Biology 122 Presentation 3-4

Which of the following people developed the idea known as the "scala naturae" , or scale of nature?

A.) Aristotle
B.) Darwin
C.) Wallace
D.) Hutton
E.) Lyell
F.) Linnaeus
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Which of the following people developed the idea known as the "scala naturae" , or scale of nature?

A.) Aristotle
B.) Darwin
C.) Wallace
D.) Hutton
E.) Lyell
F.) Linnaeus
A.) Aristotle
How did Hutton and Lyell's ideas influence Charles Darwin's thinking?

A.) Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very young and that sudden events could produce substantial biological changes.
B.) Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes.
C.) Darwin reasoned that organisms could pass acquired modifications to their offspring.
D.) Darwin used Hutton and Lyell's ideas to develop the "scala naturae."
E.) Darwin speculated that extinctions are common events during the course of time.
F.) None of the listed responses is correct.
B.) Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes.
How does our understanding of genetics today refute Lamarck's principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A.) Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck.
B.) Parts of the body that are not used will deteriorate over time.
C.) Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck.
D.) Parts of the body that are used extensively will become stronger and be passed to offspring.
E.) All organisms are perfect and permanent.
F.) All of the listed responses are correct.
C.) Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck.
Adaptations are defined as __________.

A.) inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
B.) inherited characteristics of organisms that reduce their survival and reproduction in specific environments
C.) characteristics that are acquired during the lifetime of an organism
D.) characteristics that become larger and stronger during the lifetime of an organism
E.) characteristics that are not passed to offspring
F.) characteristics that seem to have marginal, if any, importance to an organism
C.) characteristics that are acquired during the lifetime of an organism
Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________.

A.) inheritance of acquired characteristics
B.) natural selection
C.) use and disuse
D.) artificial selection
E.) descent with modification
E.) descent with modification
A(n) __________ is the smallest unit that can evolve.

A.) individual
B.) Species
C.) population
D.) community
E.) adaptation
C.) population
Which of the following is NOT an observation or inference that Darwin made while developing his theory of evolution?

A.) Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve.
B.) Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits.
C.) Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than do other individuals.
D.) All species can produce more offspring than their environments can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce.
E.) The unequal abilities of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.
A.) Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve.
The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to some antibiotic drugs. How did this resistance come about?

A.) Some members of the bacteria populations mutated and developed resistance.
B.) Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.
C.) Some members of the bacteria populations acquired resistance genes by being exposed to the antibiotic.
D.) Genetic recombination of alleles during sexual reproduction in the bacteria produced antibiotic resistant genes.
E.) Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected against when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.
B.) Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.
Homologies that appear to have marginal, if any, importance to an organism are called __________.

A.) adaptations
B.) homologous structures
C.) vestigial structures
D.) acquired characteristics
E.) mutations
F.) None of the listed responses is correct.
C.) vestigial structures
Which of the following is correct regarding natural selection?

