups.

B. Indians won several cases at the state level, but received few concessions from the federal government. Indians did not win many cases at the state level.

C. Indians won several significant court cases at the federal level. While Indians brought many suits in federal court, they did not win many.

D. Indians networked nationally with other Progressive Era groups to help them advocate for their causes. Most Indian organizations were not courted by other progressive groups.

Topic: Morality and Social Control
books:
Prohibition
Prostitution, Narcotics, and Juvenile Delinquency
Birth Control
Immigration Restriction

What organization spearheaded the prohibition movement in the early twentieth century?

A. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People did not spearhead the prohibition movement.

*B. The Women's Christian Temperance Union The Women's Christian Temperance Union spearheaded the temperance movement.

C. The Catholic Church The Catholic Church did not spearhead the prohibition movement.

D. The General Federation of Women's Clubs The General Federation of Women's Clubs did not spearhead the prohibition movement.

What was a major argument of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in favor of prohibition in the early twentieth century?

A. Prohibition would improve living conditions in the South for African Americans. The WCTU did not argue that prohibition would improve living conditions in the South for African Americans.

B. Prohibition would allow more economic growth through increased productivity. The WCTU did not urge prohibition on the grounds of economic growth.

*C. Prohibition would improve the quality of family life and protect the home. The WCTU argued that husbands and fathers who drank excessively were also likely to abuse their wives and children and to drain the family finances. Prohibiting the consumption of alcohol would, therefore, help combat these evils.

D. Prohibition would increase church attendance and thus improve public morality. The WCTU did not argue that prohibition would increase church attendance.

What was the impact of Frances Willard's death on the direction of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

Willard's death.

A. The WCTU moved from opposing woman suffrage to supporting it. Willard had supported woman suffrage.

B. The WCTU moved from excluding black women as members to welcoming them. The WCTU did not shift its position on allowing African American women to be members after

*C. The WCTU dropped support for many of its causes to focus on temperance. After Frances Willard's death, the WCTU moved from supporting a broad array of social justice causes to focusing on temperance.

D. The WCTU collapsed without Willard's leadership. The WCTU did not collapse; its policy positions changed.

Who comprised most members of the Anti-Saloon League in the early twentieth century?

A. White native-born Protestant men Most members of the Anti-Saloon League were not white, native-born, Protestant men.

B. Catholic women from Midwest and Northeast cities Catholic urban women were not the majority of members of the Anti-Saloon League.

C. Protestant women from the urban North Protestant women from the urban North were not the majority of members of the Anti-Saloon League.

*D. Baptist and Methodist women especially in the rural South Baptist and Methodist women, especially those in the rural South, comprised most members of the Anti-Saloon League.

What did the Eighteenth Amendment outlaw?

A. The transportation of alcoholic beverages into dry states The Webb-Kenyon Act of 1913 had this effect, not the Eighteenth Amendment.

*B. The sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages anywhere in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment outlawed alcoholic beverages in the United States.

C. Laws preventing women from voting The Eighteenth Amendment did not address woman suffrage.

D. Laws blocking the sale of alcohol in the United States The Eighteenth Amendment did not outlaw bans on the sale of alcohol.

In what ways did progressive initiatives become efforts at social control?

A. Progressive initiatives aimed to empower the poor to make their own choices. Progressive initiatives rarely sought to empower the poor.

*B. Progressive initiatives often sought to impose middle-class values on the poor. Convinced that the "immorality" of the poor was the cause of social disorder, some reformers sought to impose middle-class standards of behavior and morality on the lower classes.

C. Progressive initiatives aimed to reduce women's role in the workplace. Progressive initiatives favored equal treatment of women in the workplace.

D. Progressive initiatives sought to bring more immigrants to the United States. Some social control progressives went even further in their efforts to impose their own morality, calling for restrictions on immigration, which they saw as a cultural threat.

What arguments did progressives use in the campaign to eliminate prostitution?

A. Need to make the workforce more productive Progressives used arguments of moral and physical health rather than economic ones.

B. The importance of maintaining healthy marriages Progressives did support healthy marriages but did not use them as the grounds for objecting to prostitution.

*C. Promoting public health and female virtue Progressives attempted to eliminate prostitution to improve public health and as an effort to protect female virtue.

D. The evils of allowing women to work Progressives did not think women should work as prostitutes but accepted other kinds of female labor.

What group did moral crusaders of the early twentieth century associate with the use of opiates?

*A. Chinese immigrants Moral crusaders associated Chinese immigrants with the use of opiates.

B. African Americans Moral crusaders did not associate African Americans with the use of opiates.

C. Young people living alone in cities Moral crusaders did not associate young people living along in cities with the use of opiates.

D. Immigration from Mexico Moral crusaders did not associate immigration from Mexico with the use of opiates.

What approaches did reformers take to combat prostitution?

A. They sought to create rehabilitation centers for women. Rehabilitation was not a common approach.

*B. They attempted to stem prostitution through legislation and scientific research. Legislation was passed to criminalize prostitution, and scientific research was done into sexually transmitted diseases to emphasize the public health threat.

C. They used the courts to strike down laws that legalized prostitution. Most reform came from legislatures.

D. They pushed to outlaw prostitution in urban areas but left it alone in rural areas. Reformers worked in both urban and rural settings.

Refer to the image The Crusade against White Slavery

A cartoon shows a woman and a daughter read a poster. The poster reads, Danger! Mothers beware! Sixty thousand innocent girls wanted! The mother says, For God's sake save my daughter. Text around the cartoon reads, Forewarned is forearmed. The great war on white slavery, or fighting for the protection of our girls. Ignorance is no longer innocence.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the poster say about early-twentieth-century progressivism and race?

A. Progressives were equally concerned about the plight of whites and blacks. The poster doesn't say anything about African Americans.

*B. Progressive efforts were aimed primarily at poor whites. The poster makes an explicit racial appeal to whites through use of the term "white slavery."

C. Progressives were largely colorblind and focused on the social problems of all races. The poster makes an explicit racial appeal to whites through use of the term "white slavery."

D. Progressive efforts were primarily aimed at poor blacks. The poster makes an explicit racial appeal to whites through use of the term "white slavery."

How did federal prosecutors use the Mann Act against boxer Jack Johnson?

A. To investigate him for tax evasion The Mann Act did not focus on tax evasion.

B. To charge him with the sale and consumption of alcohol The Mann Act did not deal with alcohol.

C. To charge him with unlawfully aiding the Chinese The act did not deal with the Chinese.

*D. To charge him with moral violations for relationships with white women Prosecutors used the Mann Act to enforce codes of traditional racial as well as sexual behavior. In 1910 Johnson, an African American boxer, defeated the white heavyweight champion, Jim Jeffries. His victory upset some white men who were obsessed with preserving their racial dominance and masculine integrity. Johnson's relationships with white women further angered some whites, who eventually succeeded in bringing down the outspoken black champion by prosecuting him on morals charges in 1913.

What position did progressive reformers have on narcotics?

A. Most did not have a position on narcotics, as they were relatively new. Most progressives took strong stances on narcotics.

*B. Most advocated a complete ban on narcotics. Reformers convinced Congress to pass the Harrison Narcotics Control Act of 1914, prohibiting the sale of narcotics without a doctor's prescription.

C. Most favored allowing the poor to have access to narcotics to make them easier to control. Few progressives advocated legalizing narcotics.

D. Few progressives thought narcotics posed a threat to society. Most progressives took strong stances on narcotics.

How did progressives try to combat juvenile delinquency?

A. They pushed for long prison sentences for juveniles. Few progressives favored long prison sentences.

B. They tried to pass laws granting parents legal control over their children until they were 26 years of age. Progressives did not push for this policy.

*C. They pushed for a special court system for juvenile offenders. Many female reformers advocated that children required different treatment in the criminal justice system and advocated for a juvenile court system.

D. Few progressives thought juvenile delinquency could be solved. Most reformers believed that social programs could solve problems.

Why did Margaret Sanger advocate for the use of contraceptives?

A. She believed that not enough children were being born in America. Contraceptive advocacy is not aimed at increasing population.

*B. She believed it would improve women's health. Working as a nurse mainly among poor immigrant women in New York City, she witnessed the damage that unrestrained childbearing produced on women's health. According to Sanger, contraception—the use of artificial means to prevent pregnancy—would save the lives of mothers by preventing unwanted childbearing and avoiding unsafe and illegal abortions.

C. She thought it would increase women's chance of finding husbands, as many men did not want children. This was not one of her reasons.

D. She believed it would bring more women into the Christian faith. Her motives were not religious.

In what ways was Sanger's contraceptive plan tied to eugenics?

A. She believed contraception would increase birth rates among African Americans, who she did not think would use it. Her efforts were targeted at minority and immigrant women.

B. She believed it would decrease the number of middle-class births, as only middle-class women would use it. Her efforts were not aimed at the middle class.

*C. She thought it would reduce births in poor and immigrant communities, allowing for more white children to be more prominent. Contraception would raise the quality of the white race by reducing the chances of immigrant and minority women reproducing so-called unfit children.

D. She thought it would decrease women's sexual enjoyment, leading to decreased birth rates. Sanger believed that if women were freed from the anxieties of becoming pregnant, they would experience more sexual enjoyment and make better companions for their spouses.

How did most people respond to Sanger's contraceptive initiative?

A. Most people favored the initiative. Most people did not favor it.

B. Few people were aware of the program, as Sanger kept her ideas largely to herself. Sanger was a vocal proponent of contraception.

C. Many pushed for federal funding for the initiative. Few pushed for federal funding.

*D. The initiative encountered strong opposition. Many people and governments opposed Sanger's initiatives and actively worked to prevent her from succeeding.

How were the activities of moral reformers of the early twentieth century related to the movement to restrict immigration?

A. Moral reformers viewed immigrants as allies in their fight, which led opponents to try to limit immigration. Moral reformers did not view immigrants as allies in their efforts to achieve moral reform.

B. Moral reformers saw immigrants as a burden on society because they refused to work. Moral reformers did not perceive immigrants as a burden on society because they refused to work.

C. Moral reformers argued that immigrants were a threat to their position as social leaders. Moral reformers did not perceive immigrants as a threat to their social position.

*D. Moral reformers perceived immigrants as predisposed to vice because of racial and religious bigotry. Moral reformers perceived immigrants as predisposed to vice and sought to restrict immigration.

Which immigrant group received the harshest treatment during the Progressive Era?

A. Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe Jewish immigrants from eastern Europe were treated harshly, but their rights were not as limited as those of another group.

B. Immigrants from Latin America Immigrants from Latin America were treated harshly, but their rights were not as limited as those of another group.

*C. Asian immigrants Asian immigrants received the harshest treatment during the Progressive Era, as Chinese immigration was banned, Japanese immigration was restricted, and laws blocked Japanese Americans from owning land in many states.

D. Catholic immigrants from southern and eastern Europe Catholic immigrants were treated harshly, but their rights were not as limited as those of another group.

How did the 1917 immigration law signal a victory for those who wanted to limit immigration?

A. It ended immigration from eastern and southern Europe. The 1917 immigration law did not ban immigration from those regions.

B. It set strict limits on immigration from Latin America. The 1917 law did not target a geographic region but population groups.

*C. It banned immigration of many types of individuals deemed undesirable. The law banned illiterates who could not read English or their own native languages and expanded the list of undesirables prohibited from entering the United States to include "alcoholics," "feeble-minded persons," "epileptics," "people mentally or physically defective," "professional beggars," "anarchists," and "polygamists."

D. It banned the immigration of Roman Catholics and Jews. The law did not prevent immigration of religious groups.

Topic: Good Government Progressivism
books:
Municipal and State Reform
Conservation and Preservation of the Environment

Why were cities at the forefront of government reform during the Progressive Era?

A. Progressive reformers usually lived in cities and thus focused their reform efforts on where they lived. While progressives were typically city dwellers, they attempted to reform federal and state governments as well.

*B. City government had not effectively adapted to the dramatic changes that cities had undergone. Cities were at the forefront of government reform during the Progressive Era because municipal government systems failed to adapt to the changes brought by immigration and accelerated growth.

C. Cities had more power than the state and federal government during the Progressive Era. The state and federal governments had substantial amounts of power in this era.

D. Progressive reformers found it easier to reform city government than other levels of government. Progressives attempted to reform federal and state governments as well.

What was the commission form of government?

A. City council members but no mayor The commission form of government did not consist of city council members without a mayor.

B. A mayor and city council The commission form of government replaced the typical mayor and city council form of municipal government.

*C. Independently elected commissioners who each ran a municipal department The commission form of government consisted of elected commissioners who ran a municipal department as if it were a business.

D. Commissioners chosen by an elected mayor The commission form of government did not include mayors.

What was the purpose of the commission form of government?

A. To increase the representation from all sections of the city The commission form of government was not created to address geographical representation.

*B. To make city government function in a more businesslike and efficient manner The purpose of the commission form of government was to make the city government function like a business.

C. To centralize power in a strong mayor The commission form of government did not include a mayor.

D. To obtain a wider pool of candidates for civic office The purpose of the commission form of government was not to obtain a wider pool of candidates for civic office but to improve administration.

What was the original purpose of adopting the primary election system?

A. To further disenfranchise African Americans While progressives in the South used the primary to further disenfranchise African Americans, that was not the original purpose of the reform.

*B. To break the power of political machines To help overturn political machines, reformers adopted direct primaries so that voters could select candidates rather than allowing a handful of politicians to decide elections behind closed doors.

C. To increase the power of the Democratic Party The purpose of adopting the primary election was not to increase the power of the Democratic Party.

D. To provide working-class whites a stronger voice in politics The purpose of the primary was not to increase the political power of working class whites.

Why is Robert M. La Follette important to the Progressive movement?

A. A Democratic mayor in Ohio, he opposed Progressive reforms. La Follette was not a Democratic mayor in Toledo, Ohio, who opposed Progressive reforms.

B. A Republican mayor of New York, he enacted a number of Progressive reforms. La Follette was not a Republican mayor of New York, although he did push for many Progressive reforms.

C. A Democratic member of Congress, he gave many speeches in favor of Progressive reforms. La Follette was not a Democratic member of Congress, although he did speak in favor of reforms.

*D. A Republican governor of Wisconsin, he initiated a wide range of Progressive reforms. La Follette was a Republican governor of Wisconsin who initiated a wide range of Progressive reforms.

What electoral reform was achieved by ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913?

A. Abolition of the electoral college The electoral college is still in effect.

B. Woman's suffrage Woman's suffrage was enacted by the Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920.

*C. Direct election of U.S. senators In 1913, three-quarters of the states ratified the Seventeenth Amendment, which removed constitutional authority from state legislatures to choose United States senators and granted it directly to the voters. This constituted another effort to detach the influence of money from politics.

D. Use of secret ballots Use of secret ballots is not determined by the United States Constitution.

What was the reason for the establishment of "at large" elections in urban elections?

A. To allow the Democratic Party to gain more seats in city legislatures The aim of "at large" elections was not partisan gain.

B. To prevent women from voting "At large" elections were not intended to discourage women from voting.

C. To encourage immigrants to vote in greater numbers The intent of "at large" elections was not to enfranchise immigrants.

*D. To prevent immigrants from voting together as a bloc To reverse the influence of immigrants clustered in ghettos who supported their own ethnic candidates and to topple the machines that catered to them, municipal reformers replaced district elections with citywide "at large" elections. Ethnic enclaves lost not only their ward representatives but also a good deal of their influence because citywide election campaigns were expensive, shifting power to those who could afford to run.

How were "at large" elections used in the South?

A. To encourage greater participation among black voters Southern political machines were largely controlled by white supremacists.

*B. To prevent black voters from deciding elections Southern lawmakers diminished whatever black political power remained by adopting at large elections and commission governments. Throughout the South, direct primary contests were closed to blacks.

C. Southerners did not adopt "at large" elections. Southerners did use "at large" elections to control the outcomes of political contests.

D. Southerners only used "at large" elections in rural areas. Southerners used "at large" elections in urban races.

How did some American mayors implement progressive reforms in their cities?

*A. By reforming tax assessments, regulating utility companies and establishing an eight-hour workday Cleveland mayor Tom L. Johnson implemented measures to assess taxes more equitably, regulate utility companies, and reduce public transportation fares. Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones, who served as Toledo's mayor from 1897 to 1903, supported social justice measures by establishing an eight-hour workday for municipal employees, granting them paid vacations, and prohibiting child labor.

B. By increasing taxes on businesses and allowing workers to freely negotiate work contracts with employers Few mayors increased business taxes, and many passed laws limiting the right of free labor contracts.

C. By consolidating public schools to save money for other reforms Many mayors constructed new schools to create jobs and more educational opportunity.

D. By relaxing child labor laws so that children could help bring more income into poor families Many mayors passed laws prohibiting child labor.

Refer to the image Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir, 1903

A photo shows Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standing before the giant trunk of sequoia tree.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full size.

What is the message conveyed by the photograph of Roosevelt and Muir in front of the giant sequoia tree?

A. The federal government should not be involved in preservation efforts. It was not intended to discourage federal involvement.

B. Roosevelt would be the first to help cut the tree down to pave way for commercial development. Muir was a conservationist and would not have posed for a photo like this if the tree were to be cut down.

*C. Federal control over the parks would be a positive development. The picture was taken shortly before Yosemite was declared a national park.

D. Roosevelt was opposed to federal control of parks. Roosevelt was not opposed to federal control of national parks.

What was the goal of Gifford Pinchot, chief forester in the Department of Agriculture in the early twentieth century?

A. To open all public lands to private development Pinchot believed in the importance of preserving some public land.

B. To prohibit the use of any public resources for private gain Pinchot was willing to accept the use of public resources for private profit.

*C. To protect public lands while allowing companies to profit from them Pinchot sought to make the use of resources more efficient and reconcile public interest with private profit motives.

D. To turn public land into national parks Pinchot was willing to allow private development of some public resources.

Why did large companies support conservation policies during the Progressive Era?

A. They viewed it as a way to increase demand for the products of their industries. Large companies did not support conservation policies to enhance their industry as a whole but their position in it.

*B. They saw it as a way to drive out smaller competitors from business. Large companies viewed conservation as a way to drive their smaller competitors out of business, as they could better afford the additional costs associated with managing healthy and profitable forests.

C. They thought that supporting conservation policies would improve their image. Large companies did not consider the impact of this support on their image.

D. They believed that doing so would lower their operating costs. Large companies did not view conservation policies as a way to lower their operating costs.

What was the significance of the plan to construct a dam and reservoir in the Hetch Hetchy Valley?

A. Gifford Pinchot argued it demonstrated that public interest and private interests could not be reconciled. Pinchot supported construction of the dam and reservoir as a way of reconciling those interests.

B. It was a major defeat of Gifford Pinchot's position. Pinchot's position won out in this controversy.

*C. It helped launch the environmental movement. This incursion into a national park, the first since the system was initiated with Yellowstone National Park in 1872, helped spur the development of environmentalism as a political movement.

D. It encouraged people to use less water. The construction of the dam and reservoir did not encourage people to use less water.

How did racial bias shape the progressives' conservation movement?

*A. Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of white Americans. Racial bias shaped the environmental movement as environmentalists claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of white Americans.

B. Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of Native Americans. Environmentalists ignored the interests of Native Americans, as the controversy over Hetch Hetchy demonstrates.

C. Progressives claimed to speak for all Americans but in reality focused on the interests of big business. Progressive conservationists tried to reconcile both the interests of business and the public interest.

D. Progressives demonstrated a willingness to consider the perspective of all races in making sensitive decisions. Progressive conservationists did not consider the perspective of all races.

Topic: Presidential Progressivism
books:
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda

Why did prominent progressives seek national leadership positions like the presidency?

A. The presidency was a powerful office at the time. The presidency had declined in power in the late 1800s; progressive presidents changed that.

B. They wanted to earn money from a national leadership position. Prominent progressives were not interested in increasing their incomes or wealth.

*C. They recognized that the problems were national in scope. Prominent progressives sought national leadership positions because the problems of industrialization and the growth of big business demanded a national solution.

D. Since political bosses controlled local and state politics they had no choice. Prominent progressive leaders also won local and state office.

What was the impact of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt, two progressive reformers, on the office of the presidency?

A. Their aggressive pursuit of reforms led Congress to limit the office's power. Roosevelt and Wilson's aggressive pursuit of reforms did not produce a congressional backlash aimed at limiting the office's power.

B. They had little impact on the office of the presidency. Roosevelt and Wilson had a substantial impact on the office of the presidency.

C. Their failures caused the office to decline in its power and importance. Roosevelt and Wilson did not cause the presidency to decline in power and importance.

*D. They reinvigorated the presidency and gave it more power than it had had in the late 1800s. Roosevelt and Wilson reinvigorated the presidency, which had declined in power and importance during the late nineteenth century.

How did Theodore Roosevelt view the office of the presidency?

A. As an administration position Theodore Roosevelt took an activist view of the presidency.

*B. As a platform from which he could promote his programs Roosevelt viewed the presidency as a bully pulpit or a platform from which he could promote his programs and rally the American people.

C. As a position subservient to Congress Roosevelt saw the presidency as an activist position.

D. As a position that should focus on foreign affairs Roosevelt was involved in domestic issues as well as foreign affairs.

What was the primary goal of Roosevelt's Square Deal?

A. To wrest power from corporations The primary goal of Roosevelt's Square Deal was not to break the power of corporations.

B. To give workers collective bargaining rights The primary goal of Roosevelt's Square Deal was not to pass labor legislation that would provide workers with collective bargaining rights.

*C. To give the nation political and economic stability Theodore Roosevelt sought to provide economic and political stability through his Square Deal.

D. To advance the interests of the United States as an imperial power The Square Deal was aimed at domestic rather than foreign policy.

What was the significance of Roosevelt's decision to sue companies under the Sherman Antitrust Act?

A. It showed his willingness to levy an income tax. Roosevelt's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act did not involve income tax.

B. It made clear that he supported workers' right to unionize. Roosevelt's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act did not involve unionization.

C. It revealed that he embraced Taft's interpretation of that act. Roosevelt preceded Taft and did not agree with him on use of the Sherman Act.

*D. It demonstrated the federal government's willingness to regulate business. Roosevelt affirmed the national government's ability to regulate business trusts that violated the public interests by suing a company under the Sherman Antitrust Act for the first time.

According to Theodore Roosevelt, what made a trust a "good" trust?

A. "Good" trusts controlled less of an industry than "bad" trusts, which had no true competition. Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" trusts on the basis of actions rather than market share.

B. "Good" trusts were those in industries vital to national security. Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" trusts on the basis of actions rather than industry.

*C. "Good" trusts acted responsibly and "bad" trusts did not. According to Roosevelt, "good" trusts acted responsibly in the public interest, while "bad" trusts abused their power and hurt consumers.

D. "Good" trusts were temporary in nature while "bad" trusts were permanent. Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" trusts on the basis of actions rather than longevity.

What earned Theodore Roosevelt the title of trust-buster?

A. Convincing Congress to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act before Roosevelt became president.

*B. Initiating many lawsuits under the Sherman Antitrust Act Roosevelt earned the title "trust buster" by initiating twenty-five lawsuits under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

C. Lobbying Congress to pass a law outlawing all trusts Roosevelt did not lobby Congress to pass a law that would outlaw all trusts.

D. Using the presidency to speak out against all trusts Roosevelt did not speak out against all trusts.

What was an impact of passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?

A. Helping smaller firms gain a bigger share of the meat market The Meat Inspection Act hurt smaller firms rather than helping them.

