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Child Psych- test 1

Terms in this set (35)

developmental psychology
Field of study that focuses on the range of children's physical, intellectual, social, and emotional developments
Periods of development
Developmentalists divide time between conception and adulthood into 5 periods that are recognized in most cultures.
Prenatal period (conception to birth)
Infancy (birth to 2)
Early childhood (ages 2 ½ to 6)
Middle childhood (ages 6 to 12))
Adolescence (ages 12-18)
Domains of Development
Social
Emotional
Cognitive (intellectual)
Physical
Development in any domain
Influences and is influenced by other domains
Giotto (1320-1330)
Industrial revolution transformed contexts of child development
Interconnected changes in family life, education and work
Move from predominantly rural to more urban conditions; schooling and factory work
Drop in birth rate and changes in family relationships
Decrease of child death rates
Dress boys up to work in factories
Plasticity
To what extent and under what condition is the course of development plastic and subject to change as result of either deliberate intervention or change experience
Impact and emphasis: sensitive periods
Continuity/discontinuity
Is development a gradual continuous process of change, or is it punctuated by periods of rapid change and sudden emergence of new ways of thinking and behaving?
Emphasis:quantitative change versus qualitative change
No individual is alike, everyone is different
Theory: Broad framework of set of principles that can be used to guide the collection and interpretation of a set of facts. In developmental science, no single or unifying theory; approach includes several theoretical perspectives
Domains of development under investigation
Research methods used
Central issues addressed
Grand theories and modern theories
Grand theories of development
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Freud and Erikson: psychodynamic theories:
explore influence on development of the universal biological drives and life experiences. Freud focuses on mental structures, psychosexual stages,defense mechanisms and Erikson built on this and focused on psychosocial stages and crisis in development.
Id: pleasure principle. Reflexes (rooting sucking, babinski, breathing,stepping, moro)
Ego: forms of frustration of id principles. Reality principle
Superego: forms of identification, goal oriented; controlled
Erik Erikson
Build off of freud. Development is dependent on social environment and culture
Development continues throughout lifespan
A quest for identity. You either succeed or not (check the book stages on Freud and Erikson compared)
Erikson believes you still move on to the next stage
Behaviorist Theories:
focus on development as a result of learning and on changes in behavior as a result of forming associations between behavior and its consequences
Watson-
External, observable behaviors and their consequences.
Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
"Infant Care"
Thorndike- Law of Effect-
shaping behavior through rewards and punishments
Instrumental learning: dissatisfaction from failure, and satisfaction from success
Law of Effect: "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation became more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect that produce a disconfirming effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."
Skinner- Operant Conditioning
check chart on g. docs. negative reinforcement
Grand Theories of development-
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Constructivist theory by Piaget:
focuses on children's active construction of reality based on their experiences with the world.
Core ideas of this theory-
Cognitive development theory; universal processes of developmental change in all human groups
Schemas change through adaptation as children strive to master their environment Adaptation, disequilibrium, assimilation, accommodation
IQ and Eugenics:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, eugenics was considered a method of preserving and improving the dominant groups.
Jean Piaget (1896-1980): Cognitive development
"Learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized specifically human psychological function"
No stages, no universa, developmental path
Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)
Private speech
Sociocultural Theory by Vygotsky:
Emphasizes influence of culture on development
Core ideas of this theory: Biological and social factors play role in development, development is constructed through active engagement with world, biology and environments shape development by interacting directly through culture.
Modern Theories
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Evolutionary Theories:
explain human behavior in terms of how it contributes to the survival of the species. Best known by Darwin who claimed the development of human characteristics influenced by survival and evolution of species added by ethologists that interdisciplinary study of biological, and evolutionary foundations of behavior, focus on adaptive behaviors of young and behaviors these elicit in others.
Social Learning theories by bandura
focus on learning of associations between behaviors and their consequences. The core ideas include, modeling
Albert Bandura (1925-present)
Learning through observation of others and modeling
Bobo doll experiment (1962)
Self efficiency- belief in your own capacity for change
Moral Agency and Moral Disengagement
Bronfenbrenner model-
see children in context of 5 interrelated, nested systems
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Information processing theories-
look at cognitive development in terms of how children can perceive, remember, organize and manipulate information.
Genetics
Genotype- all the genes making up an organism, made up of DNA with A T C AND G's
Phenotype- observable characteristics that result from interaction....
Genetic inheritance through sexual production
...
Mutations and genetic abnormalities
Mutations- an error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA
Determining genetic disorders
Preconception tests
Prenatal tests/noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)
Amniocentesis
Inheriting culture
Tools of culture
Material tool
Focus on physical objects and behaviors
Examples: a family brushes teeth in morning
Vary from one culture to the next
Symbolic tools
Focus on abstract knowledge, belief and values affecting development
Also vary from culture to culture
Inheriting behaviors
Behaviors, activities, interactions affect behavior
Mediation
Process through which tools organize children's activities and ways of relating to their environment
Processes of cultural inheritances and complexity of culture
Reflect on marriage, children amount, residence, professions, daily life
Three Broad periods
Begins at conception
Totipotent cells
Lasts until the zygote enters the uterus and becomes implanted
Cleavage
Then comes the Embryonic period
Begins at implantation lasts until end of 8th week
All major organs take primitive shape
Placenta allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the embryo
Umbilical cord
The Fetal period
Begins in 9th week to birth
Dramatic growth in weight and length
Brain and all organ systems increase in complexity
By 15 weeks the fetus exhibits all movements observable at birth
Learning occurs through multiple sensory modalities
The Fetus
Sensory capacities- touch, sensory motion, seeing,hearing
Fetal activity- active 8 weeks post conception capable of all newborn movement at 15 weeks contributes to basic neuronal connections.
How a baby's senses develop
Allows child to recognize you
9 weeks- sensory organs such as nose eyes and ears develop
10 weeks- taste buds develop
Amniotic fluid plays role in bonding (similar to breast milk)
Eyes develop but will not see well but knows sound of voice
Halfway through he can hear you talk and your heartbeat
Maternal conditions and prenatal development
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