A.) All of the listed responses are correct.
B.) Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do individuals without those traits.
C.) Over time, natural selection can increase the correspondence between organisms and their environments.
D.) If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species.
E.) Individuals do not evolve; populations do.
F.) None of the listed responses is correct.
A.) All of the listed responses are correct.
Organisms found only in specific places in the world are referred to as __________. A.) Analogous B.) endemic C.) homologous D.) introduced species E.) tetrapods F.) ConvergentB.) endemicWhat does it mean to describe evolution as a scientific theory? A.) Evolution is narrow in scope and focuses only on very specific examples. B.) Evolution does not explain how organisms have changed over time. C.) Evolution is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence. D.) Evolution is not testable. E.) Evolution is not observable.C.) Evolution is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence.Darwin originally defined evolution as __________. A.) descent with modification B.) the passing of acquired characteristics to offspring C.) an individual's ability to adapt to its environment D.) a way to classify organisms based on morphological similarities E.) None of the listed responses is correct.A.) descent with modificationAt the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________. A.) arose continually from nonliving materials by spontaneous generation B.) had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before C.) had evolved from now-extinct organisms D.) arose from a single species that had survived the biblical flood are all related to one anotherB.) had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years beforeIn Darwin's view of descent with modification, __________. A.) natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment B.) an organism's traits only affect its own survival individuals can evolve C.) environmental changes have no effect on the organisms living in that environment D.) natural selection only operates when an organism needs to evolveA.) natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environmentThe breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called __________. A.) natural selection B.) sexual recombination C.) paleontology D.) Homology E.) artificial selectionE.) artificial selectionDuring periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment? A.) All of the listed responses are correct. B.) The species may go extinct. C.) Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success. D.) The population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species. E.) Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment.A.) All of the listed responses are correct.A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? A.) Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small. B.) The predatory fish will evolve smaller mouths so that they do not drive their prey to extinction. C.) The zooplankton will become sexually mature at larger sizes. D.) The predatory fish will evolve poor eyesight so as to preserve their food supply. E.) The first and the third listed responses are both good predictions.A.) Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that __________. A.) dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor B.) only the best-adapted organisms can survive C.) advantageous changes can be passed along to offspring D.) most evolution occurs rapidly following a mass extinction E.) All of the listed responses are correct.A.) dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestorAnimals that possess homologous structures probably __________. A.) evolved from the same ancestor B.) are headed for extinction C.) have increased genetic diversity D.) by chance had similar mutations independently in the past E.) are not relatedA.) evolved from the same ancestorOn an evolutionary tree, __________. A.) homologous characteristics form a nested pattern B.) organisms that are positioned close to each other are closely related C.) scientists are sure of the correct placement and relationships of all organisms D.) the concept of descent with modification is not well-represented E.) None of the listed responses is correct.B.) organisms that are positioned close to each other are closely relatedAll known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________. A.) all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor B.) there's only one possible way to encode information in a macromolecule C.) the earliest macromolecules probably arose when lightning struck an oxygen-free atmosphere D.) the genetic code will never be broken E.) None of the listed responses is correct.A.) all organisms are descended from a single common ancestorWhich of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? A.) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring. B.) There is heritable variation among individuals. C.) Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. D.) Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited. E.) Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.A.) Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? A.) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy. B.) Humans and bats evolved by natural selection, and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms. C.) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. D.) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. E.) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.A.) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.At what level does gene variability quantify genetic variation? 1.) Whole-gene 2.) Molecular 3.) Population 4.) Species 5.) Individual1.) Whole-genePoint mutations in noncoding regions of DNA result in __________. 1.) phenotypic variation 2.) gene variability 3.) neutral variation 4.) population variation 5.) protein variability 6.) None of the listed responses is correct.3.) neutral variationThe gene pool of a population consists of __________. 1.) only the gene loci that are heterozygous 2.) only the gene loci that are homozygous 3.) only the gene loci that exhibit variation within the population 4.) all of the genes in a single organism 5.) all of the genes in the females of a population 6.) all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population6.) all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the populationWhich of the following statements correctly describes a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 1.) Allele and genotype frequencies in the population will remain constant from generation to generation. 2.) Allele and genotype frequencies in the population change from generation to generation. 3.) The population is evolving. 4.) The population exhibits no genetic variation. 5.) All of the listed responses are correct.1.) Allele and genotype frequencies in the population will remain constant from generation to generation.In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq represents __________. 1.) the expected frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype 2.) the expected frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 3.) the expected frequency of the dominant allele 4.) the expected frequency of the recessive allele 5.) the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype5.) the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotypeIn the Hardy-Weinberg equation, q2 represents __________. 1.) the expected frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype 2.) the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype 3.) the expected frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 4.) the expected frequency of the dominant allele 5.) the expected frequency of the recessive allele5.) the expected frequency of the recessive alleleIn a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 64% of the individuals express the recessive phenotype for a particular gene locus. What is the expected frequency of the recessive allele in this population? 1.) 0.8 2.) 0.64 3.) 1 4.) 0.36 5.) 0.21.) 0.8In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 64% of the individuals express the recessive phenotype for a particular gene locus. What is the expected frequency of the dominant allele in this population? 1.) 0.8 2.) 0.64 3.) 0.04 4.) 1 5.) 0.25.) 0.2All of the following conditions are required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except __________. 1.) natural selection 2.) a large population 3.) no mutation 4.) no gene flow 5.) random mating1.) natural selectionA hurricane hits a small island, killing all but a few members of a bird population. This is an example of __________. 1.) the bottleneck effect 2.) the founder effect 3.) gene flow 4.) natural selection 5.) random mating1.) the bottleneck effectA storm separates a small number of birds in a migrating population. These birds end up at a destination different from where they usually migrate and establish a new population in this new area. This is an example of __________. 1.) the bottleneck effect 2.) gene flow 3.) the founder effect 4.) natural selection 5.) Mutation3.) the founder effectWhich of the following statements correctly describe(s) characteristics of genetic drift? 1.) All of the listed responses are correct. 2.) It is significant in small populations. 3.) It can cause allele frequencies to change at random. 4.) It can lead to a loss of genetic variation in a population. 5.) It can cause harmful alleles to become fixed in a population.1.) All of the listed responses are correct.Which of the following statements explains why male peacocks with brightly colored feathers are more prevalent than those with plain colors? 1.) Female peacocks choose the showiest males as mates, causing this trait to be more prevalent in the population. 2.) Female peacocks choose the plain-colored males as mates, causing this trait to be more prevalent in the population. 3.) Showy males are larger and kill off the plain-colored males. 4.) Female mate choice is random, and the showier males happen to be chosen by the females as mates. 5.) Male peacocks with showy feathers have no selective advantage over plain-colored males.1.) Female peacocks choose the showiest males as mates, causing this trait to be more prevalent in the population.The sickle-cell allele, which is recessive, causes anemia but confers resistance to malaria in individuals who possess it. However, homozygous recessive individuals often die from anemia but not from malaria, and homozygous dominant individuals do not have anemia but could die from malaria. Heterozygous individuals have the highest relative fitness. This is an example of __________. 1.) the homozygous dominant advantage 2.) the homozygous recessive advantage 3.) genetic drift 4.) gene flow 5.) the heterozygote advantage5.) the heterozygote advantageNatural selection leads to adaptation, but there are many organisms on Earth that exhibit characteristics that are less than ideal for their environment. Which of the following statements correctly explain(s) this? 1.) All of the listed responses are correct. 2.) Selection can act only on existing variations. 3.) Evolution is limited by historical constraints. 4.) Adaptations are often compromises. 5.) Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.1.) All of the listed responses are correct.In the context of populations, how do we define evolution? 1.) Evolution is a change in a population's allele frequencies over generations. 2.) Evolution is the tendency for some individuals in a population to leave more offspring than others. 3.) Evolution is the way in which sexual reproduction can rapidly spread advantageous traits throughout a population. 4.) Evolution is the explanation for how organic molecules formed from inorganic molecules. 5.) Evolution is always caused by natural selection.1.) Evolution is a change in a population's allele frequencies over generations.Which of the following can form entirely new alleles? 1.) Natural selection 2.) Genetic drift 3.) Sexual recombination 4.) The environment 5.) Mutation3.) Sexual recombinationSexual recombination includes the shuffling of chromosomes in __________ and fertilization. 1.) Mitosis 2.) meiosis 3.) genetic drift 4.) natural selection 5.) mutation2.) meiosisWhich type of mutation plays the most important role in increasing the number of genes in the gene pool? 1.) Mutations are so rare that there are no mutations that can have such an important effect. 2.) Point mutation 3.) Rearrangement of gene loci 4.) Duplication 5.) Changes in nucleotide sequence4.) DuplicationIn a large population of randomly breeding organisms, the frequency of a recessive allele is initially 0.3. There is no migration and no selection. Humans enter this ecosystem and selectively hunt individuals showing the dominant trait. When the gene frequency is reexamined at the end of the year, __________. 1.) the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go up 2.) the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go up, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will remain the same 3.) the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will remain the same, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go up 4.) the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go up, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go down 5.) the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go up, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go up1.) the frequency of the homozygous dominants will go down, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype will go down, and the frequency of the homozygous recessives will go upIn a certain group of people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group is heterozygous for the sickle hemoglobin allele? 1.) 32% 2.) 2% 3.) 4% 4.) 8% 5.) 16%1.) 32%Which of the following sets of conditions is required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 1.) Random mating, no natural selection, and a large population 2.) A large population, no mutations, with natural selection 3.) A large population, random mutations, and no migration of alleles in or out of the population 4.) No mutations, no natural selection, with sexual selection 5.) Random mating, a small population, and no mutations1.) Random mating, no natural selection, and a large populationWhich of the following is the best example of gene flow? 1.) Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs. 2.) A small population of humans colonizes a newly formed island. 3.) Genes are shuffled by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis. 4.) An earthquake results in the formation of a canyon, splitting a population of toads apart. 5.) A fire drastically reduces the size of a white-tailed deer population. The remaining individuals spread out throughout the remaining forest.1.) Wind blows pollen from one population of plants to another and cross-fertilization occurs.Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which of the following? 1.) Directional selection 2.) Stabilizing selection 3.) Disruptive selection 4.) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 5.) Macroevolution1.) Directional selectionA population of squirrels is preyed on by small hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows. The larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. After several generations, the squirrels in the area tend to be very small or very large. What process is responsible for this outcome? 1.) Disruptive selection 2.) Stabilizing selection 3.) Directional selection 4.) Balancing selection 5.) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium1.) Disruptive selectionStabilizing selection __________. 1.) favors intermediate variants in a population 2.) prevents mutations from occurring 3.) occurs when some individuals migrate to an area with different environmental conditions 4.) usually results in two distinct phenotypes 5.) occurs only in plants1.) favors intermediate variants in a populationNo two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is __________. 1.) the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction 2.) new mutations that occurred in the preceding generation 3.) genetic drift due to the small size of the population 4.) geographic variation within the population 5.) environmental effects1.) the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction