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Biology Lab

Terms in this set (35)

what are cells
the fundamental unit of life for all living things
Robert Hooke
used the word cell to describe the microscopic structure of cork

saw tiny squares and called them cellulae which means "small rooms" in latin
Robert Brown
discovered the nucleus
matthias schleiden
concluded that all plants are made of cells
theodor schwann
concluded that all animals are made of cells
Matthias Schledien and Theodor Schwann proposed the
cell theory
what is the cell theory
All living things are made up of one or more cells

the cells is the smallest unit that displays the properties of life

all cells arise from pre-existing cells
prokaryotes
Do not have a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, or other membrane bound organelles

*algae
*bacteria
eukaryotes
have a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles bound with membranes

*plants
*animals
*fungi
latin meaning of prokaryote
pro - before
karyon - kernel

nucleus resembling a kernel
*before kernel or before nucleus
latin meaning of eukaryote
eu- true
karyon - kernel

*good kernel or good nucleus
cell membrane
the outer boundary of plant and animal cells that is made of a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer (two layers)
cell wall
a rigid layer of polysaccharides found outside of the cell membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria. cellulose is the polysaccharide for the majority of plants and algae
cytoplasm
the internal fluid of a cell in which all organelles are suspended. composed of water, proteins, and nutrients
nuclear membrane
the outer boundary of the nucleus of eukaryotes that is made of a double bilayer of phospholipids that regulate import and export into the nucleus
nucleus
an organelle in the eukaryotic cell, surrounded by the nuclear membrane and containing the genetic material
organelle
a specialized subunit within a eukaryotic cell that has its' own specific function. Amyloplasts, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
an organelle involved in protein and lipid production. The "rough" ER is studded with ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; the "smooth" ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids
golgi apparatus
an organelle involved in protein modification, packaging, and transport
lysosome
an extremely acidic organelle that is involved in the degradation of proteins and old organelles
mitochondria
the "powerhouse" organelle of the cell, it generates ATP, the energy molecule of every cell, through the process of respiration
ribosome
the organelle responsible for protein synthesis, found in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the rough ER
chloroplast
an organelle that contains chlorophylls and other pigments that converts sunlight into sugar through the process of photosynthesis
amyloplast
an organelle that is responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch
field of view
the distance from edge to edge or the diameter of the circle of area you're observing through the eyepiece
the pointer
an object in the lens of your eyepiece that is often helpful in pointing to structures associated with the slide
field of view is measured in
mm
pointer width is measured in
um
for large objects, like cell lengths and widths, ____ is often the best reference measurement
field of view
for small objects, like nucleus or cell walls, the __ is often the best reference measurement
pointer width
permanent prepared slides
often have dye or stain used to "color" parts of the specimen to aid in distinguishing the different structures associated with the organism
wet mounts
made with a clean slide on which you place your specimen and a coverslip in which to hold the specimen in place
can living specimens be stained?
no, living specimens are not stained and thus lack color, reinforcing the use of other defining characteristics for identification.
microfilaments
(cytoskeleton elements) are thought to be responsible for this intracellular motion.
why are chloroplasts and bacteria the same size
they are the same size due to the theory of endosymbiosis which states that eukaryotic cells originated/derived from prokaryotic cells
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