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APUSH Unit 7

Terms in this set (94)

American Expansionism
The idea that the United States has a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilization on the world stage
Social Darwinism
An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest"
Remember the Maine
After the U.S. battle cruiser Maine exploded in Havana harbor, the New York Journal rallied its readers to galvanize popular support for the U.S. war against Spain. Evidence of Spanish complicity in the explosion was not found; the likely cause was later found to have been internal to the ship
Teller Amendment
An amendment to the 1898 U.S. declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba. It assured the public that the US would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home
Insular Cases
A set of Supreme Court rulings in 1901 that declared that the U.S. Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in acquired territories; only Congress could decide whether to grant citizenship
Platt Amendment (1902)
An amendment to the Cuban constitution that blocked Cuba from making a treaty with any country except the US and gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. The amendment was a condition for U.S. withdrawal from the newly independent island
Open Door Policy (1899)
A claim put forth by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
An agreement between the US and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria
Panama Canal
This connected trade between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and opened in 1914, the canal gave U.S. naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere
Roosevelt Corollary
The 1904 assertion by Theodore Roosevelt that the US would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S. interests in Latin America
Zimmerman Telegram (1917)
German foreign secretary urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the US entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover TX, NM, and AZ. Published by American newspapers, the telegram outraged the American public and help precipitate the move toward U.S. entry in the war on the Allied side
War Industries Board
Established in July 1917 to direct military production, including allocation of resources, conversion of factories to war production, and setting of prices
National War Labor Board (1918)
Established an 8-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime), endorsed equal pay for women, and supported workers' right to organize
Committee on Public Information
Set up by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I to increase support for America's participation in the war. This was a national propaganda machine that helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent
Four Minute Men
Name given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the CPI to deliver short pro-war speeches at movie theaters, as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war and suppress dissent
Sedition Act of 1918
Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the US or help in the cause of its enemies
Great Migration
The resettling of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I
National Women's Party
A political party that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in the early twentieth century (founded in 1916)
Fourteen Points (1919)
Principles for a new world order by Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles (open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, territorial integrity, arms reduction, national self-determination, and creation of the League of Nations)
League of Nations
The international organization bringing together world governments to prevent future hostilities, proposed by Woodrow Wilson after WWI. The US never became a member state
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
This ended WWI. The agreement redrew the map of the world, assigned Germany sole responsibility for the war, and put them in $33 billion in debt for war damages. It created British and French imperial "mandates" (catastrophic results)
Adkins vs Children's Hospital (1923)
Voided a minimum wage for women workers in DC, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through Muller v. Oregon
Muller vs Oregon (1908)
Limited women's workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood. It divided women's rights activists because some saw its provisions as discriminatory
Welfare Capitalism
A system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employees' well-being
Red Scare
A term for anticommunist hysteria that swept the US, first after WWI, and led to a series of government raids on alleged subversives and a suppression of civil liberties
Palmer Raids
A series of raids on radical organizations that peaked in January 1920, when federal agents arrested six thousand citizens and aliens and denied them access to legal counsel
Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act (1921)
The first federally funded health-care legislation that provided federal funds for medical clinics, prenatal education programs, and visiting nurses
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1919)
This organization's members denounced imperialism, stressed the human suffering caused by militarism, and proposed social justice measures
Associated State
A system of voluntary business cooperation with government. The Commerce Department helped create two thousand trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry
Teapot Dome
Nickname for scandal in which Albert Fall accepted $300,000 in bribes for leasing oil reserves on public land. It was part of a larger pattern of corruption that marred Warren G. Harding's presidency
Dollar Diplomacy
Policy emphasizing the connection between America's economic and political interests overseas. Business would gain from diplomatic efforts in its behalf, while the strengthened American economic presence overseas would give added leverage to American diplomacy
Prohibition
The ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol that went into effect in January 1920 with the Eighteenth Amendment. This was repealed in 1933
American Civil Liberties Union
An organization formed during the Red Scare to protect free speech rights
Scopes Trial (1925)
The trial of a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee for violating his state's ban on teaching evolution. The trial created a nationwide media frenzy and came to be seen as a showdown between urban and rural values
National Origins Act (1924)
A law limiting annual immigration from each country to no more than 2% of that nationality's percentage of the U.S. population as it had stood in 1890. The law severely limited immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Secret society that first undertook violence against African Americans in the South after the Civil War but was reborn in 1915 to fight the perceived threats posed by African Americans, immigrants, radicals, feminists, Catholics, and Jews
Harlem Renaissance
A flourishing of African American artists, writers, intellectuals, and social leaders in the 1920s
Jazz
Unique American musical form, developed in New Orleans and other parts of the South before WWI. These musicians developed an ensemble improvisational style
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
A Harlem-based group, led Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism
Pan-Africanism
The idea that people of African descent, in all parts of the world, have a common heritage and destiny and should cooperate in political action
Lost Generation
