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DNH 210 exam 2

Terms in this set (92)

Abrupt, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone with spontaneous recovery, most often caused by loss of cerebral oxygenation and perfusion referred to as cerebral ischemia
A) Shock
B) Syncope
C) Seizure
D) Hyperventilation
B) Syncope
This condition is also referred to as transient loss of consciousness (TLoC)
A) Shock
B) Syncope
C) Seizure
D) Hyperventilation
B) Syncope
Many times this condition is a sign of another underlying medical condition:
A) Shock
B) Syncope
C) Seizure
D) Hyperventilation
B) Syncope
What percent of emergency room visits are attributed to vasovagal syncope?
A) 50%
B) 68%
C) 66%
D) 56%
C) 66%
Which of the following is the most common medical emergency that may occur in the dental office?
A) Shock
B) Syncope
C) Seizure
D) Hyperventilation
B) Syncope
Which group of people are susceptible to syncope?
A) Children
B) Pregnant mothers
C) Elderly
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is the most common type of syncope?
A) Neurocardiac syncope
B) Noncardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
A) Neurocardiac syncope
Which of the following are synonyms for neurocardiac syncope?:
A) Vasodepressor syncope
B) Vasovagal syncope
C) Neurocardiogenic syncope
D) Neurally mediated syncope
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
When a patient is experiencing syncope, what nervous system is activated?
A) Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
B) Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
A) Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
At least 20-mmHg drop in systolic blood pressure or a 10-mmHg drop in diastolic upon assuming an upright position is a characteristic of this particular condition that can lead to a noncardiac syncope:
A) Orthostatic hypotension
B) Seizures
C) Hyperventilation
D) Metabolic diseases
A) Orthostatic hypotension
This form of syncope occurs due to the production of a valsalva maneuver, which is any forced expiratory effort against a closed airway:
A) Hyperventilation
B) Metabolic disorders
C) Orthostatic hypotension
D) Situational syncope
D) Situational syncope
This form of syncope results from inadequate cardiac output and usually occurs as a result of serious underlying heart disease
A) Neurocardiac syncope
B) Noncardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
What is the second most common from of syncope?
A) Neurocardiac syncope
B) Noncardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
Which form of syncope is a serious condition and potentially fatal?
A) Neurocardiac syncope
B) Noncardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
What is the treatment given if your patient is experiencing syncope?
A) Patient should be sat up
B) Patient should be placed semi-supine position
C) Patient should be placed in supine position with patients legs slightly elevated
D) Freak out
C) Patient should be placed in supine position with patients legs slightly elevated
A patient who is experiencing syncope should be given _______ L/minute of oxygen
A) 2-4
B) 4-6
C) 6-8
D) 8-10
B) 4-6
What may occur to a patient who remains in a syncopal episode due to lack of cerebral oxygenation?
A) Shock
B) Stroke
C) Diabetes
D) Seizure
D) Seizure
Syncope is the sudden loss of consciousness and postural tone, and is most often caused by a loss of cerebral oxygenation.
A) The first phrase is true, the second phase is false
B) The first phrase is false, the second phase is true
C) Both phrases are true
D) Both phrases are false
C) Both phrases are true
Which are groups are particularly susceptible to syncope?
A) Infants
B) Adults
C) Middle-ages adults
D) Geriatric individuals
D) Geriatric individuals
All of the following are common classifications of syncope except one. Which one is the exception?
A) Neurocardiac syncope
B) Noncardiac syncope
C) Cardiac syncope
D) Obstructive syncope
D) Obstructive syncope
Hyperventilation can cause syncope due to:
A) Cerebral vasoconstriction
B) Reduction in blood pressure
C) Inappropriate positioning
D) Reduction in essential nutrients
A) Cerebral vasoconstriction
The symptoms associated with syncope stem from the stimulation of the:
A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Sympathetic nervous system
C) Central nervous system
D) None of the above
B) Sympathetic nervous system
All of the following are signs or symptoms associated with syncope EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception?
A) Diaphoresis
B) Piloerection
C) Pupil constriction
D) Blurred vision
C) Pupil constriction
This condition is produced when the cardiovascular-pulmonary system fails to deliver enough oxygenated blood to body tissues to support the metabolic needs of those tissues and leads to abnormal cellular and tissue function
A) Shock
B) Stroke
C) Diabetes
D) Seizure
A) Shock
Pick the different forms of shock from the following:
A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hyperventilation shock
C) Hypogenic shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
E) Distributive shock
F) Myocardial shock
G) Obstructive shock
A, D, E, G
Place the stages a patient will undergo when suffering from any form of shock in the correct order:
A) Compensatory stage
B) Refractory stage
C) Progressive stage
D) Initial stage
D, A, C, B
During this phase cells are deprived of oxygen, which inhibits their ability to produce energy:
A) Compensatory stage
B) Refractory stage
C) Progressive stage
D) Initial stage
D) Initial stage
This stage is characterized by the body performing ohysiological adaptations in an attempt to overcome shock:
A) Compensatory stage
B) Refractory stage
C) Progressive stage
D) Initial stage
A) Compensatory stage
This stage occurs when the compensatory mechanisms that the body has initiated to combat shock begin to fail:
A) Compensatory stage
B) Refractory stage
C) Progressive stage
D) Initial stage
C) Progressive stage
This stage is characterized by failure of the vital organs and irreversibility of the shock condition:
A) Compensatory stage
B) Refractory stage
C) Progressive stage
D) Initial stage
B) Refractory stage
Which type of shock is the most common form of shock and is caused by inadequate venous return to the heart?
A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hyperventilation shock
C) Hypogenic shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
E) Distributive shock
F) Myocardial shock
G) Obstructive shock
A) Hypovolemic shock
The most common etiologies that cause this form of shock include severe hemorrhage or dehydration:
A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hyperventilation shock
C) Hypogenic shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
E) Distributive shock
F) Myocardial shock
G) Obstructive shock
A) Hypovolemic shock
If a patient is experiencing shock, the patient should be positioned how?
A) Patient should be sat up
B) Patient should be placed semi-supine position
C) Patient should be placed in supinely
D) Freak out
C) Patient should be placed in supinely
This form of shock occurs when there is a reduction in tissue perfusion caused by a decrease in cardiac output (heart fails to pump enough blood to supply oxygen to the peripheral tissues and body organs)
A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hyperventilation shock
C) Hypogenic shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
E) Distributive shock
F) Myocardial shock
G) Obstructive shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
Patients who are most likely to develop cardiogenic shock are:
A) Elderly
B) Women
C) Diabetics
D) History of previous infarction
E) Peripheral vascular disease
F) All of the above
F) All of the above
This type of shock is also known as vasogenic shock:
A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hyperventilation shock
C) Hypogenic shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
E) Distributive shock
F) Myocardial shock
G) Obstructive shock
E) Distributive shock
Anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic are three types of which shock?
A) Hypovolemic shock
B) Hyperventilation shock
C) Hypogenic shock
D) Cardiogenic shock
E) Distributive shock
F) Myocardial shock
G) Obstructive shock
E) Distributive shock
This type of shock is characterized by a sudden, massive vasodilation and circulatory collapse caused by the individual being exposed to an allergen for which he or she is extremely sensitive:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
This type of shock occurs when certain bacteria invade the bloodstream, particularly gram-negative bacilli:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
A) Septic shock
Signs and symptoms of this type of shock includes fever, vasodilation, increased cardiac output, and tissue edema:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
A) Septic shock
This type of shock is sometimes fatal and is usually seen in older people, those with poor nutritional status, neonates, critically ill individuals, and immunocompromised patients:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
A) Septic shock
The treatment for this kind of shock can include aggressive fluid resuscitation and antimicrobial therapy and possibly surgery to reduce or eliminate the infection:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
A) Septic shock
This type of shock is a result of the loss of sympathetic nerve activity from the brain's vasomotor center following an emotional trauma, a disease, a drug, a drug, or a traumatic injury to the brain stem or spinal cord:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
C) Neurogenic shock
Signs and symptoms of this type of shock includes hypotension, bradycardia, and peripheral vasodilation and often take several hours after the injury to develop:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
C) Neurogenic shock
Specific treatment for this type of shock includes drug therapy, such as phenylephrine or dopamine to promote peripheral vasoconstriction:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
C) Neurogenic shock
This type of shock results from indirect heart pump failure, leading to decreased cardiac function and reduced circulation:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
D) Obstructive shock
The primary symptoms of this shock are severe hypotension and dyspnea:
A) Septic shock
B) Anaphylactic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Obstructive shock
D) Obstructive shock
Shock is the condition produced when the cardiovascular pulmonary system fails to deliver enough oxygenated blood to body tissues, which results in a reduction of metabolism for those tissues.
