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unit 5

Terms in this set (118)

Which lymphocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
b cells
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
b and t cells
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
What is the effect of histamine release?
Histamine increases local inflammation, increasing blood flow to the area.
Which nonspecific defense mechanism increases the resistance of cells to viral infection and slows the spread of disease?
interferons
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
specific immunity
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
Memory
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils
The most immediate reaction launched against a bacterial infection involves:
neutrophils (phagocytes)
Someone who is vaccinated against diphtheria will respond almost immediately if later exposed to the disease. What cells are directly responsible for rapidly recognizing the pathogen and responding?
memory B cells
Which of the body's defenses is mainly directed against viruses?
interferon
A condition in which the body attacks itself as if it were a microbe is:
an auto-immune disease
Of the following, which directly defends against intracellular viruses by attacking infected cells?
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
A condition in which, for example, the body forms antibodies against its own red blood cells is called:
an auto-immune disease
Which type of blood cell is migratory and phagocytic, acting as a ready body defense against infection, and comprises 50% to 70% of all leukocytes?
neutrophil
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
lymphocytes
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
*right breast*

a) left breast.
b) right breast.
c) left arm and shoulder.
d) left side of the neck.
The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the
variable segment
Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into
the right lymphatic duct
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are
IgA
Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?
***Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.


a) Lymph derives from interstitial fluid.
b) Lymphatic vessels have valves to direct fluid flow.
c) Lymphatic capillaries have larger diameters than that of blood capillaries.
d) Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.
e) Lymphatic capillaries have little or no basement membrane.
T cell means ________ and B cell means________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include
***e) All of the answers are correct.a) sebaceous glands.

b) mucus.
c) epithelia.
d) epidermal layers.
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than
98.6 Degrees F
All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that
it is delayed by the memory cell stage
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
Helper T cells
A sample of Lori's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that lori
is running a fever
The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
T
Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must
either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte
lymph nodes do all of the following except
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
lymphocyte production involves
**All of the answers are correct**

-Bone Marrow
-Thymus Tissue
-Peripheral lymphoid tissues
Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?
activating genes that trigger apoptosis
the primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
the thymus produces several complementary hormones called
thymosins
Antibodies may bind to superficial sites of the bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as
neutralization
Antibodies:
are specific to the antigen that stimulated their production
the B cell system is most effective against
bacteria
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
agglutination
Inflammation produces localized
**All of the answer are correct**

-Swelling
-Redness
-Heat
-Pain
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens
Produce a fever
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are _________ cells.
Cytotoxic T (Killer T cells)
A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
the role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to
**All of the answers are correct**

-activate T cells
-display antigen fragments
-process antigens
Infection with HIV virus occurs through
direct contact with an infected persons body fluid
autoantibodies are
directed against the body's own antigens.
Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.
Helper T Cells
B and T cells are similar in that they both
Stem from precursors in the bone marrow
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
opsonization
Which of the following is a response of cell-mediated immunity?
Secretion of chemotactic factors by T cells
T cells are important in:
Detecting cancer cells
of the following types of cells, the type that bind to cells bearing foreign antigens and kill them directly (No prior exposure to the antigen is required) is called:
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Penicillin allergy is termed a hypersensitivity reaction. The statement that is true of most people allergic to penicillin is that these individuals:
Will respond strongly the second time they are given penicillin.
The t-cells of the immune system are responsible for the production of antibodies.

True/False
False
Various types of macrophages are derived from
monocytes
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Helper T cells do all of the following except
destroy target cells using perforins
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
the venae cavae
Nonspecific defenses include
**all of the following are correct**

-phagocytic cells
-physical barriers
-inflammation
-interferons
the ____________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
Memory
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in
**All of the answers are correct**

-neutralization of the antigen
-agglutination or precipitation
-Complement activation and opsonization
All of the following are true of the secondary response to the antigen exposure EXCEPT that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK
Antigen-detecting cells are found chiefly in the:
Lymph Nodes
the medullary sinus of a lymph node contains __________ lymphocytes and plasma cells
B
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects _____________ cells.
Helper T Cells
Immune surveillance against cancer is:
a function of cell-mediated immunity
An overreaction of the body's immune system can occur in some instances after a second exposure to a foreign antigen. Mild instances might include hay fever, a more serious reaction may produce anaphylactic shock. This is called:
hypersensitivity
Which cell is responsible for antibody production?
plasma cell
transplanted tissue may be tolerated if:
**All of the above**

-the tissue involves few cells or has a limited blood supply
-lymphatic tissue is destroyed by irradiation or chemicals
-the histocompatibility antigens of donor and recipient are very similar.
MHC proteins
**all of the above are correct**

-are present on the surface of our bodies' cells
-can be recognized by T cells
-are histocompatibility antigens
Recognition of self and non-self is a function related to the:
Thymus gland
During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except
Neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
a(n) ____________________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues
Autoimmune disorders
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the
right breast
In opsonization
A pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
What is perforin?
a protein produced by NK cells
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except
chemotaxis of phagocytes
the cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the _____________ cell.
T Cell
A patient is given an injection of immunoglobulin after an exposure to hepatitis. This is known as:
Passive Humoral Immunity
During an inflammatory response:
Capillary permeability is increased
After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called
involution
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except
inhibition of the immune response.
B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called
Sensitization
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
spleen
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears
A(n) __________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
Tolerance
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels
the cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are __________ cells
Plasma
The large lymphoid nodules located in the walls of the pharynx are called
tonsils
Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogens?
Viruses
The lymphocytes are most important in
fighting infection
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
activates B cells.
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes/neutrophils.
T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of
B-Cells
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunity
Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except
complement system
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
complement
interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?
viruses
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
characteristics of specific defenses include
**all of the above**

-versatility.
-tolerance.
-memory.
-specificity.
An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed
anaphylactic shock
In general, lymphocytes
**all of the answers are correct**
- spend most of their life in lymphoid tissue
-have relatively long life spans
-have one nucleus
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis
in passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal
The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to
*all of the answers are correct*
The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.
B
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
The brain
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
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