The phrase coined by writer Gertrude Stein to refer to young artists and writers who had suffered through WWI and felt alienated from America's mass-culture society in the 1920s
Consumer Credit
New forms of borrowing, such as auto loans and installment plans, that flourished in the 1920s but helped trigger the Great Depression
Hollywood
City in the Los Angeles area of California where, by the 1920s, nearly 90 percent of all films in the world were produced
Flapper
A young woman of the 1920s who defied conventional standards of conduct by wearing short skirts and makeup, freely spending the money she earned on the latest fashions, dancing to jazz, and flaunting her liberated lifestyle
Soft Power
The exercise of popular cultural influence abroad, as American radio and movies became popular around the world in the 1920s, transmitting American cultural ideals overseas
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction
Bonus Army
A group of 15,000 unemployed WWI veterans who set up camps near the Capitol building in 1932 to demand immediate payment of pension awards due to be paid in 1945
Fireside Chats
A series of informal radio addresses Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in which he explained New Deal initiatives
Hundred Days
A legendary session during the first few months of FDR's administration in which Congress enacted 15 major bills that focused primarily on 4 problems (banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment)
Glass-Steagall Act (1933)
Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2,500 (and now up to $250,000). The act also prohibited banks from making risky, unsecured investments with customers' deposits
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
New Deal legislation that aimed at cutting agricultural production to raise crop prices and thus farmers' income
National Recovery Administration (1933)
Federal agency encouraged industrialists to voluntarily adopt codes that defined fair working conditions, set prices, and minimized competition
Public Works Administration (1933)
Designed to put people back to work, it built the Boulder Dam (renamed Hoover Dam) and Grand Coulee Dam, among other large public works projects
Civilian Conservation Corps
Federal relief program that provided jobs to millions of unemployed young men who built thousands of bridges, roads, trails, and other structures in state and national parks, bolstering the national infrastructure
Federal Housing Administration (1934)
An agency that refinanced home mortgages for mortgage holders facing possible foreclosure
Securities and Exchange Commission (1934)
This commission had broad powers to determine how stocks and bonds were sold to the public, to set rules for margin (credit) transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information about corporate plans
Liberty League
A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal
National Association of Manufacturers
An association of industrialists and business leaders opposed to government regulation. The group promoted free enterprise and capitalism through a publicity campaign of radio programs, motion pictures, billboards, and direct mail
Townsend Plan (1933)
A plan that would give $200 a month (about $3,300 today) to citizens over the age of 60. These clubs sprang up across the country in support of the plan, mobilizing mass support for old-age pensions
Welfare State
Industrial democracies that adopt various government-guaranteed social-welfare programs. The creation of Social Security and other measures of the Second New Deal fundamentally changed US society and established a national welfare state for the first time
Wagner Act (1935)
An act that upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions and established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
National Labor Relations Board
A federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion and to guarantee collective bargaining
Social Security Act (1935)
An act with 3 main provisions: old-age pensions for workers, a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers, and a program of payments to widowed mothers and the blind, deaf, and disabled
Classical Liberalism
The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government (the less government does, the better)
Works Progress Administration (1935)
Federal New Deal program that provided government-funded public works jobs to millions of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression in areas ranging from construction to the arts
Roosevelt Recession
An economic decline from 1937 to 1938 that occurred after FDR cut the federal budget
Keynesian Economics
The theory that purposeful government intervention in the economy can affect the level of overall economic activity and thereby prevent severe depressions and runaway inflation
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
A law that reversed the Dawes Act of 1887 (divided reservations into homesteads). Indians won a greater degree of religious freedom, and tribal governments regained their status as semi-sovereign dependent nations
Dust Bowl
A series of dust storms from 1930 to 1941 during which a severe drought afflicted the semiarid states of OK, TX, NM, CO, AR, and KS
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)
An agency that integrated flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, and agricultural and industrial development
Rural Electrification Administration (1935)
An agency that promoted nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09)
Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France
Alfred Mahan
He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Wrote Influence of Seapower on History
Queen Liliuokalani
The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901
Porfiro Diaz
Ruled mexico for 35 years, welcomed foreign investors which benefited wealthy land owners, resigned in 1911 due to pressure from liberal reformer Madero
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the United States, known for WWI leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize
Herbert Hoover
Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community
Alice Paul
Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking
A. Mitchell Palmer
Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them
Henry Ford
1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents
Leo Frank
A Jewish man charged with the murder of Mary Phagan. Originally sentenced to death but was later overturned by John Slaton (GA Governor) to life in prison. Tom Watson led a public outcry against Slaton. Leo Frank was taken out of his cell by a group of angry men and lynched. His case will lead to the rebirth of KKK in GA
Zora Neale Hurston
African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians
Marcus Garvey
African American leader during the 1920s who founded the UNI and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927
Adolph Zukor
Innovative creator of Paramount as a major movie studio
Franklin D Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII
Father Charles Coughlin
A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal
Huey Long
As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc
Frances Perkins
U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet
Eleanor Roosevelt
Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women. FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter
Mary McLeod Bethune
United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)
John Collier
Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act
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