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HSC 200 Exam 2

Terms in this set (59)

What are the primary constructs and assertions of the Health Belief Model?
The most important theory.
No one thought that getting tested was important, so they didn't get tested.

Grew out of failure of lots of public health programs in 1950s, offered by the US Public Health Service

Perceived susceptibility.
Perceived severity.
Perceived benefits and barriers.
Cues to action.- can be internal and external
Cues to Action
internal cues: perception of bodily states "I didn't change until" my doctor told me to"

External Cues: "Advice from others, especially medical authority, illness of other family members or friends
- My mom died of a heart attack...
- I started feeling my body ache of my weight
Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) model?
Theory founded on three assumptions:

1. Behavior change involves a series of different steps or stages.

2. There are common stages and processes of change across a variety of health behaviors.

3. Tailoring an intervention of change in which people are at the moment is more effective than not considering the stage people are in.
Precontemplation
the individual is either unaware of or not interested in making a change.
Contemplation
the person is thinking about making a change, usually within the next six months.
Preparation
the person actively decides to change and plans a change, usually within one month.
Action
the individual is trying to make the desired change and has been working at making the change for less than six months.
Maintenance
the individual sustains the change for six months or longer and the changed behavior has become a part of his or her daily routine.
Theory of Planned Behavior?
Fundamental model for explaining virtually any health behavior over which the individual has control

Behavior is determined directly by a person's intention to perform the behavior.

Intentions- the instructions people give to themselves to behave in certain ways.

An individual's intention to change behavior is determined by both personal attitudes toward the new behavior and its outcome, and perception of social pressure to change the behavior

(subjective norms)
A person is more likely to adopt a new health behavior if he/she believes that the new behavior will lead to mostly positive outcomes and that other people important to him/her think that the behavior should be adopted.
Diffusion of Innovations?
Explains how an innovation spreads within a population
Laggards
the last to adopt; tend to come from small families, to be single and older, and to be traditional.
Late Majority
skeptical; usually adopt an innovation only through peer pressure.
Early majority
- tend to be cautious.
Early Adopters
the next to adopt; include opinion leaders, are integrated into the community and are well respected by their families and peers.
Innovators
adopt the innovation quite readily and perceive themselves as popular and financially privileged.
Self-Efficacy
confidence; behavior/situation specific, build small steps
Credentialing
individual or professional preparation program, meets specified standards, established by credentialing body, gives awardee a formal recognition
Accreditation
public recognition; accrediting body grants to an institution (Council for Education on Public Health), meets very specific requirements (self-study and report, site visit)
Licensure
agency or government, usually state, grant permission to an individual upon completion of a curriculum, can demonstrate a standard of performance
Certification
professional org. grants recognition to an individual, upon completion of a curriculum, and can demonstrate a standard of performance
Formalism
Every decision made is either good or bad regardless of situation or context based on moral duty ( individual ethics)
Consequentialism
Do the ends justify the means. ( Common good)
Construct
Key concepts of specific theories.
Theory
Set of interrelated concepts.

Presents a systematic view of events or situations

Explain and predict the events of the situations
Variable
Operational form/practical use of a construct.

Emerges when you're actually TESTING your constructs in REAL PEOPLE.
Model
Composite, mixture of ideas or concepts.

Taken from theories to help people understand a problem.

Doesn't explain the processes underlying learning, but only represents them.
What are the steps of the ethical decision making model? Could you apply these steps to the analysis of an ethical dilemma?
1. Define problem, ID ethical issues, seek answers to ?s
2. ID who will be affected
3. Ultimate goals & ideals
4. ID alternatives (viable course of action
5. Consider consequences of each alternatives
6. Consider the nature of the alternatives
7. Reflect on yourself
8. Reflect on society & your environment
9. Apply the categorical imperative
10. Choose & act on your choice & monitor & evaluate the results
What factors led to the development of the certification for health educators? What does CHES stand for?
...
PRECED/PROCEED, SMART, MATCH, and CDC/Cynergy - what makes each unique, per our class discussion?
...
PRECED/PROCEED
PRECED: the first step is to identify causes

Proceed: steps to make the change happen for example policies, organizational etc
Social Assessment
Phase 1 :Economic & social indicators quality of life ( crime, unemployment)
Epidemiological Assessment
Phase 2 : describes the health problems in a defined population; look at the problem as closely as you can to your interest
behavioral assessment
Phase 3: identify health related behaviors related to health problems
identify factors that are related to health behavior
(1) Predisposing Factors
Enhance susceptibility or likelihood of beginning a behavior
(2) enabling Factors
Facilitate or make possible behavior
Resources and environment plays a big part when facilitate future behaviors
(3) Reinforcing Factors
Encourage repetition of a behavior
Providing continuing reward/punishment
Ecological Assessment
Phase 4: assessment of factors unsocial & physical environment that interact with behavior

Looks at factors that affect or represent the behaviors
Intervention Alignment
Phase 4a: matching appropriate interventions with changes and outcomes
Administrative assessment
Phase 4b: Analyze policies , resources and circumstance

facilities or hinder program development
Implemenataion
Phase 5: Converting program objectives into action
Process Evaluation
Phase 6: Policies, materials, personnel, performance, quality of practice services

"How is the process working "

How many brochures have been passed out, how many people attended classes ?
impact evaluation
Asses immediate results of the program

Knowledge, attitude and behavior

often gathered through a pre- and post- intervention evaluation
outcome evaluation
Phase 8: I
ultimate objective

change in health & scoaif benefits & quality of life

May not be completed for years

Occurs way late in the future
What is Cynergy
Created by health communication professional at the CDC

Free, public domain web tool from the CDC

Available for some specific areas ( heart disease, emergency communication, immunization)
What are the 6 steps of Cynergy and what is the difference between it and Preced/Proceed ?
1 = Describe Problem
2 = Analyze Problem
3 = Plan Intervention
4 = Develop Intervention
5 = Plan Evaluation
6 = Implement Plan
SMART Model
Social
Marketing
Assessment
Response
Tool
What is the Social marketing
Using marketing strategies/principles to change health behaviors
Phase 2: Consumer Analysis
Target audience is known as consumers

Happy meals: target at kids
Phase 3 : Market analysis
Identify competitors and allies
Phase 4: Channel Analysis
ID best communication channels

ID program Partners
MATCH
M- multilevel
A- Approach
T- to
C- Community
H- Health

Focus is primarily on intervention, rather than formative work before your program.

Works well when you know about the behavior and community priorities
Match Phases
1 = Goals Selection
2 = Intervention Planning
3 = Program Development
4 = Implementation Preparations
5 = Evaluation
Area 1
Assess Needs, Resources and Capacity for Health Education/Promotion
Area II:
Plan Health Education/Promotion
Area III
Area III: Implement Health Education/Promotion
Area IV
Conduct Evaluation and Research Related to Health Education/Promotion
Area V:
Area V: Administer and Manage Health Education/Promotion
Area VI:
Serve as a Health Education/Promotion Resource Person
Area VII
Communicate, Promote, and Advocate for Health, Health Education/Promotion, and the Profession
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