A) The first phrase is true, and the second phrase is false
B) The first phrase is false, and the second phrase is true
C) Both phrases are true
D) Both phrases are false
A) The first phrase is true, and the second phrase is false
Which type of shock would you suspect for a patient experiencing a severe infection?
A) Hypovolemic
B) Anaphylactic
C) Cardiogenic
D) Septic
D) Septic
Which stage of shock is irreversible and characterized by failure of the vital organs?
A) Initial stage
B) Refractory stage
C) Compensatory stage
D) Progressive stage
B) Refractory stage
Which is the most important step in the specific emergency treatment for hypovolemic shock?
A) Arrest the fluid loss
B) Administer antimicrobial medication
C) Administer appropriate medication to reduce tachycardia
D) None of the above
A) Arrest the fluid loss
All of the following are possible etiologies of neurogenic shock except one. Which one is the exception?
A) Emotional trauma
B) A disease of the brain stem
C) An injury to the spinal cord
D) Myocardial infarction
D) Myocardial infarction
The type of shock that has the symptoms of nonspecific chest pain and shortness of breath would be:
A) Hypovolemic
B) Cardiogenic
C) Septic
D) None of the above
B) Cardiogenic
All of the following are forms of disruptive shock except one. Which one is the exception?
A) Cardiogenic shock
B) Septic shock
C) Neurogenic shock
D) Anaphylactic shock
A) Cardiogenic shock
In what position should a patient be placed when suffering from shock?
A) Supine
B) Head between knees
C) Upright
D) on the stomach
A) Supine
All of the following are symptoms of hyperventilation except one. Which one is the exception?
A) Circumoral parasthesia
B) Heart palpitations
C) Pulmonary embolism
D) Hyperpnea
C) Pulmonary embolism
A patient who is experiencing hyperventilation may experience respiration rate between ____________ respirations/minute?:
A) 12-20
B) 25-20
C) 100-120
D) 22-40
D) 22-40
The normal respiration rate for an adults is _____________ respirations/minute:
A) 12-20
B) 25-20
C) 100-120
D) 22-40
A) 12-20
(True or False) Hyperventilation syndrome is common when individuals are exposed to high altitudes, are pregnant, taken central nervous system-stimulatory drugs, have aspirin toxicity, and experience anxiety states
True
This is characterized by the lack of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the arterial blood system (hypocapnia), resulting in respiratory alkalosis and cerebral vasoconstriction:
A) Hyperventilation
B) Shock
C) Syncope
D) Seizure
A) Hyperventilation
(True or False) Hyperventilation can result in high blood pH (Alkaline) and low CO2
True
In hyperventilation the decrease in CO2 causes ____________ of the arteries and veins in many areas of the body, including the heart and brain
A) Vasoconstriction
B) Vasodilation
A) Vasoconstriction
In hyperventilation the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the heart leads to a decreased __________ and reduced coronary blood flow
A) Cardiac input
B) Cardiac output
B) Cardiac output
Progressive hyperventilation has been shown to cause ____________, which is a reduction in the calcium levels in the bloodstream.
A) Seizures
B) Air hunger
C) Paresthesia
D) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypocalcemia
In cases of hyperventilation, hypocalcemia can result into _______________, which is an abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve
A) Tetany
B) Chvostek's sign
C) parasthesia
D) Hypocalcemia
B) Chvostek's sign
In hyperventilation, what term is used to describe extreme sweating?
A) Diaphoresis
B) Chvostek's sign
C) Parasthesia
D) Hypocalcemia
A) Diaphoresis
In hyperventilation a patient may experience numbness or tingling around the oral cavity, this is known as what?
A) Diaphoresis
B) Chvostek's sign
C) Circumoral parasthesia
D) Hypocalcemia
C) Circumoral parasthesia
Which respiratory disorder are symptoms that hyperventilation memics?
A) Diaphoresis
B) Pulmonary embolism
C) Circumoral parasthesia
D) Hypocalcemia
B) Pulmonary embolism
If a patient is experiencing hyperventilation, the recommended treatment is to place the patient in what position?
A) Supine
B) Semi-supine
C) Patient's choice
C) Patient's choice
What is recommended to give to a patient who is experiencing hyperventilation and their symptoms do not subside
A) Lidocaine
B) Tylenol
C) Lorazepam
D) Steroid
C) Lorazepam
What is the correct dose intramuscular for Lorazepam?
A) 1-2 mg
B) 2-3 mg
C) 3-4 mg
D) 4-5 mg
A) 1-2 mg
What is the correct intramuscular dose for diazepam?
A) 1-4 mg
B) 2-5 mg
C) 3-6 mg
D) 4-7 mg
B) 2-5 mg
What is the correct ORAL dose for diazepam?
A) 5-10 mg
B) 6-11 mg
C) 10-15 mg
D) 15-20 mg
C) 10-15 mg
The chemical lacking in the bloodstream of the hyperventilating patient is:
A) Oxygen
B) Hydrogen
C) Iron
D) Carbon dioxide
D) Carbon dioxide
The carpopedal spasms often seen in a patient who is hyperventilating is caused by:
A) The respiratory acidoses
B) The reduction in calcium in the bloodstream
C) Reduced cerebral oxygenation
D) none of the above
B) The reduction in calcium in the bloodstream
The recommended treatment for a hyperventilating patient is:
A) Have him or her breathe into a paper bag
B) Have him or her drink milk to increase calcium levels
C) Administer oxygen at 4 L/minute
D) Work with him or her to control his or her breathing
D) Work with him or her to control his or her breathing
The symptoms of a pulmonary embolism are often similar to the symptoms of hyperventilation, and both conditions are potentially life threatening
A) The first phrase is correct, the second phrase is incorrect
B) The first phrase is incorrect, the second phrase is correct
C) Both phrases are correct
D) Both phrases are incorrect
A) The first phrase is correct, the second phrase is incorrect
The respiration rate for a person experiencing hyperventilation is:
A) 12-14 respirations/minute
B) 14-16 respirations/minute
C) 16-18 respirations/minute
D) >22 respirations/minute
D) >22 respirations/minute
Abnormal spasms of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve is referred to as:
A) Levine sign
B) Chvostek's sign
C) Tetany
D) Circumoral parasthesia
B) Chvostek's sign
All of the following are common precipitating factors of hyperventilation except one. Which one is the exception?
A) High altitudes
B) Pregnancy
C) Anxiety
D) Hypertension
D) Hypertension
This is known as a paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by spontaneous electric discharges from collections of neurons in the cerebral cortex:
A) Shock
B) Seizure
C) Syncope
D) Hyperventilation
B) Seizure
This term refers to a syndrome of associated seizure types and is not a specific disease:
A) Ictal
B) Ictus
C) Epilepsy
D) Shock
C) Epilepsy
This term refers to a seizure or to a seizure state:
A) ictus or ictal
B) Epilepsy
C) Shock
D) Syncope
A) ictus or ictal
This is the most common neurological disorder in pediatrics:
A) Seizure
B) Epilepsy
C) Shock
D) Syncope
A) Seizure
(True or False) A seizure is a disease and is not linked to an underlying CNS dysfunction
FALSE
Classification of seizures by etiology falls into two broad categories, pick the correct two:
A) Primary/provoked
B) Secondary/unprovoked
C) Secondary/provoked
D) Primary/unprovoked
C, D
What comprises about 65% of seizure disorders and is believed to have a genetic predisposition?
A) Primary seizures
B) Secondary seizures
A) Primary seizures
What types of seizures account for 35% of seizures and have a probable cause or causes that may be traced to the disorder?
A) Primary seizures
B) Secondary seizures
B) Secondary seizures
In the dental setting what are some potential causes of a seizure?:
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Hypoxia
C) Local anesthetic toxicity
D) Epilepsy
A, B, C, D
(True or False) Children are more susceptible to seizures than adults
True
(True or False) Seizure disorder causes oral changes
False
Which kind of seizure is the most common type among newly diagnosed adults?
A) Partial Seizures
B) Generalized Seizures
C) Petit Mal Seizures
D) Simple partial Seizures
A) Partial Seizures
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