Echocardiography- CardioRush

Echo
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Terms in this set (94)
Echo
What is the gold standard for non-invasive assessment of cardiac structure and function in vet med?
Right and left parasternal windows
What are the 2 main echo windows we use?
Right parasternal window
What is the main echo window we use?
Apex
When looking at the short axis view on echo, do we start at the apex or base?
Left ventricle, mitral valve, aorta, heart base
What levels do we look through on the short axis view of the heart?
Short axis LV
What view of the heart is this?
Image: Short axis LV
Left ventricular free wall
What is 1?
Image: Left ventricular free wall
Papillary muscle
What is 2?
Image: Papillary muscle
Left ventricle
What is 3?
Image: Left ventricle
Interventricular septum
What is 4?
Image: Interventricular septum
Right ventricleWhat is 5?Short axis mitral valveWhat view of the heart is this?Left ventricular free wallWhat is 1?Mitral valveWhat is 2?Left ventricleWhat is 3?Interventricular septumWhat is 4?Right ventricleWhat is 5?Short axis AortaWhat view of the heart is this?Left atriumWhat is 1?Left auricular appendageWhat is 2?AortaWhat is 3?Pulmonic valveWhat is 4?Right ventricular outflow tractWhat is 5?Tricuspid valveWhat is 6?Right atriumWhat is 7?Long axis 4 chamberWhat view of the heart is this?Left ventricleWhat is 1?Mitral valveWhat is 2?Left atriumWhat is 3?Right atriumWhat is 4?Right ventricleWhat is 5?Long axis 5 chamberWhat view of the heart is this?Left ventricular free wallWhat is 1?Mitral valveWhat is 2?Left atriumWhat is 3?Left ventricleWhat is 4?Left ventricular outflow tractWhat is 5?AortaWhat is 6?Right ventricleWhat is 7?Right atriumWhat is 8?Tricuspid valveWhat is 9?Fish mouthWhat is the characteristic appearance of the mitral valve on short axis view?1 (2 has mitral valve thickening)Which is normal: 1 or 2?Common place for SAM in catsWhat is the importance of evaluating the left ventricular outflow tract on the long axis?Systolic anterior motion area of increased velocityWhat is SAM of the mitral valve and what does it mean?Measurement of cardiac chambersWhat is M-mode mainly used for on echo?Tissue position over timeWhat does m-mode measure?Left ventricle size in systole vs diastoleWhat is being measured in M mode in this view?Mitral valveWhat is being measured in M mode in this view?Initial opening with filling, opening again with atrial kickWhat causes the biphasic appearance of the mitral valve on M mode?Fractional shorteningWhat are ventricular measurements from M mode used to calculate to tell us about systolic function?(Left ventricular internal dimension of diastole - LCID systole)/(LVID diastole)How is fractional shortening calculated?30-45%What is the normal fractional shortening percentage in dogs?40-55%What is the normal fractional shortening percentage in cats?Hyperdynamic stateWhat does an increase in fractional shortening indicate?Less contractilityWhat does a decrease in fractional shortening indicate?Concentric hypertrophyWhat is the abnormality with the M-mode measurement on the bottom?DCMWhat is the abnormality with the M-mode measurement on the bottom?Distance from mitral valve to septum during systoleWhat is E-point to septal separation used to measure?DCMIn what disease is EPSS increased?SAM of mitral valveWhat is the abnormality with the M-mode measurement on the bottom?Only measure LAa, not largest point of atriumWhy is the M-mode La:Ao measurement flawed?<1.3:1What is the normal La:Ao ratio in M mode?2-3What is the rule of thumb for the number of aorta's you should be able to fit in a normal sized left ventricle?Characterize abnormal flow velocity or direction, identify turbulence of flow, estimate flow volume, assess pressure gradients, evaluate diastolic dysfunction, estimate cardiac filling pressuresWhat are the uses of doppler echocardiography?Frequency of u/s waves is altered in predictable was when reflected by a moving targetWhat is the basic principle of doppler echo?Velocity, direction, characterWhat 3 main characteristics about blood does doppler tell us?Parallel to direction of flowIn what plane must the doppler be pointed to get accurate information about flow?TrueTrue or false: if a doppler transducer in pointed greater than 20 degrees outside parallel with the direction of flow, measurements will be inaccurateLowerCompared to normal ultrasound, what frequency transducers are used in doppler?Spectral, color, tissueWhat are the 3 doppler modalities?Blue away, red towardsWhat does the BART map stand for?Direction and turbulence of flowWhat does the BART map indicate?Waves transmitted in bursts, transducer acts as both receiver and transmitter during different timesHow does a spectral doppler using pulsed wave work?Interrogation of blood flow velocities in specific area, location and timing of turbulenceWhat is pulsed wave spectral doppler used for?Laminar flowWhy is the center of the wave black normal pulsed wave spectral doppler?Spectral dispersionWhat is the term for a turbulent flow pattern on pulsed wave spectral doppler?2 (spectral dispersion)Which of these pulsed wave spectral doppler is showing abnormal flow: 1 or 2?Long axis 4 chamberOn what view do we evaluate mitral inflow with pulsed wave spectral doppler?E, AWhat are the 2 waves on pulsed wave spectral doppler when evaluating mitral inflow?Opening at start of diastoleWhat is the E wave associated with on pulsed wave spectral doppler in mitral inflow evaluation?Atrial kickWhat is the A wave associated with on pulsed wave spectral doppler in mitral inflow evaluation?Normal, delayed relaxation, pseudonormal, restrictiveWhat are the 4 stages of appearance on pulsed wave spectral doppler in mitral inflow evaluation with heart disease?Normal or pseudonormalWhat stages of heart disease could this be based on pulsed wave spectral doppler in mitral inflow evaluation?Delayed relaxation (E smaller than A)What stages of heart disease could this be based on pulsed wave spectral doppler in mitral inflow evaluation?Restrictive disease (tall and skinny E wave from single gush of blood into ventricle, tiny amount added with atrial kick)What stages of heart disease could this be based on pulsed wave spectral doppler in mitral inflow evaluation?Velocity of myocardial motionWhat does tissue doppler measure?Diastolic function, systolic function, LA filling pressuresWhat can tissue doppler be used to evaluate?Tissue doppler imagingWhat is used in conjunction with pulsed wave spectral doppler to tell whether a pattern in normal or pseudonormal?No (measures tissue and is independent of blood flow, which is what causes pseudonormalization in pulsed wave)Does tissue doppler imaging have a pseudonormalization stage?Highest velocity along the lineWhat does continuous wave spectral doppler tell you?Only tells you highest velocity, not where that point is on the lineWhy is it important to know what structures you are shooting through in continuous wave spectral doppler?Change in pressure = 4V^2What is the modified Bernoulli equation?Pressure gradient based on velocity of flowWhat is the modified Bernoulli equation used for?