Unit 7: 19th Century Political Developments

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Napoleon III

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believed governance should be via authoritarian leader representing the people (strong ruler needed to fight socialism), was a responsive ruler. Louis Napoleon (president via popular vote) declared himself hereditary empire. Reforms: economic progress (banks, railroads, rebuilt Paris), better housing/rights for unions to gain support of urban workers). Public backslash from Catholics and nationalists for problems in Italy and Prussia led him to liberalize empire (increase powers of Assembly and liberal opposition, constitution combining parliamentary regime and hereditary emperor)

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Italy existed as competing city-states in the COV. 1815-1848: goal of unified Italy emerged, 3 separate paths: 1) Mazzini was a patriot for universal male suffrage under a centralized democracy. 2) federation under the pope. 3) Victor Emmanuel (King of Piedmont-Sardinia) adopted liberal constitution (civil liberties, parliament, secular). Seen as ideal way to achieve unification (not as radical as Mazzini).

Pope Pius IX

papacy was opposed to national unification and spread of liberal ideals. The Pope denounced -isms and religious liberties

Count Cavour

statesman for Sardinia, aimed to expand Sardinia through north/central Italy. Embraced economy of rising middle class (built highways/railroads), gave civil liberties to gain supporters. Had secret alliance with Napoleon III to attack Austria (goaded Austria into attacking Sardinia and then had Napoleon defeat them). Napoleon took back promise and didn't give them territory because of public scrutiny for defying the church. Used Garibaldi to unify Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

revolutionary nationalist and republican with Red Shirts (guerilla army) who took over Sicily. Garibaldi allied with Count Cavour, turning nationalism into conservatism, as Cavour wanted to prevent the further spread of Garibaldi's radical ideas.

William I of Prussia

wished to increase defense budget and taxes to reform the army, but parliament rejected the budget because they wanted to weaken the military power of the King. William I called on Otto von Bismarck to defy parliament.

Otto von Bismarck (the Iron Chancellor)

desired power but was flexible and pragmatic, collected military taxes without parliamentary approval, believed conservatives should make peace with liberals and nationalists (unity under conservatism as opposed to battle for liberal reform). Constitution for Northern German Confederation: states had local governments with King/Chancellor with ultimate powers, federal gov't controls army/foreign affairs, two house legislature (one was elected through universal male suffrage: Reichstag). Gained support of the liberals through successes. Adopted high tariffs in response to worldwide financial crash, outlawed socialist party, laws establishing pension/retirement benefits/sickess-accident insurance..

realpolitik

politics based on current circumstances and factors as opposed to moral, ethics, and ideologies. Was response of conservative governments to failed 1848 Revolutions.

Austro-Prussian War

Prussia defeated Austria decisively, Count Cavour gained Venetia via alliance with Bismarck. Generous peace terms for Austria (no reparations or territorial concessions). Austria agreed not to interfere in German affairs.

Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck realized patriotic war with France would create national sentiment and gain alliance of Southern German States. Prussia goaded France into attacking and defeated France decisively, harsh peace terms for France (huge fine, Alsace-Lorraine to Germany), creating French-German rivalry

Crimean War

dispute with France and GB over control of the areas left by the retreating Ottoman Empire (GB and France wanted to limit Russian expansion). Failure of Russian transportation network, ultimately leading to defeat, showed how Russia was behind industrialized nations.

Alexander II

reforms after military disaster. Freed the serfs (although had little improvement because system of collective responsibility prevented improvement of agricultural methods). Zemstvo (system of local gov't with elected assemblies). EconomicL subsidized private railroad companies (allowed export of grain), industry increased strength of military and helped spread Marxian though as factory working class began forming.

Sergei Witte

minister of Finance under Alexander III, believed industrial backwardness threatened Russia's power. Expanded railroads, established protective tariffs, encouraged foreigners to build factories in Russia (aided by loans from France).

Revolution of 1905

Russia lost to Japan (humiliating) leading to political unrest. (Push amongst middle class for liberal government, labor movement amongst factory workers, nationalism amongst minorities). Bloody Sunday: workers petitioned in St.Petersburg and were brutally killed, causing mass revolts. October Manifesto: granted full civil rights and elected Duma

Duma

parliaments established by the October Manifesto. Tsar still had absolute power (could veto or dissolved Duma). Electoral laws were rewritten to increase influence of propertied classes (tsar had loyal majority in Duma).

Unit 7: 19th Century Political Developments

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