B. Angering consumers by reducing meat inspection The Meat Inspection Act increased the requirements for meat inspection.

*C. Increasing meatpackers' ability to sell products abroad The largest and most efficient meat-packing firms had good financial reason to support reform as well. They were losing money because European importers refused to purchase tainted meat.

D. Introducing European companies to the American market because they were exempt from inspection The Meat Inspection Act did not help European companies enter the American market.

What was the significance of Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle?

*A. Prompted passage of the Meat Inspection Act The Jungle outraged readers over the dangerous and filthy conditions in the meat-packing industry and helped convince Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act.

B. Outraged readers with its description of white slavery The Jungle did not describe white slavery.

C. Prompted municipal reform with its depiction of corrupt city politics The Jungle did not address municipal government.

D. Angered readers over the high wages paid to immigrants The Jungle did not anger readers over high wages paid to immigrants.

Why did African Americans believe that President Theodore Roosevelt would give them a square deal?

A. He took steps to end lynching in the South. While he denounced lynching, Roosevelt did not take steps to end it.

B. He actively campaigned to end restrictions on blacks' voting rights. Roosevelt took no significant steps to ease these restrictions.

*C. Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to the White House and also appointed black Republicans to some federal posts in the South. In his first term, Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to a dinner at the White House and dismissed criticism of the action; he also supported the appointment of a few black Republicans to federal posts in the South.

D. Roosevelt openly rejected the popular racist ideas of eugenics. Roosevelt supported the racist ideas of eugenics.

What was the significance of the Brownsville, Texas, incident in 1906 to President Theodore Roosevelt's relationship with African Americans?

A. He used federal troops to defend the right of African Americans to vote. Roosevelt did not use federal troops to defend the right of African Americans to vote.

B. He prosecuted white residents for lynching a black soldier. Roosevelt did not use the federal government's power to persecute white residents for lynching a black soldier.

C. He turned his back on African Americans in the wake of a race riot. The Brownsville incident did not involve a race riot.

*D. He punished African American soldiers without investigating the charges against them. Roosevelt allowed the "legal lynching" of African American soldiers by never doubting the accusations of white residents that the black soldiers killed one man.

How did President Roosevelt end the Pennsylvania coal strike of 1902?

A. He threatened to send troops to force the strikers back to work. Roosevelt did not side against the workers.

B. He introduced legislation that forced companies to negotiate with workers. The strike was not ended through legislation.

*C. He threatened to have the government take over the mines to end the dispute. Roosevelt threatened to dispatch federal troops to take over and run the mines. When the owners backed down, the president established a commission that hammered out a compromise, which raised wages and reduced working hours but did not recognize the union.

D. He helped negotiate a compromise. The strike was not settled through negotiation.

Which of the following statements describes Roosevelt's second term?

A. After narrowly winning reelection, Roosevelt backed off his antitrust reform agenda. He did not narrowly win the election.

B. Roosevelt was very unpopular in his second term and had a hard time getting his agenda through Congress. Roosevelt was extremely popular.

*C. After soundly defeating his opponent, Roosevelt actively pursued his reformist agenda. Soaring in popularity, Roosevelt easily won reelection in 1904. During the next four years, the president applied antitrust laws even more vigorously than before.

D. Foreign affairs distracted Roosevelt from completing his reformist agenda. Roosevelt was not distracted by foreign affairs.

What was the difference between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft's view of the presidency?

*A. Taft had a narrower view of the office than Roosevelt. Taft had a narrower view of the office of the presidency and its ability to shape public opinion than Roosevelt.

B. Taft believed that Roosevelt had weakened the presidency. Taft did not take the position that Roosevelt had weakened the presidency.

C. Taft argued that the presidency was a "bully pulpit." "Bully pulpit" was Roosevelt's phrase.

D. Taft thought the president should focus on foreign affairs. Taft did not make that assertion.

What was the significance of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff in relation to the presidency of William Howard Taft?

A. Taft alienated key progressive leaders by campaigning for the tariff. Taft did not campaign for the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.

*B. Taft alienated key progressive leaders by signing the tariff into law. Taft alienated key progressive leaders when he signed the tariff into law.

C. Taft encouraged progressives by vetoing the bill. Taft did not veto the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.

D. Taft lost the support of Roosevelt by rejecting the tariff. Roosevelt opposed the tariff, which Taft signed into law.

What defined Roosevelt's philosophy of "New Nationalism"?

A. A less active federal government Roosevelt urged that the national government should be more aggressive.

B. An imperialist policy abroad Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" was not defined by foreign policy.

*C. A more active federal government The "New Nationalism" was defined by Roosevelt's argument that the national government should use its power to fight the forces of special privilege and seek justice for the majority of Americans.

D. Superiority of states' rights over federal power Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" did not promote states' rights.

What was the primary difference between Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" and Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom"?

A. Wilson urged more vigorous protections for African Americans than Roosevelt. Wilson did not suggest a more vigorous stance towards protecting the rights of African Americans than Roosevelt.

B. Wilson supported woman suffrage, which Roosevelt opposed. Woodrow Wilson did not support woman suffrage.

*C. Wilson wanted a more limited role for the federal government than Roosevelt. Wilson argued that the federal government should only ensure open competition between businesses while Roosevelt argued that the federal government should have a more active role in social reform.

D. Wilson advocated more economic reforms than Roosevelt but fewer social reforms. Wilson favored a less active role for the government in both economic and social issues.

What was the impact of the split between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft on the outcome of the election of 1912?

A. The Democratic Party lost control of the presidency. The Democratic Party won the presidency that year.

B. The Socialist Party supplanted the Republicans as the second majority party. The Socialist Party did not gain that much popularity.

*C. It cost the Republican Party control of the White House. Together Roosevelt and Taft had a majority of the popular vote, but because they were divided, Wilson became president with 42 percent of the vote and a whopping 435 electoral votes.

D. They were forced to share the presidency and vice presidency. Neither Roosevelt and Taft won anything in the election.

Why did Woodrow Wilson believe that he could easily gain support for his New Freedom measures?

A. He believed the Democrats in Congress would cooperate with him because they admired him. Wilson did not believe that the Democrats in Congress were willing to cooperate with him because they admired him.

B. He believed his election gave him a mandate to rule that Congress must recognize. Wilson did not win a majority of the popular vote, hurting any claims to a mandate.

C. Wilson believed that the president could easily influence the Republicans in Congress. Wilson did not necessarily count on Republican support in Congress.

*D. Wilson viewed the president as a leader who would provide his party with a legislative program. Wilson believed he could easily gain support for his New Freedom measures because he viewed the president as a leader who would provide his party with a legislative program.

What was the significance of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution?

*A. It provided the legal basis for an income tax. The ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 provided the legal basis for the tax after the Supreme Court had previously declared such a levy unconstitutional.

B. It legalized woman suffrage. The Sixteenth Amendment did not legalize woman suffrage.

C. It legalized African American suffrage. The Sixteenth Amendment did not legalize African American suffrage.

D. It banned the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The Sixteenth Amendment did not ban the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

What individuals were most impacted by the graduated income tax immediately after the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913?

A. The working class The working class was not affected by the graduated income tax.

B. Large corporations The graduated income tax was on personal income not corporate income.

*C. The wealthiest Americans Only the wealthiest 10 percent of Americans were impacted by the graduated income tax.

D. The middle class The middle class was not affected by the graduated income tax.

What was purpose of the creation of the Federal Reserve System during Woodrow Wilson's presidency?

A. To expand the banking industry by opening it to foreign investment The purpose of the Federal Reserve System was not to open the banking system to foreign investment.

B. To privatize the banking industry to prevent financial panics While the Federal Reserve System aimed at preventing or at least minimizing the effects of financial panics, it did not privatize the banking industry to do so.

C. To nationalize the banking industry to prevent financial panics The Federal Reserve System did not nationalize the banking industry, although it increased federal control over banking.

*D. To stabilize the banking system The Federal Reserve System stabilized the banking system by preventing financial panics and also allowed banking to remain under private control.

What was the purpose of the Federal Trade Commission when it was created in 1914?

*A. To investigate corporate activities and prohibit unfair business practices The Federal Trade Commission's purpose initially was to investigate corporate activities and prohibit unfair business practices, although what that meant remained undefined.

B. To develop policies that would end routine bank panics The Federal Trade Commission's purpose was not to develop policies that would end bank panics.

C. To support and promote the growth of world trade The Federal Trade Commission's purpose did not involve world trade.

D. To improve the system by which stocks were traded The Federal Trade Commission's purpose did not involve the trading of shares of stock.

What was the purpose of the Clayton Antitrust Law when passed in 1914?

A. To allow labor unions to be prosecuted under antitrust legislation Labor unions had been prosecuted in the past under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

*B. To improve competition by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act The Clayton Antitrust Law strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by banning certain corporate operations, such as price discrimination and overlapping membership on company boards, which undermined economic competition.

C. To make antitrust prosecutions more difficult The Clayton Antitrust Act made antitrust prosecutions easier by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act.

D. To allow the Federal Trade Commission to investigate corporate activities The act that created the FTC empowered it to investigate corporate activities.

How did Woodrow Wilson change his policies after the congressional election of 1914?

A. He abandoned progressive reforms for more conservative positions. Wilson did not abandon progressive reforms.

*B. He adopted several positions he had rejected before in the hopes of shoring up his support. Wilson's support for labor legislation and woman suffrage shows that he placed political expediency ahead of any principles.

C. He dropped his New Freedom agenda and fully embraced Taft's positions. Wilson did not drop his New Freedom agenda but expanded it.

D. He dropped opposition to segregation in the hopes of retaining southern support. Wilson never opposed segregation.

What was the significance of Wilson showing the film Birth of a Nation at the White House?

A. It heartened African Americans because the movie accurately depicted life in the South under slavery. The film did not accurately depict life in the South during slavery.

*B. It upset African Americans because the movie glorified the Ku Klux Klan. Wilson's decision to screen the movie at the White House upset African Americans because the film glorified the Ku Klux Klan and denigrated African Americans.

C. Coupled with Wilson's appointment of blacks to important federal positions, it pleased African Americans. Wilson did not appoint blacks to important federal positions.

D. It marked a technological milestone as the first showing of a movie in the White House. The significance of showing the movie was political, not technological.

What were Woodrow Wilson's policies on racial segregation?

*A. Wilson had no objection to segregation. Wilson contended that racial segregation was in the best interests of African Americans.

B. Wilson sought to eliminate segregation from the nation's capital. Wilson expanded segregation into government offices and dining facilities.

C. Wilson neither opposed nor supported racial segregation. Wilson did not either support or oppose racial segregation.

D. Wilson was convinced to fight segregation by talking with W. E. B. Du Bois. Wilson did not change his mind on segregation during his presidency.

Chapter 20: Empire and Wars, 1898-1918
Topic: The Awakening of Imperialism
books:
The Economics of Expansion
Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire

How did American businessmen view Asia and Latin America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A. Potential sources of labor At the time, migrants from rural areas and European immigrants provided cheap labor.

B. Sources of raw materials The United States had abundant raw materials for most American corporations.

C. Not worth much attention American businessmen viewed residents of Asian and Latin America as potentially important.

*D. A source of potential consumers American businessmen saw residents of Asia and Latin America as millions of potential consumers.

How did American businessmen view their expansion into international markets?

*A. As vital to survival American businessmen viewed the expansion into international markets as necessary to counterbalance declining demand for consumer goods in the United States.

B. As a nice addition to profits but not essential American businessmen believed that demand for consumer goods in the United States was decreasing, making sales to other markets important.

C. As a chance to compete with European firms for the first time American firms were already competing with European ones for customers in the United States.

D. As a chance to increase output of luxury goods Since Asians and Latin Americans earned far less money than American consumers, few could afford luxury goods.

Why did Hawaiian leader Queen Liliuokalani voice the slogan, "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" in 1891?

A. She was concerned that American immigrants were buying too much land in Hawaii. While some wealthy Americans had become dominant forces in Hawaii, large-scale immigration from the United States was not an issue.

B. She worried about the influx of immigrants from Asian countries. Liliuokalani was not worried about the influx of Asian immigrants.

*C. She worried about the growing power of American sugar planters. Liliuokalani voiced the slogan "Hawaii for the Hawaiians" because she was concerned that white sugar planters had too much influence in island affairs.

D. She was concerned about the mass exodus of Hawaiians from Hawaii. A mass exodus of Hawaiians did not occur around 1891.

What did the United States government gain in return for allowing American sugar planters in Hawaii to sell their sugar in the United States without paying import duties in 1887?

A. Cooperation of Hawaiians in the effort to gain access to China The United States already had trade with China.

B. Access to a major commercial market in Hawaii Hawaii was not a major commercial market at the time.

C. The option to annex Hawaii in the future Annexation of Hawaii was not a consideration when the agreement was made in 1887.

*D. The right to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base Hawaiians and the United States agreed in 1887 that the United States military could use Pearl Harbor as a naval base in exchange for Hawaiians selling sugar duty free to the United States.

Which of the following accounted for the increased importance of American exports in the late nineteenth century?

A. The decolonization of Africa Most of Africa was still under colonial rule.

*B. Increased American industrialization The importance of exports to the United States economy increased dramatically in the second half of the nineteenth century, as industrialization gained momentum. In 1870 U.S. exports totaled $500 million. By 1905 the value of U.S. exports had increased sixfold to $1.5 billion.

C. Decreased protective tariffs The United States did not decrease protective tariffs.

D. An increase in the value of the American dollar An increase in the dollar would not favor American exports.

Refer to the figure Figure 20.1 U.S. Exports and Imports, 1870-1910

A bar graph shows the U S exports and imports between 1870 and 1910. Data presented in the format, year: U S exports in million dollars, U S imports in million dollars, are as follows. 1870: 550, 450, 1880: 900, 650, 1890: 900, 800, 1900: 1,450, 850, 1910: 1,750, 1,550. All data are approximate.
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

Why did protective tariffs slow the rate of American imports?

A. The tariffs made imported goods less expensive. Tariffs did not make imports less expensive.

B. The tariffs prevented immigration, which decreased imports. The tariffs did not restrict immigration.

*C. The tariffs increased the costs of imported goods. Imports were restrained as tariffs artificially increased the price of imports.

D. The tariffs suspended trade with certain foreign nations. Tariffs did not suspend trade.

What regions of the world imported the most American goods from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries?

*A. Europe and Canada The bulk of U.S. exports went to the developed markets of Europe and Canada, which had the greatest purchasing power.

B. Latin America and Asia These markets were not as robust as other regional markets and did not import the majority of American goods.

C. Africa and the Middle East These markets were not as robust as other regional markets and did not import the majority of American goods.

D. India and the Pacific islands These markets were not as robust as other regional markets and did not import the majority of American goods.

Who accompanied the first American businessmen seeking to buy land in Hawaii?

A. Mexican diplomats, who had stronger ties with Hawaii than the Americans Mexican diplomats did not have stronger ties and did not accompany American businessmen.

*B. Christian missionaries seeking converts As missionaries tried to convert native islanders to Christianity, U.S. businessmen sought to establish plantations on the islands, especially to grow sugarcane.

C. Chinese diplomats who wanted to monitor American activity in the Pacific Chinese diplomats did not accompany American businessmen.

D. Native Americans, who had a stronger cultural affinity with native Hawaiians While there were more cultural similarities, Indians did not help forge ties with Hawaiians.

How did Hawaiian leader Queen Liliuokalani's rule come to an end?

*A. White plantation owners, backed by American marines, forcibly overthrew her. In 1893 white plantation owners, with the cooperation of the United States ambassador to Hawaii and 150 U.S. marines, overthrew the queen's government.

B. The Queen was overthrown in a coup staged by indigenous laborers who opposed her cooperation with the white planters. The Queen did not cooperate with white planters.

C. A civil war erupted between opposing factions of laborers, which led to the end of the Queen's rule. There was not a civil war between different labor factions.

D. After being invaded by Spain, the Queen's rule was brought to an end. The Spanish did not invade Hawaii.

Why did imperialists claim a right to rule other countries during the late 1880s?

A. On the basis of military power Imperialists relied on ideology as the justification for imperial rule.

B. Due to economic wealth of imperial countries Imperialists relied on ideology as justification for imperial rule.

*C. Based on an ideology of racial superiority Imperialists cited scientific studies claiming the superiority of the white race as justification for their natural right to rule other countries.

D. Possession of superior technology Imperialists relied on ideology to justify imperial rule.

What was the message of Congregationalist Minister Josiah Strong's book, Our Country?

*A. Americans were obligated to spread their culture. Our Country claimed that American Christians—along with European ones—had a responsibility to spread the blessings of their way of life throughout the world.

B. Imperialism violated Christian morality by subjugating other people. Our Country claimed that imperialism was consistent with Christian morality.

C. Americans should spread democracy around the world. The predominant message of Our Country did not focus on America's political system.

D. Imperialism was consistent with basic American values. Strong did not rest his argument on basic American values.

What was the relationship between Christian missionaries and American commercial interests during the 1880s and 1890s?

A. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests did not perceive any relationship between each other. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests did perceive that a relationship existed between their two interests.

*B. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests mutually supported each other. Christian missionaries and American commercial interests were connected as Americans believed that converted Asians and Latin Americans would become consumers of American products.

C. Christian missionaries believed that American commercial interests harmed missionary work. While there may have been some instances of friction between the two groups, they essentially got along.

D. American businessmen resented the interference of Christian missionaries. While there may have been some instances of friction between the two groups, they essentially got along.

How did secular intellectuals view American expansion abroad?

A. They rejected the cultural chauvinism associated with American expansion abroad. Few secular intellectuals criticized America for cultural chauvinism.

B. They argued that interaction with foreigners would destroy American culture. Few secular intellectuals believed that foreign cultures would impact American culture.

C. They believed that American expansion was bad for the working classes. Few secular intellectuals believed that expansion would negatively impact jobs.

*D. They praised expansion as it spread American culture. Secular intellectuals, such as historian John Fiske, praised the English race for settling the United States and predicted that English society and culture would become dominant across the globe.

Why was China a major target of American missionaries in the late nineteenth century?

Many Americans hoped that, under missionary supervision, the Chinese would become consumers of both U.S. ideas and U.S. products.

A. Because Christian missionaries went to combat the spread of Islam, which was becoming the dominant religion in China While there were and are many Chinese Muslims, they have never been a majority.

B. Because Christian missionaries went to combat the spread of Orthodox Christianity, which was becoming the dominant religion in China Orthodox Christianity has never gained a significant foothold in China.

*C. Because many believed Christianity would facilitate China's demand for American goods Many Americans hoped that, under missionary supervision, the Chinese would become consumers of both U.S. ideas and U.S. products.

D. Because many believed that China would become a strong military ally of the United States, and Christianity would facilitate the alliance The United States did not negotiate a military alliance with China in the late nineteenth century.

What was the impact of the Depression of 1893 on American masculinity?

A. Middle-class men experienced a crisis in masculinity as more middle-class women competed for their jobs. More middle-class women did not work as a result of the Depression of 1893.

B. Working-class men experienced a crisis in masculinity as more working-class women took jobs. Many working-class women worked prior to the Depression of 1893.

*C. Working-class men experienced a crisis in manhood as they lost their ability to support their families. Working-class men experienced a crisis in manhood as they lost their jobs and ability to support their families.

D. Upper-class men celebrated their ability to survive the depression as evidence of their manhood. Upper-class men did not celebrate their manhood as a result of the depression.

How was the "crisis of masculinity" connected to the imperialist spirit in the late nineteenth century?

A. Imperialists argued that inferior Asian cultures were more feminine and thus subject to conquest. Asian cultures were not portrayed as more feminine.

*B. Imperialists argued that American expansion would be a proof of American manhood. In the late nineteenth century, with the Civil War long over, many Americans worried that the rising generation of American men lacked opportunities to test and strengthen their manhood.

C. Anti-imperialists said that American men were too weak for imperialism to succeed. The crisis of masculinity was an argument offered in favor of imperialism.

D. American men were required to join the army and fight for imperial gains to prove their manhood. There was no national conscription of American men in this period.

What was the message of Rudyard Kipling's poem "White Man's Burden"?

A. As white men were superior to non-Western people, they should benevolently rule them. Kipling's poem claimed that white men could uplift non-Western people rather than leave them always inferior.

B. White men should undertake missionary work in non-Western countries but reject imperialism. Kipling's poem supported imperialism.

C. White men should reject imperialism and allow non-Western countries to govern themselves. Kipling's poem supported imperialism.

*D. White men should take on the burden of bringing Western civilization to non-Western people. Kipling's poem claimed that white men should take on the burden of bringing Western civilization to non-Western people and lift them from their inferior status.

Who comprised the jingoists in the late 1800s?

A. Those who strongly opposed imperialism Jingoists generally supported imperialism.

B. Those who feared that imperialism would cause massive, unwanted immigration from Asia Jingoists supported imperialism.

C. Men who claimed that war hurt their masculinity Jingoists viewed war as a way to prove the masculinity of American men.

*D. Those who viewed war favorably Jingoists were those who viewed war favorably as a way to prove their masculinity.

How did the Naval Act of 1890 support Alfred Thayer Mahan's ideas?

A. By moving ships to the Pacific, it supported his argument for concentrating American power there. The Naval Act addressed construction of ships, not where they would be deployed.

*B. By ordering construction of more naval ships, it increased naval power. The Naval Act of 1890 expanded the American naval fleet, which coincided with Mahan's support for a strong navy.

C. By expanding the American merchant marine, it reflected his recommendations. The Naval Act did not mandate construction of merchant marine vessels.

D. By reducing the size of the navy, it echoed his thinking about where to invest military resources. Mahan favored a strong navy and merchant marine.

How did women political activists threaten American masculinity in the late 1800s?

*A. Men feared that woman suffrage would feminize politics. Women political activists threatened American masculinity by threatening to feminize politics.

B. Men feared that women would feminize the country if they became politicians. Men did not fear that women would become politicians.

C. Men feared that women would feminize American businesses. Men did not fear that women would feminize American businesses.

D. Men feared that women would not support imperialism. American women did support imperialism.

Why did some Americans worry that American men were losing their manhood in the late nineteenth century?

A. They feared that with the growth of women's rights women would displace men in the workplace. Few feared women would displace men in the workplace, though many feared women's rights.

B. Defeats in battles with Native Americans had crippled American masculinity. While Americans lost significant battles during the Plains wars, most Americans perceived Indians to be defeated peoples.

*C. The lack of opportunity for war was making men weak. In the late nineteenth century, with the Civil War long over, many people in the United States worried that the rising generation of U.S. men lacked opportunities to test and strengthen their manhood.

D. The rising rate of interracial marriages threatened white masculinity. There were not rising numbers of interracial marriages in the late nineteenth century.

Refer to the poem to answer the following question:

Take up the White Man's burden—

Send forth the best ye breed—

Go, bind your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need;

To wait, in heavy harness,

On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child. . . ."

What does Kipling intend to convey with this passage?

A. The domestication of livestock is the key to civilization, and introducing it to less civilized people was the burden of white men. Kipling does not make reference to animal domestication.

*B. The indigenous people of the world are like children with no parents, and it is the burden of white men to raise the children. Kipling's description in the last line suggests that non-Westerners are like children in need of guidance.

C. Slavery should be re-imposed around the world. While Kipling supported imperial projects that dramatically exploited indigenous peoples, he does not advocate slavery.

D. Imperialism is not worth the cost. Kipling was a strong supporter of imperialism.

How did Alfred T. Mahan view the increase in the size of the American naval fleet?

*A. As a jingoist, Mahan enthusiastically supported it. Mahan and Roosevelt promoted naval power, and by 1900, the United States fleet contained seventeen battleships and six armored cruisers, making it the third most powerful navy in the world, up from twelfth place in 1880. Having built a powerful navy, the United States would soon find opportunities to use it.

B. As a pacifist, Mahan was opposed to the increase. Mahan wrote books in which he argued for the importance of sea power; he was not a pacifist.

C. As a proponent of free trade, he thought the increase would be harmful to American commerce. Mahan argued that a strong navy was vital to protecting American overseas trade.

D. As an isolationist, he thought the increase would lead America into more foreign wars. Mahan was a proponent of American expansion abroad.

Topic: The War with Spain
books:
Revolution in Cuba
The War of 1898
The Pacification of Cuba
The Philippine War

In addition to independence, what did Cubans who fought against Spain in the 1890s hope to achieve?

*A. Land reform and racial equality The initial purpose of Cuban independence for guerrilla fighters was land for impoverished peasants and more quality for Afro-Cubans.

B. A communist revolution that would remake Cuban society The independence movement of the 1890s had nothing to do with communism.

C. Increased trade with and annexation by the United States Cubans did not want annexation by the United States.

D. An economic revolution that would industrialize the country Cuban fighters did not seek industrialization.

What factors allowed Cuban guerrilla fighters to achieve success against the Spanish army before 1898?

A. Assistance from the United States The United States did not initially assist the guerrilla fighters.

B. Better weapons and strategy than the Spanish The guerrilla fighters had an effective strategy but did not have better weapons than the Spanish.

*C. Tropical diseases and brilliant tactics Tropical diseases and the impact of a brilliantly executed war of attrition gradually wore down Spanish troops.

D. Spain's lack of an economic or political interest in the island Spain had an economic interest in Cuba and desperately wanted to retain control of its empire.

How did the notion of Cubanidad, pride of nation, impact Cuba in the late nineteenth century?

A. It led to calls for a closer affiliation with Spain. The movement around Cubanidad was a nationalist movement.

B. It led to calls for Cuba to join the United States. The movement around Cubanidad was a nationalist movement.

C. It helped lead to an end of strained relations with Spain. As a nationalist movement, it led to increased tensions with Spain.

*D. It led to increased support for independence from Spain. The Cuban War for Independence began in 1895 around the concept of Cubanidad—pride of nation.

How did Afro-Cubans respond to the independence movement?

*A. They were strong and active supporters of independence. Black Cubans, such as Antonio Maceo, flocked to the revolutionary cause and constituted a significant portion of the senior ranks in the rebel army.

B. They were vocal opponents of independence. As the independence movement called for racial equality, black Cubans did not oppose it.

C. Afro-Cubans were not permitted to participate in the independence movement. As the independence movement called for racial equality, blacks Cubans were not barred from participating.

D. Most Afro-Cubans sided with Spain. Black Cubans, such as Antonio Maceo, flocked to the revolutionary cause and constituted a significant portion of the senior ranks in the rebel army.

Refer to the image Cuban Revolutionary Soldiers

A photo shows six Cuban soldiers of various ranks, states of dress, and ethnicities.

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Which of the following statements describes Cuban revolutionary soldiers?

A. They were all professional soldiers. As none of the soldiers are in uniform, they were not professional soldiers.

*B. They were of different races and ethnicities. The photo depicts Cubans and Afro-Cubans in the same unit, indicating that revolutionary forces were multiethnic.

C. Revolutionary soldiers were well equipped. None of the soldiers has a uniform; some are even shoeless. Others are wearing tattered clothing.

D. Revolutionary soldiers were well paid. From the state of their clothing, it would appear they were not well paid.

Why did the American government intervene in the Cuban struggle for independence just before it ended?

A. To protect the rights of Afro-Cubans The United States had little interest in the rights of Afro-Cubans.

B. To ensure that Spain retained possession of the colony The United States government wanted to end Spanish rule in Cuba.

C. To prevent a Spanish victory The guerrilla fighters were winning when the United States intervened in the Cuban struggle for independence.

*D. For political and economic reasons By intervening before the Cubans won on their own, the United States staked its claim for determining the postwar relationship between the two countries and protecting its vital interests in the Caribbean, including the private property rights of American landowners in Cuba.

How did journalists rally public support for U.S. intervention into Cuba in 1898?

A. By framing it in terms of geopolitical interests American journalists ignored American geopolitical interests in Cuba and emphasized other issues.

*B. By presenting it as a question of national honor American journalists framed U.S. intervention in Cuba as a question of national honor.

C. By calling it as a religious mission American journalists did not address religion as a factor in favor of American intervention in Cuba.

D. By pointing to the economic advantages American journalists ignored American economic interests in Cuba and emphasized other issues.

How did yellow journalism contribute to the Spanish-American War?

A. They provided the McKinley administration with space in papers to promote the cause of war. The journalists acted independently of the administration.

*B. They whipped the public into a frenzy over the sinking of the Maine. Yellow journalism contributed to the Spanish-American War by providing lurid coverage of Spanish atrocities and then by publishing wild and unsupported stories blaming the Spanish for the sinking of the Maine.

C. They used detailed investigative reporting to establish Spanish responsibility for the explosion on the Maine. American journalists published wild and unsupported stories blaming the Spanish for the sinking of the Maine.

D. They published serious debates about the issue that resulted in favor of a declaration of war. American journalists did not publish any serious debates about going to war.

What expansionist action did President William McKinley take shortly after Congress declared war on Spain in 1898?

*A. Annexing the Hawaiian Islands The president signaled the broader expansionist concerns behind the war when shortly after it began, he successfully steered a Hawaiian annexation treaty through Congress.

B. Declaring the goal of seizing Cuba McKinley never stated that as a goal.

C. Making a claim on Alaska The United States had purchased Alaska three decades earlier.

D. Issuing a new Monroe Doctrine McKinley did not issue a new version of the Monroe Doctrine.

How were African American soldiers in the Spanish-American War treated by Americans?

A. They were celebrated as soldiers. African American soldiers were not celebrated during the Spanish-American War.

*B. They were treated with disdain and hostility. As more and more black troops arrived in southern ports for deployment to Cuba, they faced increasingly hostile crowds, angered at the presence of armed African American men in uniform.

C. They were relegated to noncombat duty. African American soldiers fought in combat.

D. They were encouraged to remain in Cuba after the war. African American soldiers were not encouraged to remain in Cuba.

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War for American geopolitical interests?

A. They were limited because the United States only gained territory in the Caribbean Sea. The United States gained additional territory.

B. In gaining possession of Cuba, the United States took ownership of a valuable asset. Cuba gained its independence as a result of the Spanish-American War, although that independence was somewhat limited by American actions.

*C. The United States gained valuable possessions in the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States and gave Cuba its independence with a strong American influence.

D. The United States was weakened by the need to give up its claim on the Hawaiian Islands in exchange for Puerto Rico. The United States was strengthened by the war and did not have to give up its claim on Hawaii.

What was the condition of the American military at the start of the Spanish-American War?

A. The American military was one of the largest fighting forces in the world. While its naval power had increased, the United States army was not one of the largest in the world.

B. The American military had a large number of soldiers but few logistical capabilities to move them around the globe. Americans had significant logistical capabilities at the start of the war.

*C. The American military had a strong navy but was severely undermanned. It was fortunate for the United States that the Cuban insurgents had seriously weakened Spanish forces before the United States fighters arrived. The U.S. army lacked sufficient strength to conquer Cuba on its own, and McKinley had to mobilize some 200,000 National Guard troops and assorted volunteers.

D. The American military lacked the support of the population. The population, influenced by yellow journalism, largely supported the American military.

What problems did American troops face in Cuba?

A. They had few Spanish interpreters to help deal with local populations. They had many Spanish-speaking troops and interpreters.

*B. They lacked experience and supplies and had poor equipment. American troops lacked battle experience; supplies were inadequate; their uniforms were not suited for the hot, humid climate of a Cuban summer; and the soldiers did not have immunity from tropical diseases.

C. They had logistical difficulties moving troops onto the island. The American navy had strong logistical capabilities.

D. Lack of support from the Congress Congress strongly supported the war effort.

What was the leading cause of death for American soldiers in the Spanish-American War?

A. Infections from battle wounds While infections from wounds caused deaths, they were not the leading cause of death.

B. Battlefield casualties While many died on the battlefield, this was not the leading cause of death.

*C. Death from disease During this war, 460 U.S. soldiers died in combat, far fewer than the more than 5,000 who lost their lives to disease.

D. Casualties from mines Mines were not a leading cause of death in this war.

What did President McKinley insist was necessary before Cuban independence?

*A. American occupation to ensure peace President McKinley and his supporters insisted that pacification was necessary before Cuban independence.

B. Equality for Afro-Cubans President McKinley did not insist that equality for Afro-Cubans was necessary before Cuban independence.

C. Universal manhood suffrage President McKinley did not insist that universal manhood suffrage was necessary before Cuban independence.

D. Economic development President McKinley did not link economic development to Cuban independence.

What was the purpose of the Platt Amendment, passed by Congress in 1901?

A. To officially end fighting in the Cuban war for independence Fighting in the Cuban war for independence had already ceased when the Platt Amendment was passed.

B. To create a free trade zone between Cuba and the United States The Platt Amendment had political rather than economic stipulations.

C. To establish Cuban independence The Platt Amendment left Cuba dependent on the United States government in significant ways.

*D. To ensure American control over Cuba The amendment prohibited Cuba's government from signing treaties with other nations without U.S. consent and permitted the United States to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence and remove threats to economic stability.

Why did the Teller Amendment, which pledged Cuba's independence from Spain, fail to deliver on its promises?

A. Cubans rejected the amendment. Cubans welcomed American recognition of their independence.

*B. Americans refused to accept Cubans as independent actors. Racial prejudice and cultural chauvinism blinded Americans to the contributions Cubans had made to defeat Spain.

C. Americans had not supported the Teller Amendment, making it difficult to enforce. It was not lack of support that derailed the amendment.

D. Cubans were divided about independence, making the amendment hard to support. Cubans were not divided on independence

How did the Platt Amendment ensure American control over Cuba?

A. By forcing Cuba to pay for the cost of the American war effort The Platt Amendment did not require Cuba to pay for American military expenditures.

B. By calling for 100,000 American troops to remain in Cuba after the war The amendment did not call for American troops to remain in Cuba.

*C. By limiting Cuba's ability to conduct independent foreign relations The amendment prohibited the Cuban government from signing treaties with other nations without U.S. consent.

D. By requiring a Cuban vote before America could intervene in Cuban affairs The amendment allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs unilaterally.

How did American imperialists view the importance of the Philippines?

*A. A step toward entering the China market American imperialists viewed the Philippines as an important step towards the China market. The Philippines could serve as a naval station for the merchant marine and the navy to safeguard potential trade with the Asian mainland.

B. An inconsequential area American imperialists viewed the Philippines as important.

C. An area that could serve as an ally American imperialists did not view the Philippines as a potential ally.

D. A land rich in natural resources American imperialists did not focus on the economic wealth of the Philippines.

How did American politicians justify the United States governing the Philippines?

*A. By claiming that Filipinos were childlike and needed to be governed McKinley and his fellow Americans believed that nonwhite Filipinos were not yet capable of self-government. Indiana Senator Albert Beveridge commented: "We must never forget that in dealing with the Filipinos we deal with children."

B. By saying that America's wealth depended on the action Imperialists rested their case on cultural rather than economic grounds.

C. By citing the need to protect American national honor American politicians did not cite national honor as justification for imperialist ambitions.

D. By arguing that doing so would result in more opportunities for Americans abroad American politicians did not justify imperialism by claiming that imperialism would result in more opportunities for Americans abroad.

What was the difference between how American imperialist and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples?

A. Imperialists generally saw them as inferior but capable of being educated; anti-imperialists saw them as equals. Anti-imperialists did not view non-Western and Western peoples as equal.

B. Imperialists generally saw them as inferior but capable of being educated; most anti-imperialists saw them as superior. Anti-imperialists did not see non-Western peoples as superior.

*C. Both viewed non-Western peoples as inferior to Westerners, although they differed on the potential of these people to improve. Both imperialists and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples as inferior, but many anti-imperialists held an even dimmer view of the capabilities of people of color than their opponents, rejecting the notion that Filipinos could be "civilized" under American tutelage.

D. Both viewed non-Western peoples as superior to Westerners and a serious threat to the continued survival of Western peoples. Both imperialists and anti-imperialists viewed non-Western peoples as inferior.

Which group was most likely to oppose American imperialism in the late nineteenth century?

A. Business leaders Business leaders tended to support imperialism, as they saw it as an opportunity to expand markets.

B. Members of the middle class Many members of the middle class supported the Spanish-American War and subsequent actions by the United States government.

*C. Leaders of labor unions Union leaders feared that annexation would prompt the migration of cheap laborers into the country and undercut wages.

D. Newspaper publishers This group included the yellow journalists who were very supportive of the war and imperialist actions.

Why did U.S. public opinion eventually turn against American imperialism in the Philippines during the early 1900s?

A. The desire to focus on domestic issues American public opinion was reacting to events in the Philippines.

B. The cost of supporting American troops during a recession The cost of supporting American troops did not turn Americans against imperialism in the Philippines.

*C. Mounting casualties and a long, drawn-out battle against Filipinos With casualties piling up in the Philippines and reports growing of combat-related atrocities, anti-war opposition spread in the United States.

D. Abandonment of imperialism by European countries European countries continued to pursue imperialist policies into the early 1900s.

What was the attitude of American forces toward Filipino insurgents in the early 1900s?

A. Admiration for their courage American forces did not admire the courage of Filipino insurgents.

*B. Anger based on racism American forces expressed anger based on racist sentiments toward Filipino insurgents.

C. Respect for their perseverance American soldiers displayed little respect toward Filipino insurgents.

D. Surprise at their fighting ability American soldiers were not surprised at the fighting ability of Filipino insurgents.

How did the American war against Filipino insurgents end in the early 1900s?

A. Arbitration of the conflict by a panel of European powers Fighting in the Philippines was ended by actions taken there, not by an arbitrators' decision.

B. Granting of full independence to the Philippines The people of the Philippines did not win full independence.

C. The United States' withdrawal of its troops in defeat American troops were not withdrawn until the conflict ended.

*D. American military victory and continued control of the islands In March 1901, American forces captured Aguinaldo and broke the back of the rebellion. For most of the next forty-five years, the United States remained in control of the islands.

How did the United States defeat Spain in Manila in 1898?

A. Through a land invasion of Spain, Spanish forces were pressured to give up Manila to the United States. The United States did not invade Spain.

*B. By attacking the Spanish colony with its navy At the outset of the war, the United States Pacific Fleet, under the command of Commodore George Dewey, attacked Spanish forces in their colony of the Philippines. Dewey defeated the Spanish flotilla in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Two and a half months later, U.S. troops followed up with an invasion of Manila, and Spanish forces promptly surrendered.

C. By paying Chinese mercenaries to invade Manila China was not involved in the Pacific theater of the Spanish-American War.

D. By purchasing Manila from the Spanish The Spanish lost Manila in a war with the United States.

Refer to the map Map 20.1 The War of 1898

Two maps show the advancement of U S troops into Philippines and Cuba. The Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico were Spanish possessions. In the Philippine theater, Dewey's fleet from Hong Kong landed in Manila. Spanish fleets were destroyed south of Manila on May 1, 1898. Manila surrendered on August 13, 1898. In the Cuban theater, the U S S Maine was sunk in Havana in February 1898. The U S fleet circled Cuba and moved toward Santiago in southeastern Cuba, and the U S army advanced from Tampa along the northern Cuban coast toward Santiago, and the Spanish fleet from the east reached Santiago. The U S Naval blockade was south of Santiago. The U S army won the battle at San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898 and then moved toward Santiago through Kettle Hill, and the Spanish fleet from Santiago was destroyed near the coast by the U S on July 3, 1898.
to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

What were the similarities between the Cuban and Philippine theaters of war?

A. In both theaters, American air power was the decisive factor. Aircraft were not used in either theater.

B. In both theaters, Americans relied on chemical weapons to win the battles. Americans did not use chemical weapons in either theater.

*C. In both theaters, American naval power was the decisive factor. Admiral Dewey's fleet led the United States to victory in both theaters.

D. American naval power was not a factor in either theater of war. As evidenced by the sea routes on the maps, American naval power was a significant factor.

Why did progressives support the Anti-Imperialist League?

A. They believed American imperialism would pollute American culture. Their concern was not for the preservation of American culture.

*B. They feared that America would exploit indigenous people in conquered territories. Progressives who were committed to humanitarian reforms at home questioned whether the United States should exploit colonial people overseas. Some argued that the United States would violate its anticolonialist heritage by acquiring the islands.

C. They feared it would cause the United States to be invaded by foreign powers. Few progressives feared that America would be invaded.

D. They feared it would lead to terrorist attacks in the United States. Terrorism was not a concern of progressives.

How did American combat deaths in the Philippines compare to those in Cuba?

A. There were significantly more combat deaths in Cuba. The majority of deaths in Cuba were related to disease.

*B. There were significantly more combat deaths in the Philippines. The death toll from combat was almost ten times higher in the Philippines.

C. There were roughly the same numbers of combat deaths in both theaters. The number of combat deaths was dramatically different in the two theaters of war.

D. There were slightly more combat deaths in the Philippines. This is not an accurate comparison of combat deaths in the two theaters of war.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: " . . . they are unfit for self-government—and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's wars; and . . . that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died."

On what basis did McKinley judge Filipinos unfit for self-government?

A. They were committed to Catholicism. The president did not criticize Catholicism.

B. They would quickly turn to communism. McKinley feared anarchy, not communism.

C. They would oppress women. McKinley was not concerned about gender issues.

*D. They were not Christians. The president made an explicit connection between civilization and Christianity.

Refer to the image "A Bigger Job Than He Thought For," 1899

A cartoon, accompanied by questions, features Uncle Sam chest-deep in water and holding a knife-wielding Filipino man labeled Insurgent. An American flag flutters in the background. The cartoon, by William Carson, is titled,

to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the cartoon imply about the American war in the Philippines?

A. The war effort was worth the cost. The cartoon does not paint a positive picture of the war effort.

B. The Philippines had no resources, and the war had been a mistake. The cartoon does not reference resources.

*C. The United States was unprepared for the resistance in the Philippines. The cartoon shows Uncle Sam struggling to control a Filipino holding a knife.

D. Despite initial difficulties, the war had been a benefit to both Filipinos and Americans. The cartoon suggests that both sides were still struggling.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "When I next realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps I confess I did not know what to do with them. . . . And one night late it came to me this way . . . 1) That we could not give them back to Spain—that would be cowardly and dishonorable; 2) that we could not turn them over to France and Germany— our commercial rivals in the Orient—that would be bad business and discreditable; 3) that we [could] not leave them to themselves—they are unfit for self-government—and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's wars; and 4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow-men for whom Christ also died."

Refer to the image "A Bigger Job Than He Thought For," 1899
A cartoon, accompanied by questions, features Uncle Sam chest-deep in water and holding a knife-wielding Filipino man labeled Insurgent. An American flag flutters in the background. The cartoon, by William Carson, is titled,
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What accounts for the different opinions about the war as expressed in President McKinley's statement and the cartoon shown above?

A. Each opinion expresses the view of a different political party. Support for and opposition to the war was not divided along partisan lines.

B. Progressives supported McKinley's position; the cartoon echoed the views of populists. The war split the progressives, and the populists were no longer a political movement.

C. Labor supported McKinley's position; the cartoon echoed the views of corporations. The different positions on the war were not divided along class lines.

*D. The different positions reflect differing perspectives on American imperialism. Though a majority of Americans opposed the war after it was over, prior to the war many supported it. Americans were divided about how America should engage abroad.

Topic: Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899-1913
books:
Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Opening the Door in China

What was Theodore Roosevelt's approach to international affairs as president?

*A. Preserve order. Roosevelt wished to use power to preserve international order and stability.

B. Scale back on American involvement in foreign affairs. Roosevelt was very active in foreign affairs.

C. Avoid military intervention at all costs. Roosevelt was willing to commit troops to protect what he saw as American interests.

D. Act as a peacemaker. While Roosevelt acted as a peacemaker in the Russo-Japanese War, that was not his guiding principle.

What role did the United States play in the independence of Panama?

A. It resisted Panama's independence but failed to prevent it. The United States supported Panama's independence although not for altruistic reasons.

B. It joined Colombia in crushing Panama's independence movement. The United States supported Panama's independence although not for altruistic reasons.

C. It supported Panama's independence secretly in order to hide its actions. United States did not support Panama's independence secretly.

*D. It helped Panama achieve independence in order to build a canal there. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt supported a pro-American uprising by sending warships to Panama to prevent the Colombians from quashing the insurrection. Roosevelt quickly recognized the new government of Panama and signed a treaty with it, gaining the right to build the Panama Canal.

In what regions did Theodore Roosevelt focus on demonstrating American might as president?

A. Europe Roosevelt did not focus on demonstrating American might in Europe.

*B. The Americas Roosevelt focused on demonstrating American might in the Caribbean and in Central and South America.

C. Africa Roosevelt paid little attention to Africa.

D. Asia Roosevelt did not focus on demonstrating American might in Asia.

What was the chief advantage that construction of the Panama Canal offered the United States?

A. Control over Panama The Panama Canal gave the United States a much more important strategic advantage than control over Panama.

B. Access to Latin American markets The Panama Canal gave the United States a much more important strategic advantage than access to Latin American markets.

*C. Quick, easy travel between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Mahan considered a canal across Central America as vital to achieve faster access to Asian markets and to improve the United States Navy's ability to patrol two oceans effectively.

D. A military presence in South America The Panama Canal did not provide the United States a military presence in South America.

What did the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty grant the United States?

*A. The right to build a canal in Central America The treaty with Britain granted the United States the right to construct a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

B. The right to construct a canal in Panama The treaty granted the United States the right to construct a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans but not specifically in Panama.

C. Lower tariffs on American goods in Panama The treaty did not involve trade arrangements.

D. The right to recognize the independence of Panama The treaty did not involve Panama specifically but broader American interests.

What describes Theodore Roosevelt's "big stick" approach to foreign affairs?

A. Create alliances with European powers to gain greater influence Roosevelt attempt to reduce the influence of European powers in Latin America rather than forming alliances with them.

B. Invade Latin American countries to gain control of the region Roosevelt attempted to avoid invading Latin American countries, though he threatened to do so.

C. Fight European powers for control of Latin America Roosevelt avoided fighting European countries for control of Latin America.

*D. Use military power to keep Latin American countries in check and prevent European interference there Roosevelt used threats of American military power to keep Latin American countries in check and to prevent European interference in the region.

What was the significance of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

A. It affirmed American opposition to intervention in Europe. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did not address issues in Europe.

B. It pledged American support for complete independence of the countries of Latin America. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did not guarantee the complete independence of the nations of Latin America.

*C. It established the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America if it wished. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine affirmed the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America to protect its interests.

D. It extended American protection over Latin America to the Pacific islands. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did not address issues in the Pacific Ocean.

Why did the United States seek to extend its influence across the globe after the War of 1898?

A. To compete with Russia for trade on the seas Russia was not viewed as a major competitor by the United States.

B. To compete with China for trade in the seas China was not viewed as a major competitor by the United States.

C. To compete with Japan for trade in the seas Japan was not viewed as a major competitor by the United States.

*D. To compete with Europe for trade in the seas Once the war was over, and with its newly acquired empire in place, the United States sought to extend its influence, competing with its European rivals for even greater global power.

What was Theodore Roosevelt's goal regarding the "Open Door" policy toward China?

A. Encourage U.S. immigration to China Roosevelt was not interested in U.S. immigration to China.

B. Establish U.S. military bases in China The "Open Door" strategy focused on commercial access and not military interests.

C. Gain dominance in the Chinese market Roosevelt sought to maintain access to Chinese market rather than to dominate it.

*D. Protect gains made in China by President William McKinley Roosevelt's major concern was protecting the "Open Door" strategy in China that his predecessor McKinley had engineered to secure naval access to the China market.

How did the Boxer Rebellion affect U.S. access to China in the early 1900s?

A. It resulted in the United States having a military base in China. The United States did not have a military base in China.

B. It forced European countries to exit the Chinese market. European countries remained in the Chinese market.

*C. It forced European countries to grant the United States access to China. When the United States sent 2,500 troops to help quell a nationalist uprising against foreign involvement known as the Boxer Rebellion, European competitors were compelled to allow the United States free trade access to China in return.

D. It compelled the Chinese to accept a power-sharing arrangement with the United States. The United States did not enter a power-sharing arrangement with the Chinese government after the Boxer Rebellion.

Why was Roosevelt concerned with the Japanese's ability to drive Russia from Manchuria?

*A. He worried about rising Japanese military power. Roosevelt held mixed emotions about the Japanese. The president admired Japanese military prowess, but he worried that if Japan succeeded in driving the Russians out of the area it would cause "a real shifting of equilibrium as far as the white races are concerned."

B. It could allow Japan to dominate all of China. Japanese influence in China was balanced by influence from several European countries.

C. Russia had been a strong ally of the United States. Russia and the United States had good relations but no alliance.

D. He worried that Japan would spread its undemocratic government. Roosevelt was unconcerned with Japan's type of government.

What was the result of the peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905 that Theodore Roosevelt headed?

A. Japan agreed to give up control of parts of Asia as punishment for starting the war against Russia. Japan received concessions in return for its support for the "Open Door" policy.

B. Japan received control of all of China and parts of Asian Russia as a reward for defeating that nation. Other Europeans controlled parts of China, and Russia remained intact.

C. Russia agreed to support the American "Open Door" policy in China and received control of Manchuria from Japan. Russia lost control of Manchuria to Japan.

*D. Japan received control of Korea and parts of Manchuria and agreed to support the American "Open Door" policy in China. Japan received control of Korea and parts of Manchuria for supporting the United States' "Open Door" policy.

How did William Howard Taft's approach to foreign policy differ from Theodore Roosevelt's approach?

*A. Taft emphasized investment in Latin America but was willing to use troops there. Taft focused on encouraging U.S. banks to invest in the region while also guaranteeing economic stability.

B. Taft was more reluctant than Roosevelt to use military power. Taft was willing to use military power.

C. Taft focused more on promoting American interests in China rather than Latin America. Taft was active in Latin America.

D. Taft favored an isolationist approach that limited American involvement in foreign affairs. Taft rejected isolationism and pursued a very active foreign policy.

What describes Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy" strategy?

A. The United States gave countries loans for agricultural reform. "Dollar Diplomacy" did not involve loans by the United States government.

B. The United States gave other countries funds for economic development. "Dollar Diplomacy" did not involve loans by the United States giving other countries funds for economic development.

*C. U.S. banks would invest in Latin America, increasing American influence there. Under Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy," private U.S. banks would invest money in Caribbean and Central America in order to increase American economic influence in those regions.

D. The United States would contribute money to support other countries' militaries. "Dollar Diplomacy" did not involve funds given by the United States to support other countries' militaries.

How did Taft justify American intervention in Nicaragua in 1909?

A. By claiming that American values would improve the quality of life for Nicaraguans Taft did not claim that American values would improve the quality of life for Nicaraguans.

B. By asserting that their presence would help spur economic development Taft did not claim that the presence of these troops would spur economic development.

C. By invoking the superiority of American governing institutions Taft made no mention of the superiority of American government institutions.

*D. By referring to the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Taft invoked the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Refer to the image Boxer Uprising

A sketch shows Chinese men attacking foreigners and burning books in a large pan.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

Why are the Boxers burning Bibles in the image?

A. The Boxer movement was Islamic and resented Christianity. The Boxers were not Islamic.

B. The Boxers were Communists and atheists and resented Christianity. The Boxers were not Communists or atheists.

*C. The Boxers resented foreign influence and Christianity. The Boxers viewed Christian missionaries as cultural enemies.

D. The Boxers were illiterate and rejected all books. The Boxers were not illiterate.

Topic: Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912-1917
books:
Diplomacy and War
Making the World Safe for Democracy

What was the difference between Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson's stated approach to foreign policy?

A. Both Wilson and Roosevelt threatened to use military power. Wilson did not intend to use American military power but hoped to rely on other means of achieving foreign policy goals.

B. Wilson emphasized using American power; Roosevelt emphasized diplomacy and using moral persuasion. Roosevelt emphasized using American power, and Wilson did not.

*C. Roosevelt emphasized using power; Wilson emphasized diplomacy and moral persuasion. Disdaining power politics and the use of force, which Roosevelt had been willing to use, Wilson vowed to place diplomacy and moral persuasion at the center of American foreign policy.

D. Roosevelt wished to focus on Latin America while Wilson intended to concentrate on Asia. Wilson did not only focus on Asia.

How effective were Woodrow Wilson's attempts to use moral diplomacy to influence international affairs?

A. More effective than Theodore Roosevelt's Roosevelt's approach did not rely on moral diplomacy.

B. Equally effective as William Howard Taft's Taft's approach did not rely on moral diplomacy

C. So effective that other countries modeled this approach Wilson did not really succeed, and other countries continued to use power to influence international affairs.

*D. Largely ineffective and needing to be replaced Wilson's approach proved ineffective, and he had to resort to reliance on military force.

Why did Wilson send U.S. troops to Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1911?

A. To support the creation of a democratic government Wilson did not support the creation of a democratic government.

*B. To protect American interests from damage Wilson sent U.S. troops to Mexico in order to protect American interests, especially in oil, from suffering any damage as a result of Mexico's civil war.

C. To annex Mexico as a colony Wilson did not seek to annex Mexico.

D. To seize northern Mexico Wilson had no designs on the territory of Mexico.

What was Woodrow Wilson's initial stance toward World War I?

*A. Maintaining strict neutrality Wilson initially maintained a neutral position in World War I.

B. Helping Great Britain Wilson did not provide Great Britain with aid in the early years of World War I.

C. Sending aid to Germany Wilson did not provide Germany with aid in the early years of World War I.

D. Pushing for American entry into the war Wilson made no effort to push the United States into World War I in its early years.

Why was it so difficult for the United States to remain out of World War I?

A. The United States had greater cultural ties with Germany. The United States had greater cultural ties with Great Britain rather than Germany.

*B. The United States enjoyed greater economic ties with the Allied powers that increased during the war. America had closer and more important economic ties with the Allies than with Central Powers, a disparity that would only grow as the war went on. The Allies purchased over $750 million in American imports in 1914, a figure that quadrupled over the next three years. In contrast, the Germans bought approximately $350 million worth of American products at the outbreak of the war, but by 1917 the figure had shrunk to $30 million.

C. Russia's late entry into the war weakened the Allied cause and increased Americans' sympathies for them. Russia entered the war at the beginning; it pulled out of the war late in the conflict.

D. The American people had strong anti-British sentiments. Anti-British sentiments were strong among some groups, but on the whole Americans tended to favor Britain.

How did Germany and Great Britain's war strategies impact the United States in the early years of World War I?

A. The German blockade of Latin America and the British blockade of Europe disrupted American trade there. The Germans did not blockade Latin America.

B. The British navy's policy of impressing American merchant sailors outraged Americans, as did German refusal to trade with the United States. The British navy did not impress American sailors in World War I, and the Germans were eager to receive American goods.

*C. The British and Germans both worked hard to prevent supplies on American ships from reaching their enemy. The British navy attempted to block the ability of neutral countries from shipping non-war items to Germany, while the Germans carried out a destructive U-boat war on foreign shipping bound for Britain.

D. Both sides created effective blockades that seriously hurt American shipping. Germany did not impose a blockade on shipping to Allied powers.

What was the purpose of the German use of U-boats during World War I?

A. To target and kill civilians The purpose of the German U-Boats was not to target and kill civilians.

B. To keep American ships in American ports The U-boats did not aim exclusively at American ships.

C. To target neutral countries like the United States The U-boats were not meant to target neutral countries, although they did impact those countries.

*D. To counter the British navy's blockade The U-boats were meant to counter the British navy's blockade of Germany.

What was the significance of the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915?

A. It outraged Britain and led to expansion of the blockade of Germany. The sinking of the Lusitania did not lead Britain to expand the blockade of Germany.

*B. It outraged Americans and led to calls for the United States to enter World War I. The sinking of the Lusitania outraged Americans and led to calls for the United States to enter World War I.

C. American anger over the incident caused Germany to agree to stop using U-boats. Germany only agreed not to target passenger ships.

D. It cut off American trade with Britain as shipping companies feared further attacks. American companies continued to ship goods to Britain.

How did Woodrow Wilson handle the crisis caused by the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915?

*A. He maintained American neutrality despite calls for war. Outraged Americans called upon Wilson to respond, with some advocating the immediate use of military force. Despite his pro-British sentiments, the president resisted going to war.

B. He used the attack to call for a cease-fire in the war. Wilson did not call for a cease-fire after the attack on the Lusitania, though he did try to negotiate a peace.

C. He dropped American neutrality and openly favored the Central Powers. Wilson tried to maintain American neutrality after the attack, but he favored the Allies rather than the Central Powers.

D. He ordered a ban on further American shipping to either side as long as the war continued. Wilson did not place a ban on further American shipping.

What was the goal of the National Defense Act, passed in the course of World War I?

A. To bring the United States into the war immediately The National Defense Act did not immediately prepare the United States for entry into World War I.

B. To expand Woodrow Wilson's loan program to Great Britain The National Defense Act did not expand Wilson's loan program to Great Britain.

C. To reinforce American neutrality by blockading European ports The National Defense Act did not institute an American naval blockade.

*D. To prepare the United States military for possible entry into World War I The National Defense Act expanded the army and navy to help prepare the United States for entry into World War I.

What was Woodrow Wilson's stance on American entry into World War I during the 1916 reelection campaign?

*A. He campaigned as a peace candidate. The Democrats adopted the slogan, "He kept us out of war."

B. He campaigned on expanding aid to Allied powers. He campaigned on the basis of continued refusal to enter the war.

C. He campaigned on decreasing aid to Allied powers. He campaigned on the basis of continued refusal to enter the war.

D. He campaigned on the basis of immediately entering the war. Wilson did not push for immediate American entry into the war.

What was the result of Wilson's deployment of United States troops to Mexico in 1914?

A. American forces overwhelmed Mexican troops, and the Mexican government capitulated to American demands. Mexican troops were not overwhelmed, and American demands were not met.

B. Mexican forces surrendered without a fight. There was fierce fighting.

C. Spanish forces came to the aid of Mexico, leading to a declaration of war. Spain did not join the fight, and there was no formal declaration of war.

*D. A fierce battle ensued, leading to many deaths on both sides and to increased hostilities. 19 Americans and 126 Mexicans were killed in the fighting. The situation worsened after Wilson first supported and then turned against one of the rebel competitors for power in Mexico, General Francisco "Pancho" Villa. In response to this betrayal, Villa and 1,500 troops rode across the border and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico.

Which of the following led to the start of World War I?

A. Germany's invasion of France This happened after the war began.

*B. The assassination of the archduke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist, intending to strike a blow against Austria-Hungary, assassinated the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the capital of the province of Bosnia. This terrorist attack plunged Europe into what would become a world war.

C. Russia's invasion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Prussia did not invade the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

D. The assassination of Tsar Alexander II The tsar was assassinated in the nineteenth century.

What role did American banks play in World War I?

A. American banks loaned to both Allied and Axis powers in roughly the same amounts. American banks did not make the same-sized loans to both sides.

B. American banks refused to make loans to either side. American bankers made loans to both sides.

C. American bankers loaned exclusively to Great Britain. American bankers made loans to multiple countries.

*D. American bankers provided more loans to Allied powers than to Axis states. The gap in financial transactions with the rival war powers was wide; by 1917 U.S. bankers had loaned the Allies $2.2 billion, compared with just $27 million to Germany.

How did Germany respond to the sinking of the Lusitania?

A. Hoping to bring America into the war, Germany ignored American demands to refrain from further attack and provide restitution to the survivors. The Germans did not ignore the demands.

*B. Not wanting to bring the United States into the war, Germany agreed to refrain from further attacks and provide restitution to survivors. Wilson demanded that Germany refrain from further attacks against passenger liners and offer a financial settlement to the Lusitania's survivors. Unwilling to risk war with the United States, the Germans consented.

C. Germany used the sinking to push for a cease-fire with Britain. The Germans did not seek a cease-fire.

D. Germany denied involvement, blaming it on the British. The Germans did not deny involvement.

What was Wilson's goal at the beginning of 1917 when the United States was still neutral in World War I?

A. To help the Allied powers win Wilson did not seek a victory for the Allied powers.

*B. To achieve peace without victory for either side Wilson sought peace without victory on the basis of self-determination, freedom of the seas, the sanctity of international law, and the end of hostile alliances.

C. To punish the Central Powers for starting the war Wilson hoped the two sides would settle their differences through negotiating.

D. To enter the war so the United States could gain territory Wilson did not seek to gain territory through the war.

What was the message relayed in the Zimmermann telegram during World War I?

A. Germany offered an alliance with the United States if it agreed to fight against Britain. The Zimmermann telegram was not between Germany and the United States.

B. Mexico agreed with the United States to join the war only if the United States did. The Zimmermann telegram did not reflect an agreement between Mexico and the United States.

C. Germany offered peace terms that the British rejected, costing them American support. The Zimmermann telegram was not between Germany and Great Britain.

*D. Germany offered Mexico an alliance if the United States joined the allied powers and further benefits if the Allies lost. The decoded note revealed that Germany had offered Mexico an alliance in the event the United States joined the Allies.

Why, on entering World War I, did Woodrow Wilson call the United States an "Associated Power" rather than an "Allied Power"?

A. To allow American troops to be used only in specific actions Wilson did not insist on using American troops only in specific military operations.

B. To avoid offending German Americans, whose votes were valuable Wilson took the step for foreign policy rather than political reasons.

*C. To keep the long American commitment to avoiding alliances With this language, Wilson retained the long-held American commitment to avoiding entangling foreign alliances.

D. The limit American activity to support operations rather than combat American troops were used in combat.

What eventually convinced President Wilson to enter World War I and fight alongside the Allied Powers?

*A. The desire to influence the peace agreement that would follow the war In the end, Wilson decided that only by going to war would he be able to ensure that the United States played a role in shaping the peace.

B. The wish to punish the Central Powers for their aggression Wilson had little desire to punish the Central Powers.

C. The hope of gaining colonial territory Wilson did not seek to add colonial possessions by entering World War I.

D. The desire to offset the Allies' loss of Russia Wilson was led to enter the war for other reasons than to offset the Allies' loss of Russia.

What was the primary contribution of the United States to the Allies in World War I in 1917, after the declaration of war?

A. Adding fresh troops to the fighting in France Few American troops arrived in France until 1918.

*B. Providing naval support and supplies American warships joined the British in escorting merchant vessels, combating German subs, and laying mines in the North Sea. The United States also provided crucial funding and supplies to the Allies as their reserves became depleted.

C. Opening up a new front in southern France Few American troops arrived in France until 1918.

D. Convincing Russia to rejoin the war on the Allies' side After withdrawing from the war, Russia did not rejoin it.

What was the primary contribution of American troops in World War I during 1918?

A. Providing a morale boost In 1918 American troops played a more substantial role in the Allied effort than simply providing a morale boost.

B. Donating needed supplies and equipment In 1918 American troops played a more substantial role in the Allied effort than simply providing supplies and equipment.

C. Giving logistical support In 1918 American troops played a more substantial role in the Allied effort than simply providing logistical support.

*D. Helping push German troops out of France American troops turned the tide toward Allied victory and helped pushed German troops toward Germany.

Why were the Allies and the Central Powers unwilling to negotiate peace in 1917?

A. They were afraid a negotiated peace would never be accepted by the Ottoman Empire. The unwillingness to negotiate peace was not related to the stance of the Ottomans.

B. They feared a negotiated peace would have to be brokered by the United States, whom neither side trusted. The unwillingness to negotiate was not related to the identity of the broker.

*C. Neither side was willing to walk away from the war without significant gains. Neither side wanted a negotiated peace because each counted on victory to gain sufficient territory and financial compensation to justify the great sacrifices in human lives and materiel caused by the conflict.

D. Neither side had many casualties, so there was little incentive to negotiate. The war killed unprecedented numbers of people by 1917.

How did the United States respond to Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare?

A. Wilson refused to be provoked into armed combat and largely ignored the German declaration. Wilson did not ignore the German's actions.

*B. Wilson began to arm U.S. merchant ships. In response, Wilson used his executive power to arm merchant ships, bringing the United States one step closer to war.

C. Wilson formed a secret alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Wilson never forged an alliance with the Austro-Hungarians.

D. He decided to back the revolutionaries in Russia, hoping for help in curbing German aggression. The United States sent troops against Russia, though at a later date.

What offer did Germany make to Mexico in the Zimmerman telegram?

A. It offered Mexico ten million dollars to join the Central Powers. The Germans did not offer cash.

B. It offered Mexico control over African colonies if Mexico joined the Central Powers. Germans did not offer African colonies.

C. It offered to help Mexico conquer Central America if Mexico joined the Central Powers. The Germans did not offer to help Mexico conquer Central America.

*D. It offered to give Mexico back the territory it lost to the United States in the Mexican-American War if it joined the Central Powers. If the Central Powers won, Mexico would receive the territory it had lost to the United States: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

How did the Russian Revolution impact Wilson's decision to commit American troops to World War I?

*A. It helped convince Wilson that American involvement was necessary to make the world "safe for democracy." For the president, the security of the nation rested on respect for law, human rights, and extension of free governments. "The world must be made safe for democracy," he informed Congress in his war message, and he had concluded that the only way to guarantee this outcome was by helping to defeat Germany. This need became even more urgent when in November 1917 the Russian Revolution installed a Bolshevik (Communist) regime that negotiated a separate peace with the Central Powers.

B. It made the president rethink deploying American troops to Europe. The Revolution did not make Wilson second guess his decision.

C. He decided that Communists were entitled to self-determination, and so he restricted American troop deployments in Russia. The president did not argue that Communists were entitled to self-determination, and he did send troops to Russia to help stop the Communists.

D. It had no impact on his decision at all. The Russian Revolution encouraged the president to get more involved.

What was the impact of the Selective Service Act of 1917 on American troop mobilization?

A. The Act had little impact, as most Americans refused to sign up for selective service. The Act had a significant impact on troop levels.

*B. The Act helped raise 3 million troops over the course of the war. The Selective Service Act of 1917 conscripted 3 million men by war's end. Mobilizing such a large force required substantial time, and U.S. troops on the battlefield did not make much of an impact until 1918.

C. The Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and had no impact on troops levels. The Act was not ruled unconstitutional.

D. The Act raised small numbers of troops who had minimal impact in the war effort. The Act had a significant impact on troop levels.

Topic: Fighting the War at Home
books:
Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification

What was the role of the War Industries Board during World War I?

A. To establish price controls for consumer goods The role of the War Industries Board during World War I was broader than establishing price controls for consumer goods.

B. To establish labor standards for factories producing military supplies The primary role of the War Industries Board was not to establish labor standards.

C. To take over private enterprise in order to make military supplies The War Industries Board allowed private enterprise to retain control of the production of military supplies.

*D. To ensure that companies made needed military supplies The role of the War Industries Board was to supervise the purchase of military supplies and work with private enterprise to meet military needs for supplies.

How did Bernard Baruch increase the effectiveness of the War Industries Board during World War I?

*A. By recruiting staff from the businesses the board regulated Baruch increased the effectiveness of the War Industries Board by recruiting staff from the businesses the board regulated.

B. By recruiting a diverse group of representatives from business and labor Baruch primarily recruited representatives from business.

C. By dramatically expanding the board's regulation of businesses Bernard Baruch did not dramatically expand the board's regulation of businesses.

D. By forcing companies to comply with government needs Baruch did gain cooperation by offering the carrot of lucrative contracts rather than the stick of compulsion.

What was the impact of World War I on women's access to jobs?

A. Women earned equal pay with men for the first time. Women continued to earn less than men for the same jobs.

*B. More than 1 million women gained access to jobs, although women suffered discrimination. More than 1 million women gained access to jobs, but women still earned less money than men.

C. Women were blocked from industrial jobs and funneled into low-paying servant work. Women gained access to many different kinds of jobs, and many women left work as servants.

D. World War I had minimal impact on women's access to jobs. World War I had a large impact on women's access to a wide variety of jobs.

Where was the impact of World War I on the scope of government strongest in the United States?

A. On wages as a result of government adoption of a minimum wage The United States did not adopt a minimum wage during World War I.

*B. In regulating consumer goods and travel The war expanded the scope of the government through the regulation of consumption and travel.

C. Through expansion of the civil service The strongest impact on the scope of government was its involvement in Americans' everyday lives.

D. By taking over major industries The government did not take over major industries during World War I.

What was the primary way that the federal government attempted to aid the war effort during World War I?

A. Through mandatory limits on consumption and travel The government did not impose mandatory limits on consumption and travel.

B. By imposing limits on wages and prices The government did not enact wage and price controls during World War I.

*C. By encouraging Americans to cut back on consumption and travel voluntarily The government aided the war effort by encouraging Americans to adopt voluntary restrictions on consumption and travel, efforts that had considerable success.

D. By convincing Americans to work in factories despite the low pay Pay increased during the war.

What was the role of the Committee on Public Information during World War I?

*A. Producing pro-war propaganda The role of the committee was generating government propaganda.

B. Providing information on casualties The role of the committee was not to publish information on wartime casualties.

C. Disseminating information on military operations The role of the committee was not to provide detailed information on military operations.

D. Censoring reporting by American newspapers The role of the committee was not to censor wartime reporting by American newspapers.

Why did Woodrow Wilson perceive a need to rally support for American involvement in World War I?

A. Public support for the war flagged the longer the United States was involved. Public support for the war did not flag, and American involvement lasted less than two years.

B. Anti-war sentiment increased after the United States entered World War I. Anti-war sentiment did not increase after the United States entered World War I.

C. The public was confused about the purpose of American entry into the war. Wilson did not rally support for American involvement in World War I because the public was confused about the need for involvement.

*D. The war remained deeply unpopular among Americans. The war remained deeply unpopular among Americans, and Wilson viewed loyalty and enthusiasm as central to American success.

Who were most of the defendants brought to trial under the Espionage Act and Sedition Act during World War I?

A. German immigrants German immigrants did not comprise most defendants under these acts during World War I.

B. Political activists Political activists were not necessarily those targeted under the Espionage Act and Sedition Act during World War I.

*C. Critics of the war Most defendants brought to trial were critics who merely spoke out against the war.

D. German spies Very few individuals actually engaged in espionage were brought to trial under these laws.

What was the purpose of the American Protective League during World War I?

A. To spy on British Americans suspected of disloyalty The United States was fighting alongside Britain, so British Americans were unlikely to be disloyal.

B. To hire people to spy on German troops The APL focused on people living in the United States, not German troops.

C. To act as a civil defense force in case of attack The APL was not a civil defense force.

*D. To spy on German Americans suspected of disloyalty The APL employed individuals to spy on German Americans suspected of disloyal behavior.

What was the result of progressive efforts to control standards of moral behavior that emerged during World War I?

A. Laws banning prostitution Laws banning prostitution existed prior to World War I.

B. Laws banning drug use Drug use was not a focus of efforts to enforce moral behavior during World War I.

*C. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment banning sale of alcohol The effort to conserve manpower and grain supplies bolstered the impulse to control standards of moral behavior, particularly those associated with immigrants such as drinking. This resulted in passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919, prohibiting the sale of all alcoholic beverages.

D. Laws promoting marriage Laws promoting marriage were not passed during World War I.

What were the central points of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?

A. The division of German colonial territories between France, Great Britain, and the United States Wilson's Fourteen Points did not include the division of German colonial territories between France, Great Britain, and the United States.

*B. Freedom of the seas, abolition of secret treaties, free trade, reduction in military spending, and self-determination for colonies Wilson's Fourteen Points included such goals as freedom of the seas, abolition of secret treaties, free trade, and self-determination for colonial subjects.

C. Religious freedom, democratic government, and a permanent alliance between France, Great Britain, and the United States The Fourteen Points did not include a permanent alliance between France, Great Britain, and the United States.

D. The payment of reparations by Central Powers and the dismantling of their military forces The Fourteen Points did not include either reparations payments by the Central Powers or the reduction in their armed forces.

What was Woodrow Wilson's purpose in suggesting the creation of the League of Nations?

*A. To prevent future wars The League of Nations provided a forum for the resolution of international disputes so that wars would not occur in the future.

B. To provide a way for the United States to gain more influence in international affairs Wilson's aim was not to win more influence for the United States in international affairs.

C. To guarantee free trade The primary purpose of the League of Nations was not to guarantee free trade.

D. To punish the Central Powers and reward the Allies The League of Nations was not designed to punish the Central Powers and reward the Allies.

How did leaders of the Allied Powers view Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points?

A. They accepted self-determination for colonial subjects but none of Wilson's other ideas. France and Britain rejected self-determination for colonial subjects.

B. They accepted freedom of the seas and free trade but not self-determination for colonies. Britain rejected freedom of the seas.

*C. They rejected many of Wilson's points, wanting to punish the Central Powers. The Allied Powers rejected much of Wilson's Fourteen Points, wanting to punish the Central Powers, although they did accept formation of the League of Nations.

D. They accepted Wilson's Fourteen Points as the best. The Allied Powers did not accept several of Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Why, according to Woodrow Wilson, did the Russian Revolution increase the importance of the League of Nations?

A. It would provide a military alliance for capitalist countries to protect themselves from communist invasion. Wilson did not see the League of Nations as a necessary military bulwark against communism.

B. By promoting world peace, it would allow communism and democracy to coexist. Wilson feared communism but believed that the League would prevent its spread.

C. It could be used to fight Russian communists. Wilson did not intend for the League of Nations to be used to directly fight communism in Russia.

*D. It would prevent the spread of communism by allowing for economic growth in a peaceful world. Wilson believed that the League of Nations would keep peace and allow for economic growth in capitalist countries, thus deterring the spread of communism.

What decreased the likelihood of the United States ratifying the Treaty of Versailles when Woodrow Wilson returned home in 1919?

*A. Republicans held a majority in the Senate and opposed ratification. Republicans held a majority in the Senate and Wilson needed two-thirds to ratify the treaty.

B. Democrats in the Senate opposed the ratification of the treaty, and they held a majority there. The Democrats in the Senate supported the ratification of the treaty.

C. Republicans in the House opposed the ratification of the treaty. The U.S. House of Representatives does not vote on the ratification of treaties.

D. Public opinion was against the treaty. Public opinion on the treaty was divided, but the balance of votes in Congress was what mattered.

Why did Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?

A. He wanted to decrease Wilson's popularity. Lodge did not oppose the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles to decrease Wilson's political popularity.

*B. He opposed the idea of collective security. Lodge opposed Article X of the League Covenant sanctioning collective security arrangements against military aggression. Lodge argued that such an alliance compromised the United States' independence in conducting its own foreign relations.

C. He wanted the United States to have closer ties with Russia. Lodge did not seek closer U.S. ties with Russia.

D. He did not want Germany to pay reparations. Lodge did not oppose the treaty on the grounds of German reparations.

How did Wilson attempt to push the Senate to pass the Versailles Treaty?

A. He tied the treaty to domestic legislation. Wilson did not link the treaty's passage to other legislation.

B. He rallied public support for the treaty in Europe. Wilson did not rally public support for the treaty in Europe.

C. He offered political favors to Republicans. Wilson did not offer Republicans political favors to pass the treaty.

*D. He tried to rally public support for the treaty. Wilson tried to drum up public support for the treaty by undertaking a cross-country speaking tour that lasted several weeks.

What was the outcome of Woodrow Wilson's attempt to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

A. The Senate ratified the treaty after Wilson's presidency ended. The Senate never ratified the treaty.

B. The United States did not ratify the treaty but joined the League of Nations. The United States never joined the League of Nations.

*C. The United States neither ratified the treaty nor joined the League of Nations. The Senate votes to ratify the treaty fell short, and, as a result, the United States never joined the League of Nations.

D. The United States ratified the treaty and joined the League of Nations. The United States failed to ratify the treaty.

Why did Woodrow Wilson fail to win enough support to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

A. The treaty was deeply unpopular across the United States. Opinion on the treaty was divided, and actions in Washington had more impact on its fate.

*B. Wilson refused to make compromises that would have ensured its approval. In both 1919 and 1920 Wilson refused to accept reservations. He ignored leaders of his own party who were willing to vote for the Republican-sponsored amendments.

C. Failure of European countries to ratify the treaty made it unpopular. European nations did ratify the treaty.

D. An economic crisis in 1920 diverted Americans' attention from the treaty. The treaty came to a vote in the Senate more than once, but it failed ratification each time.

Chapter 21: The Twenties, 1919-1929
Topic: Social Turmoil
books:
The Red Scare, 1919-1920
Racial Violence in the Postwar Era

What sparked the Red Scare of 1919-1920?

A. Rapid growth in the number of Communists in the United States after the Russian Revolution Support for communism remained tiny in the United States even after the Russian Revolution.

*B. Fear that the Russian Revolution would inspire radicalism in the United States Fear that the Russian Revolution would inspire Communist-inspired radicalism in the United States sparked the Red Scare from 1919 to 1920.

C. The infiltration of Communists into the United States government Communists were unable to infiltrate the United States government from 1919 to 1920.

D. Communist gains in Western Europe, especially Great Britain Communists remained small in number in Great Britain and Western Europe in 1919 and 1920.

What economic factors in the United States contributed to the Red Scare of 1919-1920?

A. Unrest over the imposition of new government price supports Government price supports had been in place during World War I and were in fact ended by the Red Scare.

B. Crop failures that sparked fears of massive starvation The food supply remained adequate in those years.

C. High unemployment and falling wages across the country Unemployment remained low during this time period and did not contribute to the Red Scare.

*D. High inflation, a shortage of consumer goods, and widespread strikes Skyrocketing inflation, the unavailability of consumer goods and companies shifted from wartime to civilian production, and several strikes organized by labor unions contributed to the fears that led to the Red Scare.

What was the impact on the Industrial Workers of the World of government harassment in the 1910s?

*A. The organization shrank and never regained its previous large membership. The IWW, the major prewar radical organization, never recovered from the government harassment that had crippled it during World War I.

B. The organization remained stable in its membership. The organization's membership did not remain unchanged.

C. The organization grew larger in outrage over perceived unfair treatment. The IWW did not grow larger.

D. The organization focused on developing chapters abroad rather than in the United States The organization remained American based.

What event provoked the Palmer raids?

A. The discovery of a broad plot to overthrow the United States government. No such plot existed.

B. The deportation of thousands of immigrants across the country. The deportation of thousands of immigrants was a result of the Palmer Raids, not a cause.

*C. Several bombings, including one explosion on the doorstep of the Attorney General's home In June 1919, bombs exploded in eight cities, including one at the doorstep of the home of A. Mitchell Palmer, the attorney general of the United States, who then launched a government crusade to wipe out Communist extremists.

D. Increased activity among African American organizations to gain greater political rights. Activity among African American organizations was not a factor in the Palmer raids.

Who was the primary group targeted in the Palmer raids?

A. Labor unions The Palmer raids did not target labor unions specifically.

*B. Eastern and Southern European immigrants The Palmer raids targeted eastern and southern European immigrants, who were believed to be dangerous radicals.

C. Populist and Progressive reformers The Palmer Raids did not target populist and progressive reformers.

D. African Americans The Palmer raids did not target African Americans.

What was the purpose of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) after its founding in 1920?

A. To support efforts by African Americans to obtain greater political rights The ACLU sometimes supported efforts by African Americans to obtain greater political rights, but its purpose was broader.

B. To support attempts by the government to limit the scope of the Bill of Rights. The ACLU did not support attempts by the government to limit the scope of the Bill of Rights.

*C. To protect fundamental constitutional rights The purpose of the ACLU was to monitor attempts by the government to reduce the scope of the Bill of Rights.

D. To fight the deportation of immigrants under the Espionage Act The ACLU had a broader purpose than simply fighting these deportations.

What was one of the results of the worldwide influenza epidemic?

A. It killed 50 to 100 million worldwide but largely bypassed the United States. The epidemic killed more than 675,000 individuals in the United States.

B. It mostly impacted infants and the elderly rather than adults. The epidemic impacted adults as well as infants and the elderly.

C. It distracted the United States government from the rise of communism. The U.S. government remained focused on the rise of communism.

*D. It exacerbated existing anxieties in the United States fueled by the Red Scare. The influenza epidemic exacerbated existing anxieties in the United States fueled by the Red Scare.

How did public officials and news media react to the widespread labor strikes in 1919 and 1920?

*A. They lamented the violence but exaggerated the extent of Communist involvement. Public officials and newspapers decried the violence, but they also greatly exaggerated the peril. Communists and socialists did support some union activities; however, few of the millions of workers who struck for higher wages and better working conditions had ties to extremists.

B. They correctly blamed Communists for instigating the strikes. They greatly exaggerated the extent of Communist involvement. Communists and socialists did support some union activities; however, few of the millions of workers who struck for higher wages and better working conditions had ties to extremists.

C. Almost all fully supported the strikers. Many officials and news outlets criticized the violence.

D. Few papers or public officials discussed the strikers, fearing they would provoke more violence. The strikes were a major topic of public discussion.

What tactics did J. Edgar Hoover use during the Palmer Raids?

A. He rounded up suspected Communists on tax evasion charges and had them deported. While many were deported after the raids, Hoover did use tax evasion charges.

*B. He interrogated suspects without counsel and held them without charges and never formally charged anyone. Authorities seized approximately six thousand suspected radicals, took them to police stations, interrogated them without the benefit of legal counsel, and held them incommunicado without stipulating the charges against them. Of the thousands arrested, the government found reason to deport 556. The raids did not uncover extensive plots to overthrow the United States government, nor did they lead to the arrest of the bombers.

C. He struck deals with foreign leaders to identify suspected foreign Communists in the United States. Hoover did not cut deals with foreign leaders inasmuch as he ran a domestic agency.

D. He fooled Communists into coming to fake vaccination clinics, where they would be arrested. This method was not utilized.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "As a foe, the anarchist is fearless of his own life, for his creed is a fanaticism that admits no respect of any other creed. Obviously it is the creed of any criminal mind, which reasons always from motives impossible to clean thought. Crime is the degenerate factor in society."

Why did A. Mitchell Palmer believe anarchists had criminal minds?

A. Thousands had been convicted of crimes. Palmer had many arrested but charged few and convicted even fewer.

B. He believed they were part of an international organized crime ring. Palmer believed they were fanatics, not well-organized criminals.

*C. He believed their ideas were so radical that they could only be explained by criminality. Palmer could not comprehend how anyone could favor anarchical change and rationalized it by associating the ideology with criminality.

D. He had infiltrated many anarchist collectives with spies Palmer did not infiltrate anarchist groups.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens, and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws. An assassin may have brilliant intellectuality, he may be able to excuse his murder or robbery with fine oratory, but any theory which excuses crime is not wanted in America. This is no place for the criminal to flourish, nor will he do so, so long as the rights of common citizenship can be exerted to prevent him."

Why did A. Mitchell Palmer make no distinction between the ideals and deeds of Communists?

A. He argued that the Constitution did not protect the ideals of any American. He singled out Communist ideals because he believed they were dangerous to America.

B. He believed that all ideologies led to violence, and this justified the government's prosecution of thought and deed. He singled-out Communist ideals because he believed they were dangerous to America.

*C. He believed that communism posed an existential threat to America, and this belief justified prosecuting all Communists He argued that communism as a theory espoused violence, and therefore it was permissible to prosecute all Communists.

D. He argued that rights of common citizenship would protect the ideals of Communists. He argued that common citizenship could be used to fight Communists.

What were African Americans who migrated north in the 1910s seeking?

A. The opportunity to start their own farms Most African Americans migrated to cities in the North.

B. An urban life with greater cultural and educational opportunities African Americans who migrated north may have found more cultural and educational opportunities, but this was not what they sought.

*C. An escape from poverty and segregation African Americans who migrated north in the 1910s sought an escape from poverty and racial discrimination.

D. Freedom from religious persecution. African Americans generally did not encounter religious persecution in the South.

Which of the following describes the experience of African Americans who migrated north during the Great Migration?

A. The North was the "Promised Land" they expected from black newspapers. The North was not the "Promised Land" that African Americans expected.

B. They were excluded from gaining manufacturing jobs in the North. More than 100,000 African Americans found manufacturing jobs.

C. They encountered more violence than in the South when they tried to vote. African Americans typically encountered less violence in the North than in the South when they voted.

*D. They found jobs but most were paid little. African Americans found jobs in steel mills, meatpacking, shipbuilding, and other industries but were relegated to low-paying positions. African American women still primarily worked as domestic servants.

Where did racial violence erupt in 1919?

A. The American South While blacks experienced racism and violence, southern blacks rarely attacked whites.

*B. Across many northern cities In 1919 race riots erupted in twenty-five cities throughout the country.

C. In the rural Midwest There were few instances of racial violence in the rural Midwest.

D. Most of the outbreaks occurred in one city, Washington, D.C. While racial violence did break out in D.C., it did in other areas as well,

What was the role of black newspapers in the Great Migration?

*A. They encouraged African Americans to migrate north by promoting the opportunities for jobs there. Black newspapers encouraged African Americans to migrate North by telling blacks of the opportunities they would find.

B. They encouraged African Americans to stay in the South with stories that focused on political organizing in the South. Black newspapers focused on stories and events in the North.

C. They encouraged African Americans to remain in the South by providing them with their own newspapers. Black newspapers were not a community outlet for African Americans in the South because most were based in the North.

D. They did not address the topic of migration and focused on reporting local community affairs. Black newspapers did address migration.

Topic: Prosperity, Consumption, and Growth
books:
Government Promotion of the Economy
Americans Become Consumers
Urbanization
Perilous Prosperity

What principle governed Republican economic policy during the 1920s?

*A. The principle of laissez-faire The Republicans supported laissez-faire and thus opposed economic and social reforms; however, they used the government to support policies that favored large corporations and the wealthy.

B. Strong government role in the economy The Republicans did not support Keynesian economic policies. Those policies were developed during the 1930s.

C. Higher taxes to fund social welfare programs The Republicans did not support higher taxes on the wealthy; instead, they reduced taxes on the rich.

D. Strong government price controls to limit inflation The Republicans did not support strong government price controls on goods and did little to control inflation.

The American Plan attempted to improve the welfare of workers by

A. encouraging the growth of unions in multiple industries. The American Plan was designed to prevent the growth of unions.

B. promoting the hiring of women to increase family income. The American Plan did not promote the hiring of women.

C. bolstering child labor legislation and minimum wage laws. The American Plan sought to prevent the necessity of child labor legislation and minimum wage laws.

*D. encouraging business-sponsored worker welfare initiatives. The American Plan sought to encourage voluntary worker welfare initiatives, such as pension and health insurance plans. This plan was designed to undermine unions and reduce their membership.

What policies did the Republican Congress enact during the Harding Administration?

A. More government regulation of business and price controls The Republican Congress supported less government regulation and opposed price controls.

B. Higher income tax rates The Republican Congress favored lower taxes.

*C. Lower government spending and lower taxes Congress reduced government spending and lowered inheritance and corporate taxes during the Harding Administration.

D. Increased defense spending and new welfare programs The Republican Congress of the 1920s did not enact either of those initiatives.

What was the impact of the American Plan and union-related court rulings on unions in the 1920s?

A. Unions flourished with greater government support. Both the American Plan and the court rulings did not support unions.

B. Union membership increased in numbers but as a share of workers remained the same. Union membership fell both in numbers and proportionately.

*C. Union membership dropped by 2 million and became about 10 percent of the labor market. Union membership fell from about 5 million to 3 million and included only about 10 percent of the labor market.

D. Unions grew in reaction against these pressures. Unions were hurt by these pressures.

What was the impact of the Teapot Dome scandal on the Harding administration and Republican policies?

*A. The scandal decreased Harding's popularity but not support for Republican policies. The Teapot Dome scandal decreased Harding's popularity but did not decrease support for Republican policies.

B. Both Harding and Republican policies remained popular despite the scandal. The Teapot Dome scandal had an impact on Harding's popularity.

C. The scandal damaged the appeal of Republican economic policies. Public support for Republican economic policies remained constant after the Teapot Dome scandal.

D. The scandal increased support for Republican economic policies. Public support for Republican economic policies remained constant after the Teapot Dome scandal.

What was the primary difference in the economic policies of presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge?

A. Unlike Harding, Coolidge increased the top income tax rates to reduce social inequality. Coolidge did not increase the top income tax rates.

B. Unlike Harding, Coolidge attempted to involve labors leaders more in his administration. Labor leaders were not involved in Coolidge's administration.

*C. Coolidge continued the pro-business policies of Harding's administration. Coolidge favored the same pro-business policies as Harding and continued pursuing them.

D. Harding was closer to labor leaders than Coolidge. President Harding was not closer to labor leaders than President Coolidge.

What was President Harding's view on the relationship between government and business?

A. While his party supported fewer regulations, Harding favored more government intervention in business. Harding was not a proponent of government intervention.

*B. He believed business should influence government rather than the other way around. Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, who was elected president in 1920, declared that he and his party wanted "less government in business and more business in government."

C. He thought that government and business would always have different interests. Harding thought their interests were mutual.

D. He thought that government and business should remain separate. He did not believe that government shouldn't have relationships with business.

What was the "trickle down" theory of Republicans in the 1920s?

A. Assimilation would happen as immigrants adopted the cultural values of the upper classes. The theory was not related to social policy.

*B. Lower taxes on the rich would spread wealth to the lower classes. Republicans believed that those on the lower rungs of the economic ladder would prosper once businesspeople invested the extra money they received from tax breaks into expanding production. The theory posited that wealth would trickle down through increased jobs and purchasing power.

C. Racial equality would come from the top down. The theory was not related to racial issues.

D. Women should be patient about achieving equal rights. The theory was not related to gender issues.

How did the secretary of the Treasury, Herbert Hoover, impact government-business partnerships in the 1920s?

A. By forcing businesses to form trade associations Hoover did not force industries into these associations.

B. By constructing regulations that made businesses dependent on government services Hoover did not create regulations that were unfavorable to businesses.

C. By promoting regulations that favored labor Hoover did not promote labor-friendly regulations

*D. By encouraging less government control over industry Hoover believed that the federal government had a role to play in the economy and in ameliorating economic suffering. Rejecting government control of business activities, however, he insisted on voluntary cooperation between the public and private sectors.

How did labor fare in the federal courts in the 1920s?

A. Labor won significant victories that solidified their rights. Labor did not win significant victories.

*B. Labor fared poorly in the courts, losing rights to organize and striking privileges. Unions were damaged by a series of Supreme Court rulings that restricted strikes and overturned hard-won victories such as child labor legislation and minimum-wage laws.

C. The court was divided on many labor issues. The court was rarely divided on labor issues.

D. Labor was determined not to have standing by the courts. The courts did not deny labor the right to bring suit in federal court.

Refer to the image Teapot Dome Scandal

A cartoon shows two men being chased by a rolling teapot, labeled Oil Scandal, down White House Highway.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the cartoon imply about the relationship between business and government?

A. Business had been corrupted by government. The cartoon implies that government officials were suffering from their own corruption.

B. Government officials were trapped by the power of industry. The cartoon implies that the corruption was of the officials' own making.

*C. The close relationship between government and business had led to corruption. The cartoon implies that the close relationship between business and government led to government corruption. Interior Secretary Albert Fall sold off oil lands to private companies and received a kickback from one of the oil companies.

D. Government corruption was overblown. The cartoon implies that corruption was a big problem.

What accounts for the high rate of economic growth in the United States during the 1920s?

A. Increased international trade International trade increased during the 1920s but does not account for the high economic growth of the 1920s.

B. Massive immigrant providing cheap labor Immigration fell during the 1920s compared to recent decades.

C. Use of natural resources such as oil and coal for industrial production Coal and oil had been used for industrial production previously.

*D. Increased efficiency through technology and scientific management The ability to apply technology and scientific management techniques to increase the efficiency of industrial production accounts for the economic growth during the 1920s.

How did the assembly line, which was widely adopted in the 1920s, increase the efficiency of industrial production?

*A. By emphasizing repetition, accuracy, and standardization of tasks First used in the automobile industry prior to World War I, the assembly line moved the product to a worker who performed a specific task before sending it along to the next laborer, saving enormous time and energy by emphasizing repetition, accuracy, and standardization of tasks.

B. By allowing companies to hire fewer workers Companies did not necessarily hire fewer workers when they adopted the assembly line.

C. By letting companies cut wages. Adoption of the assembly line did not necessarily lead to lower wages.

D. Every worker on the assembly line could do each task. The assembly line was based on workers learning to do the same repetitive task.

What was the focus of what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution in the 1920s?

A. Using natural resources for energy Using natural resources of energy was the focus of the first Industrial Revolution.

*B. Mass production of consumer goods once considered luxuries The Second Industrial Revolution focused on the creation of consumer goods that were considered luxuries before such as a wealth of new labor-saving appliances made useful in homes by the widespread adoption of electricity.

C. Increasing the efficiency of professional services The Second Industrial Revolution focused on manufacturing.

D. Increasing agricultural efficiency through using machines. The Second Industrial Revolution focused on manufacturing.

How did the automobile transform the lives of Americans in the 1920s?

*A. It permitted Americans to live and travel farther from cities than they had before. The automobile allowed Americans to live farther from their work and also travel to destinations at greater distances from their homes.

B. It contributed to a decline in suburban living by the end of the 1920s. The automobile did not lead to a decline in American suburban populations.

C. It allowed women greater mobility. Few women drove cars during the 1920s and traveled alone.

D. It allowed Americans to migrate to other parts of the United States. Americans had migrated within the country for decades.

What was the impact of the automobile on sexual norms during the1920s?

A. Parents gained the ability to travel on dates with couples to chaperone them. The automobile had the opposite effect on dating.

B. Because of cars, a majority of women and men had intercourse before marriage. Most couples waited until marriage for intercourse.

C. It allowed couples to travel on vacation while dating. Few couples would travel by themselves while dating.

*D. It allowed couples the ability to go on dates alone. The automobile moved dates from the parlor and into the backseat of the car, away from adult supervision.

Why did the advertising industry focus on the personal psychology of consumers rather than the price or quality of their products during the 1920s?

*A. To convince people that they would be happy by purchasing goods Advertisers played on the unexpressed fears and unfulfilled desires of individuals by appealing to their shaky self-esteem, hopes for success, and sexual fantasies to convince people that success came through consumption.

B. To bolster the self-esteem of consumers The advertising industry did not necessarily want to bolster the self-esteem of consumers but their demand.

C. To demonstrate that consumption was not an important part of success Advertisers wanted people to link consumption with success.

D. To help people solve real personality problems Advertisers did not seek to help people solve personality problems.

How did many Americans afford the new consumer goods during the 1920s?

A. By working two jobs to earn more money Americans did not necessarily work more jobs to purchase consumer goods during the 1920s.

B. By seeking high wages at work Wages rose during the 1920s but did not provide enough income to afford all consumer goods.

*C. By relying on credit via installment plans Although average wages and incomes rose during the 1920s, the majority of Americans did not have the disposable income to afford the bounty of new consumer goods. To resolve this problem, companies extended credit in dizzying amounts.

D. By waiting for sales or other promotions While Americas did take advantage of sales and promotions, this strategy would not provide them with all the goods that many desired or actually purchased.

What happened to American incomes during the 1920s?

A. Income growth stagnated. Income was not stagnant for most of the 1920s.

B. Income grew but only in the Northeast. Income growth was not limited to the Northeast.

C. Income decreased. Income did not decrease for most of the 1920s.

*D. Income increased. National income rose from approximately $63 billion to $88 billion in the 1920s.

Refer to the figure Figure 21.1 Production of Consumer Goods, 1921 and 1929

A bar graph shows the production of different goods in 1921 and 1929. Data presented in the format, item: number of units in thousands in 1921, number of units in thousands in 1929, are as follows. Automobiles: 1,500, 4,600, phonographs: 600, 600, radio receivers: 50, 4,900, refrigerators: 50, 900. All data are approximate.
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

What accounted for the high rate of automobile sales in the 1920s?

A. Government subsidies to consumers The government did not provide subsidies to consumers.

B. The availability of many foreign-made cars There were few foreign-made cars in America in the 1920s.

*C. The development of the assembly line Perhaps the greatest innovation came with the introduction of the assembly line. First used in the automobile industry before World War I, the assembly line moved the product to a worker who performed a specific task before sending it along to the next worker.

D. Increased manufacturing costs Manufacturing costs decreased in the 1920s.

How did the growth of the automotive industry impact other industries?

A. It devastated other industries by stealing their customers. As cars were new, they had few competitors to put out of business.

*B. It fueled growth in other industries. Auto sales soared in the 1920s, from 1.5 million to 5 million, fueling the growth of related industries such as steel, rubber, petroleum, and glass.

C. It had minimal impact on other industries. The auto industry had a significant impact on other industries.

D. It caused other companies to abandon assembly-line production Assembly-line production was made more efficient by the auto industry

How did American automakers convince consumers to buy their products?

A. By substantially lowering prices While low prices helped, manufacturers still had to convince people to buy these new products.

B. By partnering with the government to promote sales The government did not help promote sales.

C. By offering lifetime warranties on cars The industry did not offer lifetime warranties.

*D. Through advertising and marketing Although Ford and his fellow manufacturers succeeded in lowering prices, they still had to convince Americans to spend their hard-earned money to purchase their products. Turning for help to the fledgling advertising industry, manufacturers nearly tripled their spending on advertising over the course of the 1920s.

How did cities help promote the spread of consumerism?

A. Cities had small poor populations, making it easier for companies to market goods in urban areas. While goods were marketed in urban areas, most cities had significant numbers of poor.

B. Cities attracted large numbers of independent small businesses which were the prime sellers of consumer goods While there were many small, independently owned businesses, they were not the primary location for urban consumers.

C. City governments promoted products by offering tax incentives to consumers. City governments did not offer tax incentives to consumers.

*D. With large populations clustered closely together, chain and department stores opened and became the main location for urban consumers. The growth of cities helped promote the spread of the consumer-oriented economy. Increasingly clustered in urban areas, people had more convenient access to department stores and chain stores. Advertisers targeted city residents because they were easier to reach.

How did American population demographics change in the 1920s?

A. More people lived in rural areas than at any other time in U.S. history. Population demographics did not shift toward rural areas.

B. More people lived in suburbs than at any time in U.S. history. Population demographics did not shift toward suburbs.

*C. More people lived in cities than at any other time in U.S. history. The census of 1920 reported that for the first time in U.S. history a majority of Americans lived in cities.

D. More people lived in the South than at any other time in U.S. history. The South experienced massive waves of migration that decreased population.

What happened to U.S. agricultural production in the 1920s?

*A. Agricultural production declined. The end of World War I brought a decline in demand for American agricultural goods, and about six million residents left their farms and villages and moved to cities.

B. Agricultural production increased dramatically. As European producers came back online, demand for American crops decreased.

C. Agricultural production stayed the same. As European producers came back online, demand for American crops decreased.

D. Agricultural production increased in the South but decreased in the West. Demand for crops was not higher in the South than in the West.

How did the postwar period affect African American demographics?

A. African Americans relocated to the South after the war in large numbers. Blacks did not relocate to the South in large numbers.

B. African Americans moved west in large numbers. While many blacks moved west, the majority did not

*C. African Americans moved to cities in large numbers. The war pushed large numbers of African Americans out of the rural South for jobs in the cities.

D. African Americans left the United States for Canada in large numbers. Most African American migration occurred within the United States.

Which region of the United States grew the fastest in the 1920s?

A. The South The South experienced population decline during the 1920s.

*B. The West The West grew faster than any other region of the country, and its cities boomed. From 1910 to 1930, the population of the United States increased by 33.5 percent; at the same time, the population of the West soared by nearly 59 percent.

C. The Northeast While many people moved to northeastern cities, this was not the area that experienced the most growth.

D. All regions grew in relatively equal amounts. Not all regions experienced the same population growth.

Why did the West experience so much population growth in the 1920s?

A. Many people were attracted by labor opportunities in rural western areas. The growth was not related to rural development.

*B. Many people were attracted by urban job opportunities and breathtaking scenery. After the war, western city leaders boasted of the business and employment opportunities and beautiful landscapes that awaited migrants to their urban communities.

C. Western cities often paid residents to relocate to their areas. Cities did not pay for relocation.

D. Western cities attracted many immigrants from China. Chinese immigrants were not responsible for western population growth.

Which of the following attracted people to the city of Los Angeles in the 1920s?

*A. A dependable public transit system The city offered a dependable public transit system that connected Los Angeles and neighboring counties, which attracted many new residents.

B. The long growing season attracted many farmers. Farming did not attract many new residents to Los Angeles.

C. The cold winters attracted many European migrants looking for a familiar climate. Los Angeles did not have long, cold winters.

D. Plentiful labor opportunities in the mining industry attracted new residents. Los Angeles was not known for its mining industry.

What economic danger worsened during the 1920s?

A. Collapsing prices for consumer goods Prices for consumer goods did not fall during the 1920s.

B. Declining international trade International trade increased during the 1920s.

C. High unemployment Unemployment was low during the 1920s.

*D. Growing income inequality In the 1920s, a majority of workers lived below the poverty line, and farmers plunged deeper into hard times. Meanwhile, corporate profits increased much faster than wages, with a disproportionate share of the wealth going to the rich.

Why was rising income inequality an economic danger during the 1920s?

*A. The low working-class earnings hurt consumer demand. The economy relied on mass consumption, which was held down by low wages among working-class Americans.

B. Many of the working class could not work because they had poor health due to their living conditions. The working class could work.

C. Members of the upper class did not buy many consumer goods, preferring to invest their wealth. The upper class spent on luxury products but were not a large enough market to sustain the economy.

D. Many working-class people could not afford housing in cities. Housing demand did not drive the economy.

What did it mean to purchase stock on margin during the 1920s?

A. Selling stock to another investor for another stock Purchasing stock on margin did not mean selling stock to another investor for more stock.

B. Buying stock only if corporate profits hit a target. Purchasing stock on margin was not related to corporate profits.

C. Buying a stock only after it hit a certain price Purchasing stock on margin was not pegged to the stock's price.

*D. Using credit to pay only a fraction of a stock's price Purchasing stock on margin meant to pay only a fraction of the price by using credit to cover the balance due.

What was the role of government regulation in the stock boom of the 1920s?

A. It limited the practice to individuals with good credit. Government regulation did not ensure that only individuals with good credit purchase stock on margin.

B. It prevented stock prices for escalating too fast. Government regulations allowed prices to escalate unchecked.

*C. It was minimal, making widespread margin buying dangerous. Without vigilant governmental oversight, banks and lending agencies extended credit without taking into account what would happen if a financial panic occurred and they were suddenly required to call in all of their loans.

D. A lack of government regulation led many people not to purchase stock. More people purchased stock during the 1920s despite the lack of government regulation.

What accounts for the speculation in real estate in Florida during the 1920s?

A. Amusement parks purchased land, sparking an interest in tourism in the region. The development of amusement parks in Florida occurred later.

B. Americans wanted to move to a place with a warmer climate. Most Americans did not seek to live somewhere warmer.

C. Millions of older Americans moved to Florida to retire. Few Americans moved to Florida to retire at the time.

*D. The state government and private developers promoted land purchases. State government and private developers promoted tourism and land purchases.

What factors decreased farm income during the 1920s?

A. Poor harvests and shift from farm products to meat Poor crops harvests did not decrease farm incomes.

*B. Increased productivity and lower exports Declining world demand following the end of World War I together with increased productivity due to the mechanization of agriculture drove down farm prices and income.

C. The decline of sharecropping and rising farm bankruptcies The decline of sharecropping did not decrease farm incomes.

D. Rising imports of farm products from Mexico Few agricultural products were imported during this time period.

How did the war reparations payment plan negotiated between Britain, France, Germany, and the United States ultimately cause problems for the American economy?

A. The plan increased the size of Germany's payments to Britain and France, forcing the United States to accept less than the full amount of loan repayments Germany. The plan did not include direct payments from Germany to the United States, nor was Germany forced to increase the size of its payments to Britain and France.

*B. The plan resulted in a series of circular payments in which American money was used to help Germany repay Britain and France, which then used the reparations to repay the United States. Europeans were essentially repaying their debt to the United States with the United States' own money. This revolving-door solution put American bankers at the mercy of unstable European economies and added to the cycle of spiraling credit already in existence in the United States.

C. The plan increased the tariff rate on European imports to the United States, decreasing manufacturers' revenue and ultimately making it more difficult for countries to pay off their debts. Import tariffs were high in the 1920s, but these high tariffs were not introduced by the international agreement. Republican administrations in the United States supported the high tariffs on imports.

D. The plan caused the United States to take over Germany's war reparations, which prevented the United States from repaying its debts to Britain and France. The United States loaned money to Germany so it could repay its own war debts. The United States did not owe money to Britain and France after World War I; in fact, European countries owed the United States $11 billion they had borrowed to fund their war efforts.

Refer to the figure Figure 21.2 Income Inequality, 1923-1929

A bar graph between 1923 and 1929, the bottom 90 percent had approximately 16 percent share of income growth captured, while the top 1 percent had 70 percent share of income growth.
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

What does the graph indicate about prosperity in America from 1923 to 1929?

A. Prosperity was evenly distributed during the period. As the graph indicates, prosperity was not evenly distributed.

B. Lower- and middle-class income grew faster than upper-class income. The graph does not reflect this statement.

*C. Upper-class income grew faster than income for all other classes. The combined income of the top 1 percent of families was greater than that of the 42 percent at the bottom.

D. Income growth was negative for all classes. All classes experienced some income growth.

How did income inequality affect industrial production?

A. It stimulated production and increased jobs. Income inequality did not have a positive effect on production or jobs.

*B. It suppressed production and decreased jobs. Cutbacks in demand forced manufacturers to reduce production, thereby reducing the number of jobs and increasing unemployment, which in turn dragged down the demand for consumer goods even further.

C. It had no effect on production. Income inequality had a significant impact on production.

D. It slightly increased production but decreased jobs. Income inequality did not increase production.

Topic: Challenges to Social Conventions
books:
Breaking with the Old Morality
The Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism

How did the entertainment industry challenge the prevailing moral codes during the 1920s?

A. By showing graphic violence The entertainment industry did not show graphic violence during the 1920s.

B. By stigmatizing divorce as an option for unhappy couples The entertainment industry depicted divorce, but this was not the primary way it challenged moral codes during the 1920s.

C. By depicting interracial sexual relations The entertainment industry did not depict interracial sexual relations during the 1920s.

*D. By promoting relaxed attitudes toward sexual relations The entertainment industry challenged the prevailing moral codes during the 1920s by depicting male and female actors with sex appeal and promoted a more relaxed attitude toward sexual relations.

How did most movies handle racial issues during the 1910s and 1920s?

*A. They appealed to racial prejudices. Most films during the 1910s and 1920s appealed to racial prejudices.

B. They challenged conventions about international dating. Most films upheld taboos surrounding interracial dating.

C. They avoided racial issues. Films did address racial issues during the 1910s and 1920s.

D. They opposed racial segregation. Films generally upheld racial segregation.

What identified the New Woman of the 1910s and 1920s?

A. Economic independence The New Woman may have been economically independent, but this was not the primary factor in her representation.

B. More physical activity The New Woman was not necessarily physically active.

*C. Provocative fashions and behaviors The New Woman wore short skirts and makeup (once the province of prostitutes) and smoked and drank in public.

D. Increased education The New Woman was not defined by education but by various other characteristics.

What was the impact of radio programming on ethnic identity among immigrants?

A. It fostered interethnic communication. Radio did not necessarily foster interethnic communication.

B. It had no impact. Radio did impact the ethnic identity of immigrants.

C. It encouraged assimilation because all programming was in English. All programming was not in English.

*D. Foreign-language programs allowed immigrants to preserve their ethnic identity. Radio allowed immigrants to preserve their ethnic identity by tuning into foreign-language programs aimed at them.

What was the critique the "Lost Generation" leveled at modern consumer culture?

A. It promoted ethnic prejudices. The "Lost Generation" did not charge consumer culture with promoting ethnic prejudices.

*B. It discouraged individuality and free thought. According to the "Lost Generation," the consumer culture promoted conformity and discouraged independent thinking.

C. It was marred by hypocrisy. The "Lost Generation" argued that the old culture, not consumer culture, was marked by hypocrisy.

D. It ignored class distinctions. The "Lost Generation" was not concerned with preserving class distinctions.

Which of the following describes the motion picture industry in the 1920s?

A. The industry's appeal was limited to western cities. The appeal of movies was not limited to western cities.

B. American movie companies largely focused on foreign markets. American movies were largely marketed inside the United States.

C. Movies were too expensive for most Americans and were largely entertainment for the upper classes. Movies were very low-priced and attracted audiences from all classes.

*D. Motion pictures had a broad national appeal in the 1920s. Originally shown as short films for 5 cents in nickelodeons, movies appealed to a national audience. By the 1920s, films had expanded into feature-length pictures, Hollywood film studios had blossomed into major corporations, and movies were shown in ornate theaters in cities and towns across the country.

How did scholars respond to the critiques of the "Lost Generation?"

A. They rejected their critiques, arguing in favor of mass consumer culture. Few advocated for mass consumer culture.

*B. They joined their criticism and began studying the negative impacts of mass consumer culture. Scholars joined literary and social critics in challenging conventional ideas. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychoanalyst, shifted emphasis away from culture to individual consciousness. His disciples stressed the role of the unconscious mind and the power of the sex drive in shaping human behavior, beliefs that gained traction not only in university education but also in advertising appeals.

C. Scholars ignored the critiques, believing mass consumer culture to be beneath them. Scholars joined literary and social critics in challenging conventional ideas.

D. Scholars were divided over the critiques. Scholars joined literary and social critics in challenging conventional ideas.

How did scholars deal with issues of race in the 1920s?

A. They were vocal proponents of racial segregation. While some scholars were proponents, a majority were not.

B. Scholars rarely addressed issues of race for fear of reprisals. Many scholars wrote about issues of race.

*C. Scholars attempted to discredit traditional notions of white superiority. Scholars also discredited conventional wisdom about race. Challenging studies that purported to demonstrate the intellectual superiority of whites over blacks, Columbia University anthropologist Franz Boas argued that any apparent intelligence gap between the races resulted from environmental factors and not heredity.

D. Scholars were not permitted to discuss issues of race by the terms of their university contracts. University contracts did not prohibit discussion of race.

What social change explains why New York and Chicago became the centers of a new flowering of African American culture in the 1920s?

*A. The influx of black migrants to the North The influx of southern black migrants to the North spurred by World War I and continuing into the 1920s created a black cultural renaissance, with New York City's Harlem and the South Side of Chicago leading the way.

B. The decline of the "Lost Generation" The "Lost Generation" and the African American cultural renaissance were contemporaneous.

C. Development of the mass entertainment industry The African American cultural renaissance developed largely independent of the creation of the movie and radio industries.

D. The end of segregation in the South Segregation in the South remained strong for several decades.

What was characteristic of the "New Negro" popularized by African Americans in Harlem during the 1920s?

A. The New Negro sought assimilation into and acceptance by white culture. While the New Negroes insisted on equality, they celebrated black identity.

*B. The New Negro refused to accept white supremacy and took pride in a black racial identity. African American writers who supported the idea of the New Negro refused to accept white supremacy. In militant voices, they expressed pride in their race and sought to perpetuate black racial identity, while at the same time demanding full citizenship and participation in American society.

C. The New Negro sought isolation from the dominant white culture. The New Negro demanded full citizenship and participation in American society.

D. The New Negro focused on political activism rather than cultivating a black identity. The New Negro was active in seeking civil rights but also actively promoted development of a black identity.

How did African American artists in the Harlem Renaissance challenge notions about race?

A. By criticizing white culture in their art African American artists celebrated black identity rather than focusing on white culture.

B. By seeking cultural integration with white artists. African American artists focused on black identity and did not integrate with white artists.

*C. By rejecting white cultural standards and promoting their own Many of these artists increasingly rejected white standards of taste as well as staid middle-class, black values, drawing inspiration instead from the vernacular of African American folk life.

D. By acting in opposition to prevailing stereotypes African American artists did not deliberately act in opposition to prevailing stereotypes.

Where did black blues and jazz musicians draw inspiration from for their music?

A. European immigration Jazz and blues focused on the experiences of African Americans.

B. Experiences of blacks in Africa Blues and jazz focused on the experiences of African Americans in the United States.

C. The white cultural elite Blues and jazz focused on the experiences of African Americans.

*D. The everyday experiences of black life Blues and jazz music focused on the everyday experiences of black life.

Why did jazz and blues music appeal to some white musicians and audiences?

*A. It challenged conventional culture. The music offered white musicians and audiences emotional freedom and a release from sexual energy unavailable in conventional culture.

B. It offered a challenge to racial norms. White audiences and musicians did not view jazz and blues as a way to challenge racial norms.

C. It offered a way to interact with African Americans. White musicians and audiences did not necessarily use the music as a way to interact with African Americans.

D. It was similar to white music. Jazz and blues were very different from white music at the time.

Refer to the image Augusta Savage

A photo shows Augusta Savage looking at a classical sculpture of a young boy.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the photo say about African Americans and art in the 1920s?

A. African Americans were still only passive observers of art. The photo does not suggest passive observation.

B. African Americans were still denied access to museums. The photo does not indicate that blacks were banned from museums.

C. African Americans had little appreciation for art. The photo shows their deep appreciation for art.

*D. African Americans were breaking barriers in art. Savage took formal art classes at the Cooper Union, working mainly in clay. In addition to the sculpture of the young boy here, Savage produced busts of W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey.

What was the purpose of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?

A. To promote black migration to the North The UNIA promoted black immigration to Africa.

B. To promote black businesses The scope of the UNIA was much wider than prompting black businesses.

C. To foster racial integration The UNIA did not foster racial integration.

*D. To foster racial separation and black pride The UNIA was formed to promote racial separation and pride.

What was the goal behind Marcus Garvey's "Back to Africa" movement?

A. To offer African Americans economic opportunities Garvey had in mind broader goals than simply promoting economic opportunities in formulating the "Back to Africa" movement.

B. To have African Americans help white colonial rulers in Africa Garvey did not intend to help white colonial rulers in Africa.

*C. To lift black people throughout the world The purpose of the UNIA's "Back to Africa" movement was to promote migration of African Americans to Africa, where they would help overthrow colonial rule and assist black people throughout the world.

D. To promote African tourism to help the economies there The "Back to Africa" movement did not aim to promote African tourism.

Why did leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) object to Marcus Garvey's ideas?

A. They objected to him personally. W.E.B. du Bois sharply criticized Garvey, but it was on the basis of his ideas.

*B. They wanted integration and Garvey wanted racial separation. Unlike the leaders of the NAACP, who sought equal access to American institutions and cooperation with whites, Garvey favored a "Back to Africa" movement that would ultimately repatriate many black Americans to their ancestral homelands on the African continent.

C. He tried to take over the organization. Garvey did not try to seize control of the NAACP but formed his own organization.

D. He formed an alliance with the revived Ku Klux Klan. Garvey formed no alliance with the Klan, although he, like the Klan, promoted racial separation.

What was the similarity between the views of Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the Ku Klux Klan?

*A. Both agreed on the necessity of racial segregation. Both the UNIA and Ku Klux Klan agreed on the necessity of racial segregation.

B. Both agreed they wanted an alliance with the NAACP. Neither group had any interest in forming links with the NAACP.

C. Both agreed that African Americans were inferior to whites. The UNIA contended that African Americans were equal to whites.

D. Both groups accepted that African Americans should return to Africa. The Ku Klux Klan did not necessary believe that African Americans should return to Africa.

What was the significance of Garveyism?

A. It was the first mass black movement accepted by white Americans. Most white Americans disagreed with Garveyism.

B. It was the first black movement to focus on integration. Garvey rejected racial integration.

C. It was the first effort to send African Americans to Africa. Other attempts had taken place earlier.

*D. It was the first mass African American movement. Garveyism was the first mass African American movement.

What caused Marcus Garvey's eventual downfall?

A. Few African Americans sought to return to Africa. The amount of African Americans willing to return to African did not cause Garvey's downfall.

B. NAACP attacks cost him popularity. Attacks by the NAACP did not cause Garvey's downfall.

*C. He was found guilty of corrupt business practices. Convicted in 1925 of mail fraud related to his Black Star Steamship Line, Garvey served two years in federal prison until President Coolidge commuted his term and had the Jamaican citizen deported. Garvey continued to carry on his activities from England, but without his presence, the UNIA lost most of its following in the United States.

D. Attacks by white Americans left him disabled. Garvey did not suffer any disability from physical attack.

How did the UNIA address gender issues among African Americans?

A. The UNIA encouraged black women to act more like white women. The UNIA celebrated the uniqueness of black women.

B. The UNIA encouraged black women to adopt white beauty standards. The UNIA celebrated Black beautify standards.

*C. The UNIA celebrated black manhood and womanhood. The UNIA celebrated black manhood and womanhood.

D. The UNIA encouraged black woman to seek economic independence. The UNIA encouraged black women to assume a more traditional economic role.

Why did Marcus Garvey's organization, the UNIA, oppose the NAACP?

A. Garvey and the UNIA felt the NAACP was stealing funds from its organization. This was not an accusation made by the UNIA.

B. It believed that the NAACP was too supportive of black women. The UNIA was very supportive of black women.

C. It believed the NAACP was too forceful in pushing for black rights. The organization felt the NAACP did not go far enough.

*D. Garvey and the UNIA thought the NAACP was too accommodating to whites. Garvey denounced what he saw as the accommodationist efforts of the NAACP and declared, "To be a Negro is no disgrace, but an honor, and we of the UNIA do not want to become white."

Topic: Culture Wars
books:
Prohibition
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Fundamentalism versus Modernism

Which amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol?

A. The Nineteenth Amendment The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.

*B. The Eighteenth Amendment The Eighteenth Amendment banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol in 1920.

C. The Seventeenth Amendment The Seventeenth Amendment established popular election of senators.

D. The Sixteenth Amendment The Sixteenth Amendment established the income tax.

For what reasons did people support the Eighteenth Amendment?

A. They feared the power of the alcohol industry lobby. Few supporters feared the industry's lobby.

B. They feared that foreign companies were infiltrating America through the alcohol industry. Few supporters feared this.

*C. They supported it for social reasons, believing alcohol was the root of many social problems. Supporters claimed that Prohibition would promote family stability, improve morals, and prevent crime.

D. Most supporters were immigrants who feared the alcohol-fueled culture of the United States. Most supporters feared immigrants having access to alcohol.

Who were the "moonshiners"?

A. Supporters of Prohibition called themselves "moonshiners." Supporters did not call themselves "moonshiners."

B. Opponents of racial segregation The label did not refer to opponents of segregation.

C. Corporate alcohol companies The term did not refer to corporations.

*D. Rural producers of illegal alcohol In rural areas, "moonshiners" took grain and processed it into liquor.

What were speakeasies in the 1920s?

*A. Urban clubs where alcohol was illegally served In big cities, clubs known as speakeasies offered illegal alcohol and the entertainment to keep their customers satisfied.

B. Illegal rural distilleries Speakeasies were not located in rural areas.

C. A name used to describe young women in the 1920s The term did not refer to young women.

D. The name for African American blues clubs While there were African American speakeasies, the term did not refer to race or music.

What were the unintended consequences of Prohibition?

A. Countries around the world mimicked the American example and banned liquor. Few other countries banned alcohol.

B. Americans began to use less tobacco. Tobacco use did not decrease.

C. Americans began working longer hours. There was no connection between Prohibition and working hours.

*D. A rise in violence and organized crime While Prohibition did reduce alcohol consumption, crime flourished. Gangsters paid off police, bribed judges, and turned cities into battlegrounds between rival criminal gangs, reinforcing the notion among small-town and rural dwellers that urban life was eroding American values.

What factors account for the surge in anti-immigrant sentiment during the 1920s?

*A. Native-born Americans saw immigrants as cultural and economic threats. White Protestants associated immigrants with immoral behavior and political radicalism, and viewed them as a threat to their traditional culture and values and to their jobs and wages.

B. Native-born Americans viewed immigrants as unproductive and unwilling to work. While some groups were negatively stereotyped as being lazy, many immigrants were feared as threats to native-born Americans' jobs.

C. Native-born Americans harbored deep prejudices against immigrants from Asia. Asian immigration was almost completely banned during the 1920s.

D. Native-born Americans feared the rising tide of immigrants from Latin America. Immigrants from Latin America were not the target of anti-immigrant sentiment during the 1920s.

What was the significance of the Sacco and Vanzetti case?

A. It convinced white Americans to ignore the radicalism of immigrants. White Americans did not ignore the radicalism of immigrants.

B. It proved that all immigrants were not radicals. Sacco and Vanzetti were anarchists, which helped underscore the alleged connection between immigrants and radicals.

C. It challenged the nativism of white Americas. The Sacco and Vanzetti case did not challenge nativism.

*D. It provides an extreme example of 1920s nativism. The case demonstrated the nativism of white Americans.

Why was the focus of Sacco and Vanzetti's trial not on the crimes they were charged with committing?

A. Influential lawyers turned the case to their own advantage. The two were convicted and later executed despite the objections of influential lawyers like Felix Frankfurter.

*B. Nativists focused on their anarchist beliefs to demonize them. Sacco and Vanzetti's foreign birth and anarchist beliefs were the focus of the trial.

C. Since it involved terrorism, national security was at stake. The case did not involve terrorism.

D. International support for them turned it into a circus atmosphere. International support for Sacco and Vanzetti did not affect the conduct of the trial itself.

What was the meaning of Henry Ford's "One-Hundred Percent Americanism"?

A. Ford decided to hire more immigrants as workers. Ford had unfavorable views of immigrants.

*B. Ford viewed immigrants as a threat to old American values. Ford contended that aliens did not understand "the principles which have made our [native] civilization," and he blamed the influx of foreigners for society's "marked deterioration" during the1920s.

C. Ford viewed the assimilation of immigrants as critical to America's economic success. Ford had unfavorable views of immigrants.

D. Ford wanted immigrants to become naturalized citizens. Ford did not promote naturalization of immigrants.

What was the impact of the National Origins Act on immigration?

A. Immigration remained constant. The National Origins Act did impact immigration numbers.

B. Immigration from northern and western Europe increased. The National Origins Act aimed to decrease immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

C. Immigration from Asia resumed. The act continued to ban immigration from Asia.

*D. Immigration from eastern and southern Europe dropped. Immigration from eastern and southern Europe dropped because of the National Origins Act.

How was the National Origins Act related to growing nativism?

A. It promoted the Americanization program. The National Origins Act affected immigration rather than the Americanization movement.

B. It denied citizenship to immigrants from certain areas. The National Origins Act did not deny citizenship to immigrants.

*C. It aimed to limit immigration that nativists viewed as undesirable. The statute's authors were interested primarily in curbing immigration from eastern and southern Europe.

D. It required immigrants to return to their nation of origin. The National Origins Act aimed at limiting further immigration.

What was the purpose of the Americanization movement of the 1920s?

*A. To assimilate immigrants into American culture As one supporter of Americanization said, "Our task is to break up their groups and settlements, to assimilate and amalgamate these people as a part of our American race, to implant in their children the northern-European conception of righteousness, law and order, and popular government."

B. To deport radical immigrants Americanization did not seek to deport radical immigrants.

C. To convert immigrants to Protestantism Americanization's purpose was not to convert immigrants to Protestantism.

D. To teach Americans the values of immigrants The purpose of Americanization was not to teach Americans the values of immigrants.

What did Americanization mean for Mexican American children in the 1920s?

*A. Preparation for low-income farm work and manual trades Anglo school administrators and teachers generally believed that Mexican Americans were suited for farm work and manual trades. Thus, for Mexican Americans Americanization meant preparation for low-status, low wage jobs.

B. Rigorous training for white-collar jobs Educators did not believe that Mexican American children were suited to white-collar work.

C. Teaching them American history While Americanization may have included some instruction in American history, its focus for Mexican American children was to develop their job skills.

D. Career counseling so they could choose satisfying work Under Americanization, Mexican American children were funneled into particular kinds of job training.

Why did the Americanization movement of the 1920s fail to eliminate fully differences among American ethnic groups?

A. Schools could not teach adult immigrants the principles of Americanization. Americanization was carried out in workplaces and churches as well as schools, so adult immigrants could be reached.

*B. People hoped to maintain their ethnic identity. In cities around the country where the first-generation of new immigrants had settled, ethnic enclaves remained intact and preserved the religious practices and social customs of their residents.

C. People believed their ethnic culture was superior. Immigrants did not have to believe in the superiority of their ethnic culture to wish to retain it.

D. Government funding for the effort was cut back by Republicans. The Americanization movement was not funded by Congress in the first place.

How did workers around the world react to the Sacco and Vanzetti Case?

A. Most workers around the world supported the conviction, believing the two made a bad name for all immigrants. This was not a common reaction among global laborers.

B. Few workers around the world had heard of the case. The case was well publicized internationally.

C. Most foreign workers were divided in their opinions. Most workers were not divided.

*D. Most foreign workers empathized with Sacco and Vanzetti. Criticism of the verdict came from all over the world. Workers in Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, France, and Morocco organized vigils and held rallies in solidarity with the condemned men.

Who did Henry Ford erroneously think was involved in a conspiracy to undermine American values?

A. African Americans Ford did not think it was African Americans.

B. American women Ford did not think it was American women.

C. Homosexuals Ford did not think it was homosexuals.

*D. Jews Ford stirred up anti-immigrant prejudices mainly by targeting Jews. Believing that an international Jewish conspiracy was attempting to subvert non-Jewish societies, Ford serialized in his company newspaper the so-called Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an anti-Semitic tract concocted in czarist Russia to justify pogroms against Jews.

How did Americanization impact American Indians?

*A. Poorly, as funds were continually taken away from programs to promote Indian welfare During World War I, to save money the federal government had ceased appropriating funds for public health programs aimed at benefiting reservation Indians. With the war over, the government failed to restore the funds. Throughout the 1920s, rates of tuberculosis, eye infections, and infant mortality spiked among the Indian population.

B. Very well, as American Indians were enthusiastically supported by most Americans American Indians fared poorly under Americanization.

C. American Indians were not subjected to Americanization programs. Boarding schools were part of an Americanization effort.

D. American Indians had already been fully assimilated. Indians had not been fully assimilated, as many still lived on reservations.

What groups did the Ku Klux Klan target during the 1920s?

A. Radical immigrants of all nationalities The scope of the Ku Klux Klan was wider.

B. Jews and Catholics and Mexican Americans The scope of the Ku Klux Klan was wider.

C. African and Native Americans The scope of the Ku Klux Klan was wider.

*D. Jews, Catholics, and African Americans The Ku Klux Klan targeted Jews, Catholics, and African Americans.

What explains the strong growth of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s?

A. Intense hostility toward African Americans Given that the KKK targeted groups in addition to African Americans during the 1920s, that hostility cannot explain its growth.

B. Surging immigration from southern and eastern Europe Immigration from southern and eastern Europe declined during the 1920s.

*C. The desire to establish perceived white Protestant social purity The desire to reestablish the perceived white Protestant social purity of the past explains the growth of the Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s.

D. Immigration from Mexico The Ku Klux Klan did not target Mexican immigrants during the 1920s.

What types of tactics did the Ku Klux Klan use during the 1920s?

A. Alliances with other nativist groups The Klu Klux Klan generally operated alone.

B. Recruitment of women as members Recruiting women as members was not the primary tactic of the Ku Klux Klan.

C. Political activism The Ku Klux Klan did not use political activism during the 1920s.

*D. Terror tactics As it had in the past, the Ku Klux Klan used terror tactics during the 1920s.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The belief that the average klansman is consciously affected by an appeal to his baser self is altogether erroneous. In the voice of the organizer he hears a clarion call to knightly and selfless service."

What does the author attempt to convey about Klansmen in the passage?

A. Klansmen are motivated by base desires. He argues the opposite.

B. Klansmen are well understood by the population. He argues that they are not well understood, which is why he wrote the piece.

*C. Klansmen are motivated by a perverse sense of nobility. He argues that while many think the Klan is motivated by base desires, they see themselves as chivalrous.

D. The Klan needs to speak with a more unified voice. He does not make this argument, nor does he support the Klan.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question:

"The objects of this Order shall be to unite white female persons, native-born Gentile citizens of the United States of America, who owe no allegiance of any nature or degree to any foreign government, nation, institution, sect, ruler, person, or people; whose morals are good; whose reputations and vocations are respectable; whose habits are exemplary; who are of sound minds and 18 years or more of age, under a common oath into a Sisterhood of strict regulation, to cultivate and promote patriotism toward our Civil Government."

Which of the following statements summarizes the obligations of white women as viewed by the Ku Klux Klan?

A. To focus on finding work before finding a husband This is not the message promoted in the document.

*B. To have good morals and participate in civic activity The author notes the importance of sound morals and good reputations as well as the value of promoting "civil government."

C. To work toward racial equality The Klan did not promote racial equality.

D. To help assimilate immigrants The Klan opposed most immigration.

What describes the view of the Bible held by fundamentalists in the 1920s?

A. The Bible should dictate American domestic policy. Fundamentalists did not necessarily insist that the Bible dictate government policy.

*B. The text should be taken literally. Fundamentalists insisted the account of creation should be taken literally.

C. The text should be interpreted metaphorically by trained ministers. Fundamentalists insisted that the text should be taken literally.

D. The text was one sacred text among many. Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was the revealed word of God, which no other text could be.

Why did Charles Darwin's theory of evolution bother fundamentalist Protestants?

*A. It challenged their view of the Bible. The theory of evolution challenged fundamentalist Protestants' literal reading of the Bible by seeming to contradict its account of creation.

B. It supported a literal reading of the Bible. According to fundamentalists, the theory of evolution did not support a literal reading of the Bible.

C. He used the theory to espouse atheism. Darwin did not use the theory of evolution to espouse atheism.

D. It denied the existence of God. Evolution allowed for the existence of God.

What was the significance of the Scopes Trial held in Dayton, Tennessee, in 1925?

A. The trial upheld the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes was convicted of teaching evolution in a public school, although the conviction was later overturned on a technicality.

*B. The trial heightened the cultural division between fundamentalists and modern society. The trial heightened the cultural division between fundamentalists and modern society, turning a run-of-the-mill adjudication into the "trial of the century."

C. The trial disproved Darwin's theory of evolution. The trial did not disprove the theory of evolution.

D. The trial highlighted a division between Catholics and Protestants. The Scopes Trial focused on a different cultural clash.

Why did William Jennings Bryan view the teaching of evolution as a threat to American society?

A. He believed that evolution would be used to promote scientific racism. Bryan objected to the teaching of evolution on other grounds.

B. He believed that evolution was a false scientific theory and undermined credible science. Bryan was less concerned about its impact on science than on society.

*C. He believed that evolution would undermine morality. Bryan believed that the teaching of evolution would undermine the moral basis of politics and society.

D. He believed that evolution would diminish children's interest in science. Bryan was not concerned about promoting children's interest in science.

Topic: Politics and the Fading of Prosperity
books:
The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party
Lingering Progressivism
Financial Crash

What split in the Democratic Party did the 1924 presidential election expose?

A. Between African Americans and voters in the urban North Most African American voters were Republicans.

B. Between native-born upper-class voters and rural voters Native-born upper-class voters usually voted Republican.

C. Between conservative southern Democrats and Progressive Democrats in the West Most voters in the West were Republicans.

*D. Between native-born voters and urban ethnic voters The election of 1924 displaced a split between southern and Midwest Democrats, typically native-born and conservative, and Democrats from the urban North, often ethnic.

What voters at the 1924 Democratic convention supported Alfred E. Smith?

*A. Urban Democrats Urban Democrats supported Alfred E. Smith.

B. African Americans African Americans were not major players in the Democratic Party at the time.

C. Rural voters from the South Rural voters from the South voted for another candidate.

D. Voters who supported Prohibition Smith denounced Prohibition, and voters who supported Prohibition backed John W. Davis.

What accounts for the popularity of Hebert Hoover's life story to voters in 1928?

A. His support for woman suffrage Herbert Hoover's support for woman suffrage does not account for his popularity.

B. His strong experience in international affairs. Isolationism was strong in the United States in 1928.

*C. His inspiring story and long experience Hoover was popular because his biography read like the American dream, and he had served under previous Republican administrations.

D. His religious beliefs Herbert Hoover's religious beliefs do not account for his popularity.

Why was Al Smith nominated by the Democrats in 1928 when he had been denied the nomination four years earlier?

A. He shifted his position on Prohibition. Smith remained opposed to Prohibition.

B. He won the support of women Democrats. Female participation in party nominations was minor at the time.

C. The influx of union members into the party. The party did not experience a surge in members who belonged to labor unions in those four years.

*D. The Ku Klux Klan, which opposed him in 1924, had fallen from influence in the party. In 1928, the delicate cultural equilibrium within the Democratic Party had shifted in favor of the urban forces. With the Klan discredited and no longer a force in Democratic politics, the delegates nominated Al Smith.

What electoral transformation started to occur in the election of 1924?

A. Southern voters started to vote Democratic. Southern voters already voted Democratic.

*B. Urban ethnic voters started to vote Democratic. In 1924, Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith won several cities that had been won by Republican Calvin Coolidge four years before and made serious gains in many others.

C. Middle-class white voters started to vote Democratic Middle-class white voters continued to vote Republican.

D. African American voters started to vote Republican. African American voters had supported Republican candidates in the past.

Refer to the map Map 21.2 The Election of 1924

A map of the United States shows the results of the 1924 U S presidential elections. The Republican candidate Calvin Coolidge won 382 electoral votes, 15,725,016 popular votes, and 54 point 0 percent of popular votes. The Democrat candidate John W Davis won 136 electoral votes, 8,386,503 popular votes, and 28 point 8 percent of popular votes. The Progressive candidate Robert M La Follette won 13 electoral votes, 4,822,856 popular votes, and 16 point 6 percent of popular votes. The votes by state for the Republicans are as follows. Washington: 7, Oregon: 5, California: 13, Idaho: 4, Nevada: 3, Montana: 4, Wyoming: 3, Utah: 4, Colorado: 6, New Mexico: 3, Arizona: 3, North Dakota: 5, South Dakota: 5, Nebraska: 10, Kansas: 10, Minnesota: 12, Iowa: 13, Missouri: 18, Illinois: 29, Michigan: 15, Indiana: 15, Ohio: 24, Kentucky: 13, West Virginia: 8, Maryland: 8, Delaware: 3, Pennsylvania: 38, New York: 45, New Jersey: 14, Connecticut: 7, Rhode Island: 5, Massachusetts: 18, Vermont: 4, New Hampshire: 4, and Maine: 6. The votes by state for the Democrats are as follows. Texas: 20, Oklahoma: 10, Arkansas: 9, Louisiana: 10, Tennessee: 12, Mississippi: 10, Alabama: 12, Georgia: 14, Florida: 6, South Carolina: 9, North Carolina: 12, and Virginia: 12. The votes by state for Progressive party is as follows. Wisconsin: 13.
to answer the following question. Click the map to view full-size.

What does the map indicate about the relative strength of political parties in 1924?

A. The Republican Party had more support in the South than the Democrats did. The Republican Party did not fare well in the South.

*B. The Democratic Party had become the party of Southerners by 1924. As the map shows, the only states that voted Democrat were in the South.

C. Progressives still wielded tremendous influence, despite not winning the election. The Progressive candidate only managed to win one state.

D. The political parties' support was not divided by region. As the map shows, the partisan divide in the country was regional.

What were the remaining strongholds of progressive political influence in the 1920s?

A. In the South The South tended to be conservative in the 1920s rather than progressive.

B. In Congress Progressives had little power in Congress in the 1920s.

*C. State and local governments Progressivism managed to stay alive on local and state levels even as it declined nationally.

D. In the federal courts Federal judges tended to be conservative and opposed to progressive legislation in the 1920s.

How did some women maintain the progressive legacy during the 1920s at the national level?

A. Through civil disobedience Civil disobedience was not a major strategy of women progressives in the 1920s.

B. By bringing lawsuits to push progressive goals Women did not use lawsuits as a tool for promoting Progressive goals in the 1920s.

C. By promoting legislation The conservative Congresses of the 1920s did not pass progressive measures, and women had little role in Congress.

*D. Through the work of the federal bureaucracy Women in the Children's Bureau maintained the progressive legacy by supporting assistance to families and devising social welfare proposals.

What broke the influence of the Progressive Party in the 1920s?

A. Robert La Follette's death The death of a leader like La Follette hurt the party, but other leaders could have emerged.

*B. Increasing conservatism of the electorate Progressives had difficulty gaining electoral advantage among the public, which had grown increasingly conservative.

C. Democrats adopting their principles The Progressive Party faded, while the Democratic Party still included many conservative supporters.

D. Bad reputation from their opposition to woman suffrage Progressives had supported woman suffrage.

Why was October 29, 1929, known as "Black Tuesday"?

A. Stock prices soared, putting companies "in the black." Stock prices did not soar on Black Tuesday.

*B. Stock prices collapsed, and many investors lost money. Stock prices went into free fall, with the selling of over 16 million shares valued at $32 billion.

C. Hitler assumed power in Germany. Hitler did not assume power in Germany that day.

D. Progressive leader Robert M. La Follette died. Progressive leader Robert M. La Follette had died in 1925.

Why did the stock market crash of 1929 have a great impact on the economy?

A. Corporate profits depended on high stock prices. Corporate profits were not directly related to stock prices.

B. Many Americans were employed in stock trading. Stock trading employed a tiny minority of Americans.

C. The majority of Americans owned stock and were hurt by the crash. Only about 2.5 percent of Americans owned stock.

*D. Many investors could not repay banks for loans taken to purchase stock, causing a financial crisis. The stock market had a strong impact on the economy because investors could not repay banks for money borrowed to purchase stock. Banks and lending agencies, with their interlocking management and overextension of credit, had difficulty withstanding the turmoil unleashed by the stock market crash.

What drove the stock boom of the 1920s?

*A. The ability of investors to purchase stock with little money Investors could purchase stock with as little as 5 to 10 percent down, encouraging them to buy more and more shares.

B. Rising wages for the middle class Rising wages for the middle class did not fuel the stock boom, as only 2.5 percent of Americans owned stock.

C. Rising wages for the working class Rising wages for the working class did not fuel the stock boom, as only 2.5 percent of Americans owned stock.

D. Rising corporate profits Rising corporate profits were not directly linked to the stock boom of the 1920s.

What factors caused the Great Depression?

A. German inability to repay reparations and British and French refusal to forego the debt These problems were serious but did not cause the Great Depression.

*B. Income inequality, unwise use of credit, and lack of government oversight A wide gap between the rich and the poor that led to inadequate consumption, overextension of credit at home and abroad, and misguided agricultural policies caused the Great Depression.

C. The stock market crash and farmers' struggles The stock market crash did not cause the Great Depression.

D. High unemployment and low wages during the 1920s Unemployment remained low and wages relatively high in the 1920s.

Chapter 22: Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929-1940
Topic: The Great Depression
books:
Hoover Faces the Depression
Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Minorities
Families under Strain
Organized Protest

Why was Herbert Hoover unable to effectively address the economic crisis of his administration?

*A. He adhered to failed economic policies. Hoover could not break with past economic approaches that had failed.

B. He failed to recognize the seriousness of the crisis. Hoover recognized the seriousness of the economic crisis.

C. He lacked the necessary intellectual abilities. Hoover possessed the necessary intellectual abilities.

D. He refused to cooperate with congressional Democrats. Hoover was able to cooperate with Democrats but could not embrace the fundamental changes that would be needed to resolve the crisis.

What did President Herbert Hoover view as the ideal relationship between business and government?

A. They should work separately to achieve their distinct goals. Hoover believed that business and government had shared goals.

B. Business should be subservient to government. Hoover believed that business was as important as government.

C. Government should strictly support the goals of business. Hoover did not believe that government should act strictly to support the goals of business.

*D. They should work together in pursuit of common goals. Hoover initially believed that government and business should form voluntarily partnerships in pursuit of common goals.

What was President Herbert Hoover's belief about poverty in America when he first entered office in March 1929?

A. Strong government action was needed to end it. Hoover believed other factors would end poverty.

*B. Continuing prosperity would soon end poverty. In his Inaugural Address, Hoover said: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land. The poorhouse is vanishing from among us."

C. Poverty reflected an individual's moral failing. Hoover believed that poverty could be eliminated by forces across society, so it must not be the result of individual moral failing.

D. Poverty would always exist in America. Hoover believed that poverty in the United States could be eliminated.

How did Herbert Hoover initially seek to address the Great Depression?

A. By mandating a minimum wage Hoover did not mandate a minimum wage.

B. By creating government jobs for the unemployed Hoover did not attempt to create government jobs for the unemployed.

*C. By relying on voluntary efforts by management, labor, and private charities Hoover initially attempted to address the Great Depression by persuading management and labor to leave prices and wages unchanged and by relying on private charities and local communities to help the needy.

D. By seeking voluntary wage cuts by workers to bolster employment Hoover wanted wages to remain constant.

How did municipalities and state governments undermine Hoover's initial approach to ending the Great Depression?

A. They refused to work with local businesses to address economic issues. Local municipalities and state governments worked with local businesses as they could but lacked the resources.

B. They attempted to provide direct material relief to the unemployed. Hoover wanted state and local municipalities to provide relief to the unemployed.

C. They attempted to provide more jobs for the unemployed. Municipal and state governments laid off employees and did not increase their payroll.

*D. They laid off many employees and cut wages to avoid bankruptcy. Facing falling tax revenues, many local and state governments laid off employees and cut wages in order to avoid bankruptcy.

Why did President Herbert Hoover's plan to rely on local governments and public charities to provide relief to those made needy by the Great Depression fail?

*A. They lacked the resources to provide the needed relief. With tax revenues in decline, some 1,300 municipalities went bankrupt and others lacked money; benevolent societies and religious groups could handle short-term misfortunes, but they could not shoulder the ongoing disaster of mass unemployment.

B. They were philosophically opposed to the idea. Even those who accepted the idea failed in providing the needed relief.

C. His administration failed to provide plans for how to do so. The failure was not the result of the lack of administrative plans.

D. People refused to accept the aid. While some Americans may have refused aid, that phenomenon was not widespread enough to doom the effort.

Why did Herbert Hoover support income tax cuts, federal jobs programs, and aid to farmers early in his administration?

A. He had always believed in an activist government. Hoover initially tried to limit government's role in addressing the Depression, relying instead on voluntarism.

*B. His initial attempts to solve the Depression had failed. As confidence in recovery fell and the economy sunk deeper into depression, Hoover shifted direction, persuading Congress to lower income tax rates, to allocate $423 million for federal public works projects. and to pass the Agricultural Marketing Act.

C. Increasing radicalism frightened him into action. The American people were not growing increasingly radical.

D. He was pressured to do so by the Democratic Congress. Hoover supported these measures, albeit reluctantly.

Why did Herbert Hoover support an increase in income, estate, and corporate taxes for the wealthy in 1932?

A. He sought to raise revenue to provide direct relief for the unemployed. Hoover did not support increases in taxes to provide direct relief for the unemployed.

B. He sought to decrease income inequality by taxing the wealthy. Hoover did not seek to reduce income inequality.

*C. He feared a growing federal deficit. Hoover supported tax increases because he feared a growing federal deficit more than he feared unemployment.

D. He wanted to expand the federal government's size. Hoover did not want to expand the federal government's size.

What was the result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff that Congress passed in 1930?

A. European countries imported more American goods. European countries imported fewer American goods as a result of the tariff.

B. European countries refused to import American goods. European countries continued to import American goods but at low levels.

*C. American exports fell when European countries raised their own tariffs. Other countries retaliated for the increase in American tariffs by lifting their import duties, which hurt American companies because it diminished demand for American exports.

D. American businesses sold more products overall. American businesses sold fewer products because exports to Europe dropped.

What had Herbert Hoover hoped to gain by convincing Congress to pass the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930?

A. Boost American exports Tariffs are aimed at imports.

B. Convince other nations to lower tariffs as well The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariffs rather than lowering them.

C. Increase government revenues The tariff was not aimed at increasing government revenues.

*D. Increase demand for American products Hoover hoped that higher tariffs on imports would increase American consumers' demand for American-made products.

What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation created by Herbert Hoover?

*A. To help businesses and boost the economy by extending needed credit The purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was to prevent banks, insurance companies, and railroads from collapsing by supplying loans to critical enterprises in the hopes that the benefits would trickle down from the top of the economic structure to the bottom.

B. To provide workers with loans so that they could purchase more consumer goods The Reconstruction Finance Corporation worked with businesses directly and not workers.

C. To provide loans to small American businesses The Reconstruction Finance Corporation focused on larger enterprises, not small businesses.

D. To help state and local governments rebuild roads and bridges The Reconstruction Finance Corporation focused on aiding businesses rather than government bodies.

Why did the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) fail to alleviate the suffering caused by the Great Depression during Herbert Hoover's presidency?

A. Congress refused to fund the RFC. Congress provided $1.5 billion in public works funding alone.

B. Corrupt local officials siphoned off the money. Government corruption was not a significant factor in the RFC's failure.

*C. The RFC did not use its money effectively. The RFC spent its budget too cautiously and its funds mainly reached the institutions that could best afford to repay the loans, ignoring the companies in the greatest difficulty.

D. Hoover prevented the RFC from spending its funds. The RFC spent money with Hoover's approval.

How did Germany, Italy, and Spain respond to the depression of the 1930s?

A. By trying to boost trade These nations took more radical steps.

*B. By choosing a single strong leader they hoped would solve the problem A number of European countries, including Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, claimed that their country's social and economic problems could only be solved by placing power in the hands of a single, all-powerful leader.

C. By adopting communism None of these nations adopted a communist system.

D. By plunging into civil war Civil war hit Spain in the 1930s but did not arise in Germany or Italy.

How did Hoover attempt to address poverty?

need, the president turned to local communities and private charities.

A. He fought for government programs to provide support for the poor. Hoover was not an advocate of government programs.

*B. He hoped that local communities and charities would step in to provide relief. For those in dire need, the president turned to local communities and private charities.

C. He ordered state governments to provide direct aid to the poor. Hoover believed that persuasion was more effective than coercion.

D. He did not believe that poverty was a significant issue. Hoover was genuinely concerned about the plight of the poor.

Why were state and local governments unable to provide relief to their poor citizens?

A. They refused to provide funds unless they were matched by federal funds. This was not the reason why states and localities did not provide relief.

B. They blamed poverty on the poor and refused to provide assistance. Few state or local officials blamed the poor for their condition.

*C. State and local officials lacked the resources necessary to provide assistance. State and local governments did not have the funds to provide relief to all those who needed it. With tax revenues in decline, some 1,300 municipalities across the country had gone bankrupt by 1933.

D. They believed that the condition of the poor was temporary and did not need to be directly addressed Few officials thought poverty would be short-lived.

Refer to the figure Figure 22.1 Unemployment, 1920-1945

A line graph shows the percent unemployed between 1920 and 1935. Horizontal axis shows year, ranging from 1920 to 1945 in increments of 5. Vertical axis shows percentage unemployed ranging from 0 to 25 in increments of 5. The graph is plotted through (1920, 5 point 5), (1923, 3), (1924, 5), (1926, 2 point 5), (1929, 4 point 5), (1930, 3 point 5), (1933, 25), (1937, 14 point 5), (1938, 19 point 5), and (1944, 2). All data are approximate.
to answer the following question. Click the figure to view full-size.

Why did employment not rebound until 1945?

A. It took many years for the New Deal Reforms to have an impact. It was not time that prevented economic growth.

B. In 1945 the United States took out billions of dollars in loans from the British. The British also suffered from the depression.

C. The United States increased taxes on corporations to increase employment. Tax increases on corporations do not encourage hiring.

*D. The United States entered World War II, which stimulated demand for products. It is generally accepted that World War II dramatically increased American production.

What did the term Hoovervilles describe during the Great Depression?

A. Clubs formed to supported unemployed workers in rural areas Hoovervilles were not clubs, and most were found in urban areas.

B. New housing for the wealthy constructed during Hoover's presidency Hoovervilles were not built for the wealthy.

C. Public housing projects funded by the federal government Hoovervilles were not public housing projects.

*D. Makeshift housing that the homeless put together In many cities, the homeless constructed makeshift housing consisting of cartons, old newspapers, and cloth—shanties that journalists derisively dubbed Hoovervilles.

What was the significance of the dust storms that hit parts of the United States from 1929 to 1933?

*A. They forced many people to leave the Great Plains. Most farmers remained on the plains, but millions headed for California by train, automobiles, and trucks hoping for jobs in the state's fruit and vegetable fields.

B. They caused a food shortage that forced farm prices up. The dust storms did not necessarily increase agricultural prices.

C. They destroyed the California farm industry. The dust storms did not hit California but another part of the country.

D. They caused a massive migration from the South to the Great Plains. The dust storms caused a massive exodus from the Great Plains.

Who were the "Okies" of the 1930s?

A. Farmers who remained in the Great Plains despite facing foreclosure. The Okies migrated away from the Great Plains.

B. Unemployed factory workers from the Midwest The Okies were from the Great Plains.

C. Farmers who left California for the Great Plains in search of land The Okies were from the Great Plains.

*D. Farmers who left the Great Plains for California in search of work The Okies were farmers who migrated from the Great Plains to California in search of work.

What was the social impact of the Dust Bowl of the 1930s?

*A. Significant depopulation of the region The Dust Bowl sparked a massive depopulation of the region as about 25 percent of farmers moved elsewhere.

B. Urbanization as farmers left farms for cities Most of the people who left their farms left the region.

C. Revival for Native Americans who retook the land Native Americans did not retake the land in great numbers.

D. Women living on the Great Plains started to work for the first time Farm women had been working on the Plains since it was settled.

What social phenomenon did The Grapes of Wrath document?

A. The plight of unemployed African Americans The Grapes of Wrath focused on the experiences of white Americans.

B. The plight of unemployed industrial workers in Chicago The Grapes of Wrath focused on the plight of farmers.

C. The migration of Mexicans to the United States The Grapes of Wrath did not focus on the migration of Mexicans to the United States.

*D. The migration of farmers from the Great Plains to California The Grapes of Wrath documented the migration of many impoverished farmers from the Great Plains to California in search of work.

How did the Depression affect rural areas?

A. Rural areas were largely untouched by the Depression. The Depression hit rural areas too.

B. Rural areas experienced as much job loss as urban areas. Rural areas saw heavy job losses.

*C. Rural areas were devastated by the Depression. Landlords in West Virginia and Kentucky evicted coal miners and their families from their homes in the dead of winter, forcing them to live in tents. Farmers in the Great Plains, who were already experiencing foreclosures, were little prepared for the even greater natural disaster that laid waste to their farms.

D. Rural areas saw job increases during the Depression. Rural areas did not see job increases.

What caused the dust storms of the 1920s?

A. It was the result of miners releasing too much methane into the atmosphere. This was not the cause of the storms.

*B. A mix of droughts and poor farming techniques The storms resulted from both climatological and human causes. A series of droughts had destroyed crops and turned the earth into sand, which gusts of wind deposited on everything that lay in their path. Though they did not realize it at the time, Plains farmers, by focusing on growing wheat for income, had neglected planting trees and grasses that would have kept the earth from eroding and turning into dust.

C. It was the result of excessive rainfall. The storms were related to drought, not flooding.

D. The cause is still unknown. Most environmental historians agree on the causes.

Which state did most midwesterners flee to during and after the dust storms?

*A. California As the storms continued through the 1930s, most residents—approximately 75 percent—remained on the Plains. Millions, however, headed for California looking for relief from the plague of swirling dirt and hoping to find jobs in the state's fruit and vegetable fields.

B. Utah The majority did not go to Utah.

C. New York Few headed to New York.

D. Florida The majority did not go to the Southeast.

What was the experience of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos during the Great Depression?

*A. High unemployment as a result of being at the bottom of the labor force African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos faced disproportional unemployment because of their position at the bottom of the labor force.

B. An improved position as their incomes did not fall as dramatically as that of whites African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans faced greater hardships than white workers in the Depression.

C. Less unemployment than white workers because they were willing to work for lower wages. The Depression hit African American, Latinos, and Asian Americans harder than it did whites.

D. A greater likelihood to migrate than unemployed white workers African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans were not necessarily more likely to migrate than unemployment white workers.

What describes living conditions for most African Americans during the Great Depression?

A. Most lived in the North as low-wage industrial workers. The majority of African Americans lived in the South.

*B. Most lived in the South as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Most African Americans lived in the South, most farmed, and most farmers were sharecroppers or tenant farmers.

C. Most lived in the South as small independent farmers. Most African Americans lived in the South but most were not independent farmers.

D. Most lived in the South as industrial workers. Most African Americans lived in the South, but most were farmers.

What challenges did African American sharecroppers in the South encounter during the Great Depression?

A. They faced massive crop failures as a result of the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl affected the Great Plains, not the South, where most African Americans lived.

B. White landowners pushed them to work longer hours. White landowners did not necessarily demand that African American sharecroppers work longer hours.

*C. They were forced off the farmland by landowners. Many white landowners replaced labor with technology to lower costs during the Great Depression, forcing African American sharecroppers off their land.

D. They were prevented from moving north by violence and intimidation. African Americans who wanted to leave the South generally could.

How were conditions for African Americans in the North better than in the South during the 1930s?

A. Unemployment rates were lower. Unemployment rates among northern blacks were high.

*B. They could vote, which Southern blacks could not do. The 25 percent of blacks living in the North faced racial discrimination in employment, housing, and the criminal justice system, but at least they could express their opinions and desires by voting.

C. The African Americans in the North did not face discrimination. African Americans in the North faced discrimination as well.

D. They had access to good housing. African Americans in the North usually lived in overcrowded, poor housing.

What was the significance of the case of the Scottsboro Nine?

*A. It publicized the injustice that African Americans faced in the South. The unfair trials and harsh sentences experienced by the Scottsboro Nine highlighted the injustice that African Americans faced in the segregated South.

B. It demonstrated that African Americans could receive a fair trial in the United States. The Scottsboro Nine did not receive a fair trial.

C. It helped convince several states to drop the death penalty. The trial did not result in a movement to drop the death penalty.

D. It resulted in the United States Supreme Court banning segregation. Although the United States Supreme Court heard appeals on the case, it did not result in the overturning of segregation.

Which group suffered widespread deportations during the Great Depression?

A. Southern and eastern European immigrants These immigrants were not deported in great numbers during the Depression.

B. Chinese and Japanese Americans Asian Americans were economically and politically marginalized during the Great Depression, but they did not experience widespread deportations. About one-fifth of Japanese immigrants returned to Japan in the 1930s due to the lack of job opportunities.

C. Catholic and Jewish immigrants These immigrants were not deported in great numbers during the Depression.

*D. Mexican Americans The government deported as many as 500,000 Mexican Americans, some of whom may have been American citizens, to Mexico.

In what way did Mexican American workers respond assertively to their worsening conditions during the Great Depression?

A. Marching on Washington, D.C. Mexican workers did not march on the capital.

*B. Organizing strikes Mexican American laborers engaged in dozens of strikes in California and Texas in the early 1930s. Most ended in defeat, but a few won better working conditions and higher wages.

C. Flooding state governments with petitions for help They did not flood state governments with petitions for help.

D. Quitting working Living marginally, these workers could not afford to quit working.

Why did about one-fifth of Japanese Americans return to Japan in the 1930s?

A. Their temporary working papers expired. Temporary working papers were not at issue.

B. The Japanese government paid them bonuses to return. The Japanese government had no such policy.

C. They were deported. The movement was voluntary, if a difficult decision.

*D. They were unable to find work in the United States. Like other racial and ethnic minorities, the Japanese found it harder to find even the lowest wage jobs now that unemployed whites were willing to take them.

What was the purpose of the Tyding-McDuffie Act, passed in the 1930s?

A. Protect Filipino workers in the United States from discrimination. The Act did not provide Filipino workers with greater protections against discrimination.

B. Keep the Philippines under American jurisdiction. The Act provided for eventual independence for the Philippines.

C. Grant the Philippines independence and give Filipinos dual citizenship. The Act did not offer dual citizenship to Filipinos.

*D. Restrict Filipino immigration and grant the Philippines independence. The Act did grant Philippine independence, but it also limited Filipino immigration to the United States.

How did the Depression affect race relations in the South?

A. Lynching decreased. Lynching did not decrease.

*B. Lynching increased. The Depression also exacerbated racial tensions, as whites and blacks competed for the shrinking number of jobs. Lynching, which had declined during the 1920s, surged upward—in 1933 twenty-four blacks lost their lives to this form of terrorism.

C. Lynching was unaffected by the Depression. The Depression had a significant impact on lynching.

D. Lynching had ceased by the Depression. Lynching had not ceased.

How did the Supreme Court rule on the Scottsboro Nine cases?

A. It upheld the guilty verdicts on appeal. It did not uphold the verdicts.

B. It ruled that the defendants did not have standing and dismissed the cases. It did not dismiss the cases.

*C. The Court overturned the convictions. The Supreme Court spared the lives of the Scottsboro Nine by overturning their guilty verdicts in 1932 on the grounds that the defendants did not have adequate legal representation and again in 1935 because blacks had been systematically excluded from the jury pool.

D. The Court sent the case back to the lower courts for further review, in an effort to give the defense more time to prepare. The Court did not send the cases back to the lower courts.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "What we guilty of? Nothing but being out of a job. Nothing but looking for work. Our kinfolk was starving for food. We wanted to help them out. So we hopped a freight—just like any one of you workers might a done—to go down to Mobile to hunt work. We was taken off the train by a mob and framed up on rape charges."

What does the excerpt from the Scottsboro prisoners' letter show about the lives of African Americans during the Depression?

A. Blacks suffered just as much as whites. The passage does not indicate equal suffering.

B. Blacks were still segregated on train cars. While train cars were still segregated, the passage does not discuss segregation.

*C. Blacks faced extra burdens during the Depression. The passage notes how the nine were out of work and looking for jobs when they were arrested and caught up in a racist southern legal system. The nine argue that their case represents injustice.

D. Black men were beginning to see justice in the legal system. The nine argued that their case represented injustice.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "At the trial they gave us in Scottsboro we could hear the crowd yelling, 'Lynch the ******s.' We could see them toting those big shotguns. Call 'at a fair trial? And while we lay here in jail, the boss-man make us watch 'em burning up other Negroes on the electric chair. 'This is what you'll get,' they say to us. Working class boys, we asks you to save us from being burnt on the electric chair. We's only poor working class boys whose skin is black. . . . Help us boys. We ain't done nothing wrong."

What does the passage from the Scottsboro prisoners' letter attempt to convey about the southern justice system?

*A. African Americans could not receive equal treatment in the justice system. The passage describes the treatment they received in prison and suggests that Southerners are quick to execute black prisoners.

B. African Americans could still get a fair trial in the South. The passage suggests that fair trials are not possible for blacks.

C. Working-class people do not get the same treatment under the law as middle-class workers. The appeal is to both class and racial injustice.

D. Despite the legal injustice, lynching was on the decline. The passage suggests that the pending executions are legalized lynching.

Refer to the image Mexican Migrant Worker, 1937

A photo shows a man standing behind a car and holding a baby. A girl peaks out from a cardboard, one-room house behind the man.
to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size.

What does the photograph illustrate about the lives of Mexican migrants?

A. Their lives were similar to those of most rural workers The housing in the photo illustrates particularly rough conditions, but it is hard to compare the Mexican worker's housing with others' housing without seeing other homes in the photograph.

B. Demand for Mexican labor had increased The poor living conditions suggest that Mexican labor was not in high demand.

*C. Mexican migrants faced harsh living conditions in the United States. The dilapidated state of the dwelling suggests that life was difficult for Mexican migrants.

D. Mexican migrants were not as deeply affected by the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl's effects are clearly visible in the photograph.

How did the Depression affect Mexican Americans?

A. They lost jobs and faced deportation but retained political rights Mexican Americans did not retain political rights.

*B. In addition to losing jobs and facing deportation, they faced discrimination from whites. Like African Americans, they encountered discrimination in public schools, in public accommodations, and at the ballot box.

C. They lost jobs and faced deportation, but unlike African Americans they did not face discrimination. They did face discrimination.

D. They had special relief agencies to attend to their needs. Many Mexican Americans were denied access to relief agencies.

How did Chinese Americans fare during the Depression?

A. As they had been in the United States longer than most immigrants, they did not face the same discrimination as other minorities. The Chinese faced significant discrimination.

B. Chinese Americans had largely integrated into white American communities and had higher paying jobs than most minorities. Although some 45 percent of Chinese Americans had been born in the United States and were citizens, people of Chinese ancestry remained isolated in ethnic communities along the West Coast.

*C. Chinese workers faced the same discrimination as other minority groups. Although some 45 percent of Chinese Americans had been born in the United States and were citizens, people of Chinese ancestry remained isolated in ethnic communities along the West Coast. Discriminated against in schools and most occupations, many operated restaurants and laundries. During the Depression, those Chinese who did not obtain assistance through governmental relief turned instead to their own communities.

D. Chinese Americans fled the United States in large numbers. They did not leave the United States in large numbers.

How did the Great Depression impact women's employment?

*A. It increased its importance because more men lost their jobs than women. The Great Depression increased the importance of women's employment because more men lost their jobs than women and because of the strain on family finances that resulted.

B. It decreased its importance because businesses refused to hire women. More women took jobs outside the home during the Great Depression.

C. It forced women out of the workforce because of public pressure. While there was some pressure for employers to hire men, more women took outside jobs during the Great Depression.

D. It lifted women into higher-paying factory and professional work. Factory jobs declined in the Depression, and women had difficulty entering the professions in large numbers.

Why did employment among African American women drop during the Great Depression?

A. Southern textile mills shut down. Few black women worked in these settings during the Great Depression.

B. Farm bankruptcies cut the need for farm workers. While the demand for farm workers fell, that did not impact this group as much as another change.

C. Closure of retail stores cost them jobs as sales clerks. Few black women worked in these settings during the Great Depression.

*D. Demand for domestic servants fell. During more prosperous times African American women had worked in white homes as domestic servants, but the Depression forced white families to cut back on household expenses.

What did many American families use to distract them from the difficulties of the economic crisis during the Great Depression?

A. Churches, synagogues, and other religious institutions American families turned to these institutions for support but not distraction.

*B. Radio and movies Families used radio and movies to distract themselves from the economic problems.

C. Purchasing consumer goods American families could not afford to buy consumer goods during the Depression.

D. Vacations and family visits Few American families took vacations during the Great Depression.

Which of the following types of industry was hit hardest by the Depression?

A. The female-dominated clothing industry Female-dominated industries were not hit the hardest by the Depression.

*B. The male-dominated steel and auto industries The Depression hit male-dominated industries like steel mills and automakers the hardest. As a result, men were more likely to lose their jobs than women.

C. The Depression impacted male- and female-dominated industries the same. The impact was not the same.

D. Civil service and municipal work Civil service and municipal jobs continued to be available during the Depression. The government did bar married women from holding these jobs, however, to give the jobs to men.

How did federal and state agencies respond to male unemployment?

A. They passed laws increasing the wages of women to compensate for male job losses. Governments did not increase women's wages.

B. They passed laws forcing women to give up their jobs to men. These laws were not passed.

C. They cut taxes on corporations to increase hiring. They did not cut taxes